ap world chapter 22 and 24 quizlet

By 1750, all of the following regions were linked by trade and commerce EXCEPT A) Australia. B) Brazil. C) India. D) Indonesia. E) south Africa.

A) Australia.

Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using A) a combination of square and lateen sails. B) a sternpost rudder. C) a magnetic compass. D) an astrolabe. E) a sextant.

A) a combination of square and lateen sails.

The Manila galleons were noted for A) carrying large cargoes between Mexico and the Philippines. B) supporting imperial communication, since they were small and swift. C) dominating the trans-Atlantic slave trade. D) defeating the Portuguese in Southeast Asia. E) All these answers are correct.

A) carrying large cargoes between Mexico and the Philippines.

By 1800 European exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A) the discovery of a northwest passage from Europe to Asia. B) the first complete circumnavigation of the world. C) the mapping of Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the South Pacific. D) exploration of the coast of Alaska and the waters of the Arctic Ocean. E) European colonization of the Philippines.

A) the discovery of a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

What was the basis of the economy in the North American colonies?

As colonists' numbers increased, they sought to integrate their American holdings into the larger capitalist economy of the Atlantic Ocean basin by producing cash crops that they could market in Europe. These included tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton.

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange? A- The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas B- The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas C- Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas D- European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia

B- The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A- They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B- They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. C- They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. D- They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.

B- They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

Why were the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and South America more likely to accept Christianity than the peoples of North America were? A. Mesoamerican and South American Indians found many similarities between their religions and Catholicism. B. North American Indians were more geographically scattered and so harder for missionaries to reach. C. Catholic missionaries in Spanish America were more tolerant of native cultures than were the Protestant missionaries in North America. D. Catholic rule in the New World was more generous and enlightened than the English or the French rule. E. none of the above.

B. North American Indians were more geographically scattered and so harder for missionaries to reach.

Why did the production of sugar differ from that of other agricultural commodities of the western hemisphere? A. Sugar production was particularly hard on the environment. B. Sugarcane required extensive processing to turn it into a profitable export. C. African slaves were the only ones who knew how to grow sugarcane. D. Sugar was extremely profitable with very little investment. E. It was only possible to grow in Brazil, and it had an extremely short growing season.

B. Sugarcane required extensive processing to turn it into a profitable export.

The English settlements in North America grew slowly at 1st because A. of the large, densely populated Indian communities that dominated the coast. B. the 1st English settlements did not prepare sufficient food crops. C. the colonies did not produce commodities that Europeans were eager to buy. D. the English government did not support or protect the colonies. E. all of the above.

B. the 1st English settlements did not prepare sufficient food crops.

In colonial governments, the power of the Spanish viceroy was kept in check by the authority of A. the Catholic church. B. the audiencias. C. the colonial legislature. D. the Spanish crown. E. the colonial militias

B. the audiencias.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Biological Exchanges between old and new worlds Columbian Exchange- global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and diseases spread with Columbus's voyages

Which trading post is NOT correctly paired with a European power?A) Goa and Portugal B) Manila and Spain C) Hormuz and England D) Batavia and the Netherlands E) Cape Town and the Netherlands

C) Hormuz and England

Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of A) the densely populated urban centers. B) poor hygiene and contaminated water. C) a lack of previous exposure that would have built natural immunity. D) the lack of access to immunizations. E) All these answers are correct.

C) a lack of previous exposure that would have built natural immunity.

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all the following EXCEPT A) the French colonies in Canada. B) the French trading posts in India. C) Spanish Florida. D) Cape Town from the Dutch. E) Siberia from the Russians.

D) Cape Town from the Dutch.

In Eurasia, new American food crops translated into A) overall improvements in diet and nutrition. B) steady population growth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. C) more varied cuisine. D) better food for livestock. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct

Portuguese mariners succeeded in building a trading-post empire early in the sixteenth century for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) the ruthless policies of naval commander Alfonso d'Alboquerque. B) the head start that Portugal enjoyed over other European powers in the exploration of the Indian Ocean. C) the use of heavy artillery to overpower other craft and onshore sites. D) the Portuguese control of strategic ports such as Hormuz and Melaka. E) the superiority of the Portuguese navy over English and Dutch forces.

E) the superiority of the Portuguese navy over English and Dutch forces.

