AP US History Chapters 26, 27, and 28

Indian Reorganization Act, 1934

U.S. federal legislation that secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives. These include actions that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of communal holdings of American Indian tribes and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations.

Enola Gay

a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named after Enola Gay Tibbets, mother of the pilot, then-Colonel (later Brigadier General) Paul Tibbets. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb as a weapon of war. The bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused extensive destruction.

John Maynard Keynes

a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments. He greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and advocated the use of fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as (namesake) economics, as well as its various offshoots. New Deal followed some of his ideas; not entirely; promoted deficit spending

21st Amendment

a Constitutional Amendment that repealed 18th and prohibition of alcohol

Resettlement Association (RA), May 1935

a U.S. federal agency that, between April 1935 and December 1936, relocated struggling urban and rural families to communities planned by the federal government.

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp (1936)

a United States Supreme Court case that declared that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (commonly known as the Wagner Act) was constitutional. It effectively spelled the end to the Court's striking down of New Deal economic legislation, and greatly increased Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)

a United States Supreme Court decision holding that states that provide a school to white students must provide in-state education to blacks as well. States can satisfy this requirement by allowing blacks and whites to attend the same school or creating a second school for blacks.

Federal Farm Loan Act, 1916

a United States federal law aimed at increasing credit to rural, family farmers. It did so by creating a federal farm loan board, twelve regional farm loan banks and tens of farm loan associations. The act was signed into law by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson.

Communications Act, June 1934

a United States federal law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Act replaced the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). It also transferred regulation of interstate telephone services from the Interstate Commerce Commission to the FCC.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

a United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, up to $250,000 per depositor per bank as of January 2012.

Judiciary Reorganization Bill

a bill that was attempted to be passed by FDR to increase the number of Supreme Court Justices and allow courtpacking; it was a political miscalculation by FDR, and people did not trust him as much after that

Roosevelt Recession, 1937-1938

a brief recession that occurred when FDR started reducing the economic relief; a temporary reversal of the economic recovery from the Great Depression in the United States.

US v. Butler (1936)

a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional. Justice Owen Roberts argued that the tax was "but a means to an unconstitutional end" that violated the Tenth Amendment.

Hirabayshi v. United States, 1943

a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group were constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which that group originated.

Battle of the Bulge

a major German offensive (die Ardennenoffensive), launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region of Wallonia in Belgium, hence its French name (Bataille des Ardennes), and France and Luxembourg on the Western Front. The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ("Operation Watch on the Rhine"), after the German patriotic hymn Die Wacht am Rhein. (mainly US vs Germany)

Lend-Lease Act (3.1941)

(an act that perpetuated) the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945. It was signed into law on March 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939 but nine months before the U.S. entered the war in December 1941. effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality.

Nuremberg Trials

a series of military tribunals, held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of _________, Bavaria, Germany, in 1945-46, at the Palace of Justice. The first and best known of these trials was the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which tried 24 of the most important captured leaders of Nazi Germany, though several key architects of the war (such as Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels) had committed suicide before the trials began.

Zoot Suit Riots

a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the ________ they favored. While Mexican Americans and military servicemen were the main parties in the riots, African American and Filipino/Filipino American youth were also involved.

"Fireside Chats"

a series of thirty evening radio addresses given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944.

Four Freedoms Speech (1.1941)

a speech in which a certain number of goals were perpetuated by FDR; Freedom of speech and expression Freedom of worship Freedom from want Freedom from fear

"Quarantine Speech" (1937)

a speech that was given by U.S. President [Franklin D. Roosevelt] on October 5, 1937 in [Chicago], calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by non-interventionists and foes to intervene. No countries were directly mentioned in the speech, although it was interpreted as referring to Japan, Italy, and Germany. Roosevelt suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression.

Neutrality Act of 1937

an act that included the provisions of earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.

