A.P. World Asian Transitions (Ch.23) (Test 5)

luzon

- Northern island of Philippines; was conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort.

stable food supply, more consistent & reliable healthcare

- Population swelled during the Ming & Ching (Qing) Dynasties - Primarily because of ____________ ___________ _________ - Secondarily because of ____________ _______________ & ____________ ______________ - Medicine was very primitive until the late 1800's - Most of history people had little fixes to any problems

scholar gentry, domestic, frontier

After the Yunglo Emperor, opposition by the ________ __________ to new voyages grew. ________ problems & ________ security seemed more important than more voyages.

colonization

Both before & after Dutch ____________ Batavia was called Jakarta

Matteo Ricci & Adam Schall

Jesuit Scholars who visited the Ming court, introducing better calendar, cannon, astronomy, & especially mechanical clocks - Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity.

Japan

Period of this history dominated by powerful regional families & shogun; The "feudal" period of this history, dominated by the powerful regional families (daimyo) and the military rule of warlords (shogun), stretched from the 12th through the 19th centuries. The Emperor remained but was mostly kept as a figurehead ruling position.

companies

Portugal's huge profits in the spice trade enticed ___________ from the Netherlands (Dutch) , England, & France to build permanent trading posts worldwide

ming-era novels

The Water Margin, The Journey to the West, The Golden Lotus

franciscans

founded later than other world orders; founded by St. Francis; order stressed vows of poverty and gentleness to all creatures

(better) calendar, cannon, astronomy, mechnical clocks

technological innovations introduced by visiting jesuit scholars to the ming dynasty

1644

when Chinese rebels topped the Dynasty; Chongzhen was the last Ming emperor

1500's

when the franciscans started

indochina

(what the land in between India and China is called) - was controlled by Myanmar (Burma), Thailand (Siam), & Vietnam (Annam & Champa)

favorable balance of trade

- China restricted its participation in the expanding global trade of the 1500's and 1600's. AS a result, China had THIS (exported more than it imported) & absorbed a large amount of the world's silver

yunglo (yungle) emperor

- Continued administrative reforms began by the Hongwu Emperor - Admiral Zheng He's treasure ship compared to a European Caravel - friends with his servant, Zheng He went on 7 voyages from 1405-1433 with Zheng He. (Bigger boats, more men)

Francis Xavier

- Jesuit who worked with the untouchables in India - 1540's - Went practically everywhere, some places were not as successful - Untouchables were most likely to convert to Catholicism (or Buddhism) bc they had nothing else going for them, especially in the Caste System - Buddhism went AGAINST caste system

code of bushido

- Rectitude (making the right decisions), Valor (courage in battle), Benevolence (generosity and kindness), Respect, Honesty, Honor, Loyalty - "The Way of the Warrior". Samurai Code of Conduct: Loyalty, Bravery, Honor. Those who broke the Code had to commit ritual suicide called Seppuku.; - the code of the samurai, stressing unquestioning loyalty and obedience and valuing honor above life

revisionist history

- Revisionist = usually a guy who has an idea that is a little strange, unusual, different - A new historical view that goes against the historical mainstream; Returning to a historical theory and altering it or changing it based on newly discovered evidence OR omitting facts or evidence of the past to make a historical time or event fit one's agenda. this type of history

(moros of) mindanao

- The Spanish were unable to conquer this part of the philippines - Most of Philippines is Catholic except here is Muslim bc they were closer to Muslim trade routes - Southern island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest

myanmar (burma), thailand (siam), vietnam (annam and champa)

- These were tribute states (had to give caravan of gifts, or else Chinese army would be sent in) (wasn't technically occupied by Ming China, but dominated by Ming China) in indo china - Southeast Asian region

ming dynasty

- founded by rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, - Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. - A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

school of national learning

- in tokugawa japan & Focused on Indigneous ("Native") Japanese culture & history, started to replace Neo-Confucian philosophy - New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century.

Robert Di Nobili

- learned Sanskirt but had little success at converting high-caste Hindus in India because he preached the Christian belief in equality - Learned the very difficult high-caste language of Sanskrit (top of pecking order in Hinduism, in - - Catholicism they would be like everyone else) - other jesuit missionary was much more successful - Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites at first; strategy later widely adapted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed.