The 1st indigenous people that the Spanish empire dispossessed of their lands and forced into labor were the A. Aztecs. B. Incas. C. Iroquois. D. Maya. E. Tainos.

E. Tainos.

The 1st explorers to Australia were NOT interested in the settlement because A. the 1st explorers were driven away by hostile aborigines. B. the 1st explorers could not sail across the Great Barrier Reef. C. the land appeared too densely forested to settle easily. D. it was too far from European markets. E. the 1st explorers only explored the barren western coast of Australia.

E. the 1st explorers only explored the barren western coast of Australia.

Describe English and Dutch Trading posts

English & Dutch follow suit in the Indian Ocean Posts along Asian coasts, did not attempt to control shipping on high seas English focused on India Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo & Batavia, Indonesia Had superior, cheaper and more powerful ships than Portuguese Created an efficient commercial organization- joint stock companies

Describe the formation of Joint Stock companies

English East India Company, established 1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, government support Economic & military edge over competitors Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable

How were the English and Dutch trading companies organized and administered? How were these companies able to establish themselves in Asia?

English and Dutch trading companies were privately owned enterprises. Private merchants gave these companies funds, ships and crews, and items to trade. Their charters granted them the right to buy, sell, build trading posts, and even make war in the companies' interests. These companies were able to establish themselves in Asia by overpowering the weak existing authorities in the Philippines and Indonesia and conquering them. Chinese merchants flocked to the Philippines and Indonesia due to Manila and Batavia, ports and hubs of activity and trade.

What migration of human populations of the Columbian exchange introduce?

Enslaved Africans were largest group of migrants Sizable migration from Europe to Americas Nineteenths century, European migration to South Africa, Australia and Pacific Islands

What were the Colonial American societies?

European style society in cities, indigenous culture persisted in rural areas There was more exploitation of the New World rather than settlement Many Iberian migrants settled in the Americas

what were Trading post empires?

Europeans began to establish fortified trading posts in the eastern hemisphere, Portuguese mariners built the 1st empire, Mid-16th century → 50 between W. Africa & E. Asia, The goal was duties, not trade monopoly Alfonso d'Alboquerque English & Dutch follow suit in the Indian Ocean Posts along Asian coasts did not attempt to control shipping on high seas English focused on India Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo & Batavia

What were the settler colonies in America?(13 colonies)

Foundation of colonies on east coast, there was exploration of west coast France and England came seeking for fish, fur and trade routes.. These colonies did not cultivate their own food and relied on shipments, when shipments were late, they would starve Colonial government different from Iberian Colonies- North American colonies were backed by private investors with little royal backing North America had royal authority with royal governors and also institutions of self government

How did the Inca Empire fall?

Francisco Pizarro responsible for the fall of Incans Internal problems and smallpox aided Pizarro Spanish forces controlled the former Inca Empire

What was the relationship of French and English settlers to the Native populations?

French and English settlers frequently clashed with native peoples who resented intrusions on their hunting grounds. The French and English took over the Native Americans for their natural resources, so the Natives often retaliated back by raids into the colonized areas. English colonists had little interest in converting indigenous peoples, and French missionaries worked actively, but met only modest success.

Describe fur traders and settlers in North America.

Fur trade was very profitable Native peoples trapped for and traded with Europeans Has environmental impact and there were conflicts among natives for resources European settler cultivators posed serious threat to native societies Cultivation of cash crops like tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton Indentured labor flocked to North America African slaves replaced indentured servants in the late 17 century Slave labor not yet prominent in North America, lack of labor intensive crops New England merchants participated in slave trade and distillation of rum

What was the significance of Magellan's voyage of 1519-1522? What were some of the challenges for explorers of the Pacific Ocean?

He discovered the Strait of Magellan, near the most important route between the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans prior to the Panama Canal. He was the first European to reach the Philippines.

How did the Aztec Empire fall?

Hernan Cortes responsible for the fall of the Aztecs Aztec and Inca societies were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies Hernan Cortes, as well as 450 men, conquered the Aztec empire The Aztec empire was already split apart and Cortes took advantage of that Smallpox was also spread and that aided Spanish efforts

What kinds of communities were established in the New World Colonies of Portugal and Spain? How were they organized and governed?