Farm Credit Act, June 1933

an act that made it possible for many farmers to keep their farms and survive the Great Depression. It did so by offering short-term loans for agricultural production as well as extended low interest rates for farmers threatened by foreclosure. Small farmers were able to refinance their mortgages with the aid of twelve district banks, called Banks for Cooperatives. A thirteenth bank served larger farming operations. Local Production Credit Associations provided short and intermediate term loans for seasonal production, insuring that farmers would not lose out on essential crop yields.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), June 1933

an act that marked the close of the first Hundred Days of FDR's first term; created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which made industry, labor, and government collaborate and sponsored boards for each industry; this act also strengthened union bargaining power in Section 7(a)

Supreme Court Retirement Act, March 1937

an act that permitted Supreme Court Justices to retire at age 70 with full pay, after 10 years of service

Neutrality Act of 1936

an act that renewed the provisions of a previous 1935 act for another 14 months. It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents. However, this act did not cover "civil wars," such as that in Spain (1936-1939), nor did it cover materials such as trucks and oil.

Banking ((second) Glass-Steagall) Act of 1933, June 1933

an act that separated investment and commercial banking (repealed in 1999); created FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation); Increased Federal Reserve's oversight of banking practices

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act, July 1935

an act that was an attempt to restore labor guarantees from NIRA (such as collective bargaining); NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) was created as a result of the passing of this act; mandates good faith bargaining

Revenue Act of 1935 (Wealth Tax Act)

an act that was directed at large incomes; raised United States taxes on higher income levels, gifts, estates and corporations, by introducing the "Wealth Tax". It was a new graduated tax that took up to 75 percent of the highest incomes in taxes, starting at incomes above $50,000.; also raised gift tax

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, 1930

an act, sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. Stopped circular flow of money; made Great Depression worse

Civil Works Administration (CWA), November 1933

an administration that built and repaired infrastructure, hired skilled labor; employed 4 million in 5 months; Roosevelt canceled it in 1934 because he was afraid over how much it was costing; returned a year later (May 1935) as WPA

Rural Electrification Administration (REA), May 1935

an administration that provided electricity to rural areas that had never had it before; it gave low interest loans to utilities to facilitate extension of service (sort of a nationwide application of TVA)

Detroit Race Riot

broke out in Detroit, Michigan in June 1943 and lasted for three days before Federal troops restored order. The rioting between blacks and whites began on Belle Isle on June 20, 1943 and continued until the 22nd of June , killing 34, wounding 433, and destroying property valued at $2 million.

Bank Holiday

declared on March 5th, 1932; took place from the 6th to the 13th; prevented banks from failing along with the Emergency Banking Relief Act, March 9th

Emergency Committee for Employment, 1930

...

"Pin Money"

1. An allowance of money given by a husband to his wife for private and personal expenditures. 2. Money for incidental expenses. 3. A trivial sum.

structures built during the Great Depression (?)

Hoover Dam, Triborough Bridge (New York), Lincoln Tunnel (New York), Grand Coulee Dam (Washington)

Internment Camps

AKA "Resettlement Communities"; created under (Executive Order 9066); places where Japanese Americans were placed in order to make sure that they were not interfering with the American war effort (?)

Hays Code

AKA The Motion Picture Production Code; was the set of industry moral censorship guidelines that governed the production of most United States motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968.

"Double V" Campaign

African American campaign in which they strove for Victory over fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination

(Federal) Securities Act, May 1933

An act that regulated marketing and disclosure of securities by the FTC (Federal Trade Commission); was strengthened by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the SEC

Where work was done for the Manhattan Project

Oak Ridge, TN; Los Alamos, NM; Hanford, WA

The War Production Board

established as a government agency on January 16, 1942 by executive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The purpose of the board was to regulate the production of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States.

Office of Price Administration

established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28, 1941. The functions of the ___ were originally to control money (price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II. Actions: Rationing, Wage and Price Controls

Pearl Harbor (12.7.1941)

location of a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan). The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Got the United States involved in WWII

National Housing (Wagner-Steagall) Act, September 1937

provided for subsidies to be paid from the U.S. government to local public housing agencies (LHA's) to improve living conditions for low-income families. The act created the United States Housing Authority within the United States Department of the Interior. The act builds on the National Housing Act of 1934, which created the Federal Housing Administration. Both the 1934 Act and the 1937 Act were influenced by American housing reformers of the period, with Catherine Bauer chief among them. Bauer drafted much of this legislation and served as a Director in the United States Housing Authority, the agency created by the 1937 Act to control the payment of subsidies, for two years. (created Federal Housing Authority?)