Tokugawa ieyasu

- one of Hideyoshi's vassals - Unified Japan & in 1603 was appointed shogun by the emperor - Founded a Shogunate whose hallmark was ISOLATIONISM - Unified Japan around capital at Edo (modern-day Tokyo)

general toyotomi hideyoshi

- one of Nobunaga's generals - Banned Christianity, expelling all European Christian missionaries - In 1597, he crucified 26 Christians (6 foreign missionaries, 20 Japanese) - Made an unsuccessful naval attack on the Korean peninsula

catholic missionaries

- they Brought a lot of religions together, these were main orders at the time, all got lots of recruits - ex.: franciscans, dominicans, jesuits

dominicans

- this religious order was founded earlier, therefore it was much more established Founded by Saint Dominic. Members of these religious orders, friars, lived and preached among the people instead of secluding themselves in monastries as members of most other religious orders did. Church ordered to seek out heretics and eliminate hersey.

india and china

As a result of trade, by the 1400's, both ________ and _________ had growing Muslim populations (spread of Islam)

tropical colonies

Between 1500 & 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in __________ _________ in the Atlantic & Indian Oceans & in the Caribbean because large profits could be made from sugar, coffee, pepper, & other spices - Mainly used slave labor

1500 & 1800

Between ______ & _______, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic & Indian Oceans & in the Caribbean because large profits could be made from sugar, coffee, pepper, & other spices - Mainly used slave labor

strait of malacca

Body of water connecting the Indian and Pacific Ocean near Singapore; - more trade than any other channel of water on earth (modern day) - connects the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

scientific revolution

By the 1600's, Europeans were inspired by the _____________ ___________ (a period of growing emphasis on scientific observation) and came to dominate world trade

1500's and 1600's

China restricted its participation in the expanding global trade of the ________'s and ________'s. AS a result, China had a favorable balance of trade (exported more than it imported) & absorbed a large amount of the world's silver

western europeans

Despite having smaller populations & fewer cities, ___________ ___________- seeking profit came to dominate trade with Asia

mercantilism

Economic doctrine that the world's exploitable wealth was finite (limited) & that favored trade barriers against rival states (Everything is made in their own barriers, gov't can't be affected/put under siege, has some benefits, but they make less money → Spain is slower to convert to capitalism like the French and Dutch did (makes more money/is more effective in the long run))

muslim, architectural

In China, early _________ communities adopted local __________ styles (such as the pagoda) for their mosques (Great Mosque at Xi'an, China) - Chinese style, but it is a mosque (Islam)

the emperor

In Japan, who "reigned but did not rule"? (figurehead)

spanish

In contrast with other Western European nations, the less-commercial ____________ were not as interested in setting up permanent trading colonies outside of Latin America (there was much more personal investment here, stayed with mercantilism (had some benefits, but they didn't make as much profit))

daimyo

Japan's aristocratic ruling class were known as:

tribute

Like the Aztec Empire, the Ming Empire expected peripheral (boundary) states to pay

diaspora

Merchant ______________ communities such as Muslims in India & S.E. Asia, Chinese in S.E. Asia, & Jews in the Mediterranean brought their own cultural practices into the indigenous (local/native) cultures

bureaucracy, agrarian

Ming China had a large government _____________ & was a largely __________ (agricultural) society.

netherlands (dutch), england, france

Portugal's huge profits in the spice trade enticed companies from the _____________ , __________, & _________ to build permanent trading posts worldwide

china, english and dutch

Prior to 1450, __________ had the greatest manufacturing capacity in the world ____________ and _____________ will increase their manufacturing capacity (Industrial Revolution)

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Prior to the start of world trade in the late 1400's, what was the largest regional trade network in the world?

Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the East Indies (Indonesia)

Spices, such as cinnamon, were actively traded by ___________ and ____________

neo-confucianism

The Hongwu Emperor adopted ___________-_____________(A tradition prior to the Yuan Dynasty) - Revived the Confucian civil service system & created more complex exams for prospective Confucian scholar officials prospective Confucian scholars officials in order to ensure competent administrators - Education was essential to becoming a refined gentleman - Children & women subordinate to men & age - Mongols → weren't very cultural (simply cultural diffusers) so the Ming revived it - Before, if you were a warrior, you were "top dog," now you need education - Confucianism → preference is older ppl (wisdom) & it is patriarchal society (old men → young men → mother → children)

Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor)

The founder of the Ming dynasty; Captured Beijing & overthrew the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, had a unique title as the founder of the Ming Dynasty - adopted neo-confucianism

increased unemployment, more day laborers, a worldwide rise in prices known as inflation

The influx of Spanish silver into Europe devalued (diluted) the coinage, causing (3 things) -->

red sea

This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa.

Macao and Canton

Two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty; European trade was here - Where european trade is primarily → on the coast - These 2 places (/ports) were being taken over

portugal

What European nation started global trade in the late 1400's?

ottoman turkish empire

What Middle Eastern & S.E. European Caliphate/Empire in the 1400's-early 1900's ALSO had a large government bureaucracy & largely agrarian society?

code of chivalry

What honor code was similar in Medieval Europe? (a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all knights behavior)

strait of gibraltar

What waterway connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean?

ferdinand magellan

Which Spanish explorer DISCOVERED THE PHILIPPINES IN 1520 (& WAS KILLED THERE)?