In Spanish and Portuguese settlements, mestizo societies emerged. Peoples of varied ancestry lived together under European rule. Typically, whites owned the land and held the power, mixed races performed much of the manual labor, and Africans and Indians were treated as slaves.

Compare the Spanish conquest of the Philippines with the Dutch conquest of Indonesia. What kind of colony emerged in each case?

In the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, the Spaniards truly forced Christianity among the Filipinos, but brought together the people of scattered, small empires and created Manila, a hub of Spanish activity and a place for Chinese merchants. In the Dutch conquest of Indonesia, the Dutch did not push to spread their religion, but merely wanted to control trade of the spice island. The Dutch created Batavia, a hub for trade and a place for Chinese merchants.

What were some of the striking aspects of the battle for Hormuz, as recounted by Afonso de' Alboquerque? What was the strategic importance of Hormuz?

In the summer of 1507, after the conquest of Socotra, the Armada's main objective, Afonso de Albuquerque departed on his own, commanding a fleet of six vessels and 500 marines to take the easternmost island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, called by local folk Hormuz.

What were the Portuguese Empires in the Americas?

Land was given to Portugal in brazil through the treaty of Tordesillas The only place they could have land was in Brazil Portuguese king granted Brazil to Nobles, with a governor to oversee They used the land there to cultivate cash crops like sugar

Who was Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Cortes. Last emperor of the Aztecs who was captured by the Spaniards and held captive until he died in 1520 during a skirmish between Spanish and native forces

Describe Slavery in Portuguese Brazil

Native people of Brazil were not cultivators, they resisted labor Smallpox and measles reduced indigenous population Imported African slaves for cane sugar and production High death rate and low birth rate fed constant demand for slaves Every ton of sugar cost 1 human life

Describe the formation of societies in the North American colonies.

North American Societies- there was a great gender balance among settlers that allowed marriage within their own groups Relationships of French traders and native women generated some metis (a person of mixed indigenous and Euro-American ancestry) The English were disdainful of interracial marriages Cultural borrowing- plants, crops and deerskin clothes

Zambos

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.

What factors contributed to the dramatic economic growth and the ensuing population growth of Russia in the eighteenth century?

Peter changed rules to succession of the throne, Catherine the great established upper class in Russia, nobles, peasants, and serfs, increase in agriculture.

How did Pizarro conquer the Inca Empire with 180 men?

Pizarro and his men did have an advantage over the Inca Empire with their weapons and horses. Eventually, however they would've been defeated. However, right before they got there, the Inca Empire had experienced a devastating loss because of small pox. They were weaker than they would've normally been.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator in service of Spain Crossed Atlantic and pacific oceans Only 1 out of 5 ships were able to fully circumnavigate the world. Magellan died on a Philippine Island on the way home

Who was Alfonso de Albuquerque?

Seized Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510, and Melaka in 1511 Forced all merchant ships to purchase safe conduct passes

What was the basis of the economy in the Spanish empire? Who profited most?

Silver was the basis of Spanish New World wealth, considering it was more plentiful than gold. Silver produced profits for private investors and revenue for the crown. The Spanish government kept 1/5 of the silver production for itself.

Describe Christianity and native religions in the Americas

Spanish Missionaries introduced Catholicism- Mission schools and churches established Some missions recorded the languages and traditions of native peoples Native religions survived but Christianity attracted many converts Virgin of Guadalupe became Spanish symbol French and English missions were less successful North American populations were not settled or captive English colonists had little interest in converting indigenous peoples French Missionaries work a lot but only had modest success

What were the Spanish Empires in the Americas?

Spanish colonial administration was formalized by 1570 Administrative centers in Mexico and Peru were governed by viceroys Viceroys were reviewed by audiencias, courts appointed by the king that could tell the king if viceroys were abusing their power Viceroys had sweeping power within jurisdictions

Peninsulares

Spanish-born came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. those who came from the Iberian peninsula; in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, these migrants born in Europe stood at the top of the social hierarchy

What factors led to the Seven Year's War in the eighteenth century? What was the outcome, globally, of that conflict?