National War Labor Board

reestablished by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, on January 12, 1942 under the chairmanship of William Hammatt Davis. It became a tripartite body and was charged with acting as an arbitration tribunal in labor-management dispute cases, thereby preventing work stoppages which might hinder the war effort. It administered wage control in national industries such as automobiles, shipping, railways, airlines, telegraph lines, and mining.

Direct relief

refers to relief that comes from the federal government to citizens (?)

Perimeter Security

refers to securing national borders?

American Socialist Movement

refers to the Socialist Movement that occurred in America...(opposed FDR?)

"Brain Trust"

refers to the smart people that FDR kept around him to help him deal with the Great Depression

Containment

refers to trying to limit the influence of the Soviet Union (?)

"Merchants of Death"

refers to warring Europeans that had the possibility of dragging America into war (?)

Gold Reserve Act, January 1934

required that all gold and gold certificates held by the Federal Reserve be surrendered and vested in the sole title of the United States Department of the Treasury; outlawed most private possession of gold, forcing individuals to sell it to the Treasury, after which it was stored in United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox and other locations. The act also changed the nominal price of gold from $20.67 per troy ounce to $35.

Silver Purchase Act, June 1934

required the U.S. Treasury Secretary to purchase silver in large quantities and allowed President Roosevelt to nationalize all private silver holdings. The act greatly disrupted the world's silver markets and ultimately was repealed in the 1960s. allowed President Roosevelt to nationalize all silver that was owned by American citizens (with a few exceptions including silver coins, jewelry or industrial materials). Americans had to sell their silver to the government for 50 cents an ounce. increased price of silver

Embargo and Japanese Asset-Freeze (8.1941)

resulted when Tokyo decided to strengthen its position in terms of its invasion of China by moving through Southeast Asia. Roosevelt responded by doing this

Neutrality Act of 1935

signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months.

Yalta Conference (2.1945)

sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held February 4-11, 1945, was the wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta, in the Crimea.

1935 NYC (Harlem) Race Riot

sparked off by rumors of the beating of a teenage shoplifter. Three died, hundreds were wounded and an estimated $2 million in damages were sustained to properties throughout the district, with African-American owned homes and businesses spared the worst of the destruction.

Isolationism

the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, foreign trade, international agreements, etc., seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.

"Hoovervilles"

the popular name for shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression. They were named after the President of the United States at the time, Herbert Hoover, because he allegedly let the nation slide into depression.

Tuskegee Airmen

the popular name of a group of African American pilots who fought in World War II. Formally, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the U.S. Army Air Corps.

"Bonus Army", 1932

the popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932 to demand immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression. The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945. Each service certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment plus compound interest. The principal demand of the _________ was the immediate cash payment of their certificates.

Voluntarism

the use of, or reliance on voluntary action to maintain an institution, carry out a policy, or achieve an end.

Hindenburg Explosion

took place on Thursday, May 6, 1937, as the namesake German passenger caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station, which is located adjacent to the borough of Lakehurst, New Jersey. Of the 97 people on board (36 passengers, 61 crew), there were 36 fatalities, including one death among the ground crew.

Second Great Migration

was the migration of more than five million African Americans from the South to the North, Midwest and West. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970.

Battle of Midway (6.1942)

widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack against __________, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet Military historian John Keegan has called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

The 3 R's that were the goals of the 2 New Deals

Harold Ickes

Secretary of the Interior for FDR from 1933-46

Henry Moregenthau, Jr.

Treasury Secretary for FDR from 1934-45

Walter White

a civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for almost a quarter of a century and directed a broad program of legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement. He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist. He graduated from Atlanta University in 1916 (now Clark Atlanta University). In 1918 he joined the small national staff of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in New York at the invitation of James Weldon Johnson, where he acted as Johnson's assistant national secretary. He later succeeded Johnson as the head of the NAACP, serving from 1931 to 1955. He oversaw the plans and organizational structure of the fight against public segregation. Under his leadership, the NAACP set up the Legal Defense Fund, which raised numerous legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement, and achieved many successes. Among these was the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which determined that segregated education was inherently unequal.