largest, fraction

While most world historians believe that Europeans controlled the ____________ share of world trade in the 1600's & 1700's, some revisionist historians maintain that European merchants actually transported only a ____________- of goods worldwide

strait of hormuz

a very narrow waterway in which ships must navigate to and from the Persian Gulf

inflation

a worldwide rise in prices (a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money)

1450

after this date, Western European companies established small enclaves in India & China

western asia, glass, carpet, tapestry

arab zone of trade --> in red sea and persian gulf, traded _______, ________, and ___________

deshima

because tokugawa japan pursued an isolationist policy, foreign trade was limited to the dutch and chinese at THIS artificial island in Nagasaki Bay island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s.

late 1400's

by this time indochina was controlled by tributary states (to ming dynasty)

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, cotton textiles

countries in the south central asia trading zone (india); traded __________ ____________

1603-1868

dates of Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate

1403-1424

dates of Reign of Yongle

1368-1398

dates of Reign of the Hongwu emperor

1368-1644

dates of the Ming Dynasty in China

nobunaga

deposed (overthrew) the last of the Ashikaga shoguns & unified central Honshu - Japanese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command; killed in 1582.

spanish conquest of the philippines

happened in the 1560's - The Spanish Conquered Luzon (Northern Island) & successfully converted people to Catholicism - The Spanish were unable to conquer the Moros of Mindanao (Muslim Southern Island) - Most of Philippines is Catholic except here is Muslim bc they were closer to Muslim trade routes

Emperor --> Shoguns --> Daimyo --> Samurai --> peasants, artisans merchants

japanese social classes

zheng he's voyages

launched by yunglo emperor; - (Altogether, Zheng He had 62 ships & 28,000 men) - China had the ability to travel the world, but not the desire (ethnocentrism) (unlike scrappy Spain and Portugal who had the desire) - Treasure ship may not have been that sea worthy → if you had put it in the raging Atlantic it probably wouldn't have survived (they are largely hugging the coast in their expeditions)

India, southeast asia, southeast asia, mediterranean

merchant diaspora communities of muslims were in ___________ and _________________, chinese in ____________, and jews in the ___________

jakarta

the dutch set up ___________, a trading post = capital today; The Dutch East India Company established their base here on the island of Java in 1619

china, korea, japan, paper, porcelain, silk textiles

the eastern asia trading zone contained world's largest cities (in THESE countries) (3) and traded __________, ____________, and ______ _________________

neo-confucian

the tokugawa japanese revived this philosophy; (A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.)

merchant diaspora communities

these brought their own cultural practices into the indigenous (local/native) cultures --> happened w/ muslims, chinese, and jews

slaves and ivory

these two items from Africa were also traded in the Asian trading network (same info from African slave trade chapter)

merchants

they were either kicked out of their country, facing persecution, or decided to flee → set up in coastal communities for support, jobs, homes, and set up cultural base → smidge of Chinese culture to places that wouldn't normally have it (India, vietnam china, Muslims got a home base in North/South west base of India, jewish ppl all over mediterranean. Set up prosperous communities in cities, clinged together as minority community but faced persecution

the east indies (indonesia)

this originally a Portuguese colony, became a Dutch colony (where they set up trading posts, etc.) (today the most populated muslim country)

batavia

this port became the main site of Dutch East India Company control in the East Indies; Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

jesuits

this religious order was founded earlier, therefore it was much more established; - Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

asian trading network of handicraft manufacturers

this trading network had... - No central control or military force - Closest to it, might be Ottomans, but they are more focused on Med. - Free for all, no UN, no one superpower - Free trade in one part of the Indian Ocean that isn't regulated

isolationist

tokugawa japan pursued this type of foreign policy; foreign trade was limited to the dutch & chinese

charters

trading companies typically held royal monopolies on trade & settlement called ________________ - license given by the crown to do business (Documents granting the right to organize settlements in an area)

francis xavier

was a successful Catholic missionary to Japan Until after Nobunaga was assassinated - Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites

tokugawa isolationism

what foreign policy is reflected in the document? (Japanese Emperor's Edict of 1635) (on powerpoint)

caravel

what ship was used in the portuguese expeditions? (A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.)

red sea, strait of hormuz, strait of malacca

what were the 3 Key Trading Choke Points?

Western Asia, south central asia, eastern asia

what were the three main zones of trade?

1400's

when (date), as a result of trade both India and China had growing Muslim populations (spread of Islam)

1603

when Tokugawa was appointed shogun by the emperor and establishes his shogunate

late 1500's

when nobunaga deposed (overthrew) the last of the Ashikaga shoguns & unified central Honshu

1600's

when the Europeans, inspired by the Scientific Revolution (a period of growing emphasis on scientific observation), came to dominate world trade

1200's

when the dominicans and jesuits were started

1600's

when the dutch had their golden age and set up their indonesian colony

1560's

when the spanish conquest of the philippines happened

South of the Arabian Peninsula

where is the arabian sea?

vasco de gama

who established a trading post at calicut, india?

diaz

who rounded the cape of good hope?