Rev. Charles E. Coughlin

a controversial Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower church. He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than thirty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s. Created National Union for Social Justice, a nationalistic worker's rights organization which grew impatient with what it viewed as the President's unconstitutional and pseudo-capitalistic monetary policies. He at first supported FDR, but then disliked him after some of New Deal legislation. Also hated Federal Reserve and was antisemitic

Rosie the Riveter

a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who were in the military.

Schechter Poultry v. US (1935)

a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress's power under the commerce clause. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

a federal agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States. In addition to the 1934 Act that created it, the ___ enforces the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other statutes.

Fair Labor Standards (Wages and Hour) Act, 1938

a federal statute of the United States; established a national minimum wage, guaranteed 'time-and-a-half' for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term that is defined in the statute. It applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage. According to the Act, workers must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be 1 1/2 times regular pay. Children under the age of 18 cannot do certain dangerous jobs and children under the age of 16 cannot work. helped combat child labor and provided many low-income wage earners the ability to support themselves working less hours.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), May 1933

a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression. The enterprise was a result of the efforts of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska.

Korematsu v. United States, 1944

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II.

Securities Exchange Act, June 1934

a law governing the secondary trading of securities (stocks, bonds, and debentures) in the United States of America. It was a sweeping piece of legislation. The Act and related statutes form the basis of regulation of the financial markets and their participants in the United States. The 1934 Act also established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the agency primarily responsible for enforcement of United States federal securities law.

A. Philip Randolph

a leader in the African American civil-rights movement and the American labor movement. He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly Negro labor union. In the early civil-rights movement, he led the March on Washington Movement, which convinced Franklin D. Roosevelt to desegregate production-plants for military supplies during World War II.

Social Security Act, August 1935

a legislative act which created the Social Security system in the United States. was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death. Payments to current retirees are financed by a payroll tax on current workers' wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the employer.

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), May 1933

an act that created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which, under Hoover gave loans to the states to operate relief programs; the main goal of the administration created by this act was alleviating household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government.

Battle of the Coral Sea (5.1942)

a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first ever fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, as well as the first in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other. In an attempt to strengthen their defensive positioning for their empire in the South Pacific, Imperial Japanese forces decided to invade and occupy Port Moresby in New Guinea and Tulagi in the southeastern Solomon Islands. The plan to accomplish this, called Operation MO, involved several major units of Japan's Combined Fleet, including two fleet carriers and a light carrier to provide air cover for the invasion fleets, under the overall command of Shigeyoshi Inoue. The U.S. learned of the Japanese plan through signals intelligence and sent two United States Navy carrier task forces and a joint Australian-American cruiser force, under the overall command of American Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, to oppose the Japanese offensive.

Island Hopping

a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.

Farmers' Holiday Association

a movement of Midwestern United States farmers who, during the Great Depression, endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market, in essence creating a farmers' strike.

Dust Bowl

a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands in the 1930s, particularly in 1934 and 1936. The phenomenon was caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops or other techniques to prevent wind erosion. Deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains had displaced the natural deep-rooted grasses that normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture even during periods of drought and high winds.

The Atlantic Charter (8.1941)

a pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies.

Cash and Carry (11.1939)

a policy of the United States in which belligerent nations had to come to the U.S. with cash if they wanted to train; at first just for non-war items; for munitions later

Charles Hamilton Houston

a prominent African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School, and NAACP Litigation Director who played a significant role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws, which earned him the title The Man Who Killed Jim Crow. He is also well known for having trained future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.

Joseph P. Kennedy

a prominent American businessman, investor, and government official; father of JFK and all of his siblings; first chairman of the SEC; may have made fortune from bootlegging liquor

Roy Wilkins

a prominent civil rights activist in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. His most notable role was in his leadership of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

"Arsenal of Democracy"

a propaganda slogan coined by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. The announcement was made a year before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, at a time when Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

a public work relief program (created by the Reforestation Relief Act) that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 17-23. A part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments; designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000; in nine years 2.5 million young men participated.

Manhattan Project (6.1941)

a research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineers.

First 100 Days

a sample of the first 100 days of a first term presidency of a president of the United States. It is used to measure the successes and accomplishments of a president during the time that their power and influence is at its greatest. (set by FDR)

Collective security

a security arrangement, regional or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to, and breaches of, the peace. The UN tried to ensure this after the League of Nations failed

"New Deal"

a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were Roosevelt's responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

Tehran Conference (12.1943)

a strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943. It was held in the Soviet Embassy in ________ and was the first of the World War II conferences held between all of the "Big Three" Allied leaders (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom). It closely followed the Cairo Conference and preceded both the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences. Although all three of the leaders present arrived with differing objectives, the main outcome of the __________ was the commitment to the opening of a second front against Nazi Germany by the Western Allies. The conference also addressed relations between the Allies and Turkey and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia and against Japan as well as the envisaged post-war settlement. A separate protocol signed at the conference pledged the Big Three's recognition of Iran's independence.

"Okies"

a term dating from as early as 1907, originally denoting residents or natives of Oklahoma. In the 1930s in California, the term (often used in contempt) came to refer to very poor migrants from Oklahoma (and nearby states). Jobs were very scarce in the 1930s but after the defense boom began in 1940 there were plenty of high paying jobs in in the shipyards and defense factories.

War Brides

a term used in reference to wartime marriages between soldiers and foreigners, especially - but not exclusively - during World War I and World War II. One of the largest and best documented ______ phenomenons is American soldiers marrying German "Fräuleins" after World War II. By 1949, over 20,000 German _______ had emigrated into the US.

Code Talkers

a term used to describe people who talk using a coded language. It is frequently used to describe 400 Native American Marines who served in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages.

Total War

a war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobilization of fully available resources and population. Used in WWII

Selective Service and Training Act (10.1940)

also known as the Burke-Wadsworth Act, enacted September 16, 1940, was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. This Selective Service Act required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register with local draft boards.

Home Owners Refinancing Act, June 1933

an Act of Congress of the United States passed as part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal during the Great Depression to help those in danger of losing their homes. The act, which went into effect on June 13, 1933, provided mortgage assistance to homeowners or would-be homeowners by providing them money or refinancing mortgages. Sponsored by Senate Majority leader Joe Robinson of Arkansas, it also created the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), building off of Herbert Hoover's Federal Loan Bank Board. The Corporation lent low-interest money to families in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure. By the mid 1930s, the HOLC had refinanced nearly 20% of urban homes in the country.

Alf Landon

an American Republican politician, who served as the 26th Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937. He was best known for having been the Republican Party's (GOP) nominee for President of the United States, defeated in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election.

Douglas MacArthur

an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Involved in breaking up the Bonus Army

John L. Lewis

an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920 to 1960. A major player in the history of coal mining, he was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s. After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942 and in 1944 took the union into the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

Dr. Francis Townsend

an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "________ Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system.

Liberty League

an American political organization formed in 1934 by conservative Democrats to oppose the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was active for just two years. Following the landslide re-election of Roosevelt in 1936, it sharply reduced its activities and disbanded in 1940.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

an act passed on March 9th, 1933 to encourage the Federal Reserve to provide emergency cash to failing banks; restores public confidence in financial system

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), May 1933

an act that created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which put mandatory restrictions on crop production, gave compensation/subsidies for non-production, and even gave compensation for destroying crops and livestock; later declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court

Reforestation Relief Act, March 1933

an act that created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Office of Scientific Research and Development

an agency of the United States federal government created to coordinate scientific research for military purposes during World War II. Arrangements were made for its creation during May 1941, and it was created formally by Executive Order 8807 on June 28, 1941. It superseded the work of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), was given almost unlimited access to funding and resources, and was directed by Vannevar Bush, who reported only to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The research was widely varied, and included projects devoted to new and more accurate bombs, reliable detonators, work on the proximity fuze, radar and early-warning systems, lighter and more accurate hand weapons, more effective medical treatments, more versatile vehicles, and, most secret of all, the "S-1 Section", which later became the Manhattan Project and developed the first nuclear weapons.

Destroyers-for Bases (9.1940)

an agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom, September 2, 1940, transferred fifty mothballed destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions. The destroyers became the Town-class, and were named for cities common to both the United States and Great Britain.

Office of War Mobilization

an independent agency of the United States government headed by Former Supreme Court Justice James F. Byrnes that coordinated all government agencies involved in the war effort during World War II. This office took over from the earlier War Production Board to shift the country from a peacetime to a wartime economy, sometimes loaning smaller factories the money needed to convert to war production.

United Nations (4.1945)

an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The __ was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

Federal Emergency Relief Act, 1932

created Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) in 1932

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932

created by Hoover in 1932; gave federal money to businesses to rebuild economy

Federal Farm Board (Agriculture Marketing Act 1929)

created in 1929, before the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, 1929, but its powers were later enlarged to meet the economic crisis farmers faced during the Great Depression. It was established by the Agricultural Marketing Act to stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products; would help farmers stabilize prices by holding surplus grain and cotton in storage.

Potsdam Conference (7.1945)

held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from July 16 to August 2, 1945. Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The three nations were represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, Prime Ministers Winston Churchill and later, Clement Attlee, and President Harry S. Truman. Stalin, Churchill, and Truman—as well as Attlee, who participated alongside Churchill while awaiting the outcome of the 1945 general election, and then replaced Churchill as Prime Minister after the Labour Party's victory over the Conservatives—gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on 8 May (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

Fair Employment Practices Committee (Executive Order 8802)

implemented US Executive Order 8802, requiring that companies with government contracts not to discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry. On June 25, 1941, President Roosevelt created this by signing Executive Order 8802, which stated, "there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin." This was due in large part to the urging of A. Philip Randolph, who was the founding president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

Huey P. Long

nicknamed The Kingfish, served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928-1932 and as a U.S. Senator from 1932 to 1935. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, he split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and planned to mount his own presidential bid for 1936. created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934 with the motto "Every Man a King", proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during the Great Depression. A leftist populist, he was preparing to challenge FDR's reelection in 1936 in alliance with radio's influential Catholic priest Charles Coughlin, or run for president in 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt was expected to retire. However, he was assassinated in 1935; his national movement faded, while his state organization continued in Louisiana.

Scottsboro Boys 1931-1938

nine black teenage boys accused of rape in Alabama in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The case includes a frameup, all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, angry mob, and miscarriage of justice.

Nye Committee (1936)

officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a committee of the United States Senate which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I. It was a significant factor in heightening public and political support for neutrality in the early stages of World War II.

Harry Hopkins

one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country. In World War II he was Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor and troubleshooter and was a key policy maker in the $50 billion Lend Lease program that sent aid to the allies.

Harry L. Hopkins

one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country. In World War II he was Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor and troubleshooter and was a key policy maker in the $50 billion Lend Lease program that sent aid to the allies. (also did work with FERA)

U.N. Security Council

one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 1937

originated as the Committee for Industrial Organization in 1935; changed its name in 1937; umbrella union for unskilled labor

National Youth Administration's Division of Negro Affairs

oversaw the participation of black youth in the National Youth Administration; headed by Mary McLeod Bethune

Public Works Administration (PWA)

part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, and help revive the economy. Most of the spending came in two waves in 1933-35, and again in 1938.

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, April 1935

passed on April 8 during the "Second Hundred Days" as a part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. It was a "large-scale public works program for the jobless" which included the Works Progress Administration.

Sit-Down Strikes

strikes in which people appear at work but simply do nothing

Popular Culture of the 1930's

swing music; film; sports...

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he facilitated a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. With the bouncy popular song "Happy Days Are Here Again" as his campaign theme, FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depth of the Great Depression.

Eleanor Roosevelt

the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, she continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.

Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor

the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of the Roosevelt cabinet to remain in office for his entire presidency. (against child labor?)

Little Boy

the atomic bomb that hit Hiroshima, Japan

Fat Man

the atomic bomb that hit Nagasaki, Japan

D-Day (6.6.1944)

the day that the Normandy landings commenced; consisted of an amphibious and an airborne landing

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions of unskilled workers to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. It fed children and redistributed food, clothing, and housing. Almost every community in the United States had a park, bridge or school constructed by the agency, which especially benefited rural and Western areas.

Blue Eagle: "We Do Our Part"

the logo and slogan of the NIRA symbol

Battle of the Atlantic (9.1939)

the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943. Germans U-Boats worked in Wolf Packs