The factors that led to the Seven Years' War in the 18th century were commercial competition that led to conflict, especially commercial competition between English and French merchants trying to dominate the Indian Ocean and the sugar islands in the Caribbean. Commercial rivalries combined with political differences led to the Seven Years' War. The global outcome of the even was the 150 years of British imperial hegemony in the world.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

The king of Portugal that encouraged the exploration of West Africa Conquered North African city of Ceuta Established Trading Posts at Sao Jorge da Mina in West Africa Bartolomeu Dias went around Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of africa)

What new knowledge and technologies enabled fifteenth-century mariners to make long overseas voyages? Where did much of the new technology originate?

The new knowledge and technologies that enabled 15th century sailors to make long overseas voyages were new ships and sails, navigational instruments the knowledge of winds and currents, and the volta do mar.

Why did Portugal explore?

They needed resources Wanted to find a route east into Asia They also ventured out into the Atlantic Established sugar plantations in islands like Azores and Madeira.

What were the motives of the European explorers

They wanted to directly trade with Asia without Muslim intermediaries There was greed Wanted cash crops that would make money They wanted to be apart of the Asian spice trade Went to sub-Saharan Africa for slaves, gold, and ivory Also, did it to spread Christianity, the new testament urged people to spread Christianity Crusades and Holy wars happened Reconquista of Spain as well

Who was Captain James Cook?

Was a British captain, explorer, and navigator led three expeditions into the pacific, arctic, and Australia he died in Hawaii Because of his voyages, people had decent geographical knowledge of the world

What foods and animals did the Columbian exchange introduce?

Wheat horses, cattle, sheep, goats and chickens went to americas American crops like maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts went to europeans

What became of the Taino people of the Caribbean?

When Spanish settlers arrived, they did not want to preform heavy labor. So they used the encomienda system, which gave Spanish settlers the right to compel the Taíno people to work in their mines/fields. It was brutal business, however, and by 1515, social disruption and physical abuse had brought a decline to the Taíno pop. By the middle of the 16th century, they had largely disappeared.

Hacienda

a large estate in Spanish-speaking countries A system where state owners directly employed natives, who had low wages, high taxes, and large debt to landowners.

Audiencias

courts that were staffed by university-educated lawyers; they heard appeals against the viceroy; they had the right to address their concerns directly to the Spanish king; they also conducted review of viceroys' performance at the end of their terms; in many regions, local administration fell to them or town councils

Who was Vasco de Gama?

gave Portugal a direct sea route to India. He crossed the Indian Ocean and Reached India Was there to make money but to also spread Christianity Brought back a huge profit that was pepper and cinnamon Made a trading post in Calicut (India)

Criolles

middle class of New Spain

Who was Atahualpa?

the last sovereign emperor of the Inca empire before the Spanish Conquest Captured by Francisco Pizarro and used to control the Incas Last sovereign emperor before the Spanish conquered the Incan empire. He was captured by Pizarro and used as a figurehead to control the empire

Who was Cabeza de Vaca?

he was a Spanish nobleman who joined an expedition to Florida in 1527; most members of the expedition died however, Cabeza and a few others built rafts to try and make it to New Spain; sadly, disaster struck and the current of the Mississippi pushed their boats into a storm that destroyed the makeshift rafts; they were then stranded near modern Galveston, Texas, were the Native Inhabitants held them as slaves, and for eight years Cabeza was a slave to the inhabitant

Repartimiento system

It replaced the encomienda system, colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines was replaced by slavery later

Who was Christopher Columbus?

A Portuguese explorer who proposed sailing into Asia by traveling east not west. Sponsored by the government and ended up sailing to the Bahamas and did not know he didn't go to asia Met the Indigenous Taino people, he thought they had spices when he realized they didn't he made them mine gold. The Taino people gave little resistance to the Portuguese

What were encomiendas?

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it, used to control natives, was abusive.an institution where recruitment of labor came through; it gave Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel Tainos to work in their mines/fields but also the responsibility of looking after their worker's health and welfare and to encourage their conversion to Christianity

What were some of the positive aspects of the Columbian exchange? What were some of the destructive aspects of this exchange? Give some specific examples.

A negative aspect of the Columbian Exchange was the spread of disease epidemics, especially smallpox in South America. Smallpox desolated the Aztecs and the people of Mexico. However, it aided Spanish conquest. A positive aspect of the Columbian Exchange was the gift of new animals, crops, and foods that could be traded and sold to create profit. For example, wheat and cattle truly changed North America and increased the population living there.

Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century? A- Increases in global interactions B- The resurgence of religious piety C- Rejection of indigenous traditions D- Adoption of local religions by colonizers

A- Increases in global interactions

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s? A- It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. B- It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. C- It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. D- It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.

A- It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy.

Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? A- The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians B- The desire to spread democracy C- The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies D- The need for industrial resources

A- The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians

Between 1500 and 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean because A- large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper B- the major European states were competing with each other for imperial hegemony C- these colonies had strategic military importance D- these areas had small populations and were thus easy to control E- many Europeans were interested in getting away from Europe's wintry climate

A- large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper

Indentured servants who worked off their contracts in the colonies often A. returned disappointed to Europe. B. became wealthy plantation-owners. C. became active in the politics of the colonies. D. became artisans or small farmers. E. remained in debt for many years.

D. became artisans or small farmers.

The English East India Company and the VOC were privately owned companies that enjoyed all of the following advantages EXCEPT A) funds to outfit ships and hire crews. B) commodities and money for trade. C) direct government supervision. D) the potential for tremendous profits. E) heavily armed ships to back up their demands.

C) direct government supervision.

Major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans included all of the following EXCEPT A) the search for raw materials and mineral resources. B) the search for new lands to settle and cultivate. C) population pressures in Europe. D) the desire to trade directly with Asian markets. E) the urge to extend Christianity beyond Europe.

C) population pressures in Europe.

How did European settlers in North America legally justify seizing lands from native North American peoples? A. The settlers negotiated treaties. B. Because the Indians were not Christian, they had no right to the land. C. Because the Indians were hunters and gatherers rather than farmers, their claims to the land were not considered valid. D. The settlers established squatters' rights on unoccupied lands. E. By defeating the Indians in battle, the English and French claimed the land as a spoil of war.

A. The settlers negotiated treaties.

Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A- They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe. B- They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. C- They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries. D- They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.

C- They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries.

The most valuable commodity for the Spanish in the Americas was A. minerals like silver and gold. B. sugar and rum. C. tobacco. D. furs. E. timber.

A. minerals like silver and gold.

A mestizo is A. a person born in Spain who immigrated to the New World. B. a person of Spanish descent born in the New World. C. a person of mixed Spanish and Indian descent. D. a person of mixed African and Indian descent. E. a person of mixed Spanish and African descent.

C. a person of mixed Spanish and Indian descent.

The labor system that compelled Indians to work in Spanish mines and fields in exchange for protection and Christian conversion was known as A. the encomienda system. B. the hacienda. C. slavery. D. indentured servitude. E. the repartimiento system.

A. the encomienda system.

Criollos differed from Peninsulares only in that A. they were born in the western hemisphere and not the eastern hemisphere. B. their mothers were part Indian. C. they had no land and were economically dependent. D. they had not yet been baptized in the catholic church. E. they were indentured servants while Peninsulares were free.

A. they were born in the western hemisphere and not the eastern hemisphere.

The agricultural system that dominated the Spanish colonies was known as A. subsistence agriculture. B. the encomienda system. C. hacienda. D. plantation-style slavery. E. repartimiento system.

C. hacienda.

Which of the following was NOT a significant factor in Cortés's defeat of the Aztec empire? A. superior Spanish technology, especially swords, muskets, cannons, and horses. B. a devastating smallpox epidemic. C. the inadequate defenses of Tenochtitlan. D. the resentment of many indigenous peoples to Aztec rule. E. All of the above are factors.

C. the inadequate defenses of Tenochtitlan.

Doña Marina

Aztec woman who became an interpreter for Hernando Cortes during his conquest of the Aztec empire

The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasco da Gama offered European merchants A) a chance to trade with Muslim intermediaries. B) a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants. C) quicker access to the slave trade of west Africa. D) proof that the earth was round. E) None of these answers are correct.

B) a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

Christopher Columbus believed that by sailing west 2,500 nautical miles he would A) reach the Canary Islands and initiate a spice trade with the natives. B) find a direct and profitable route to Japan. C) discover a new continent and lost city of gold. D) find a quick passage around Africa. E) None of these answers are correct.

B) find a direct and profitable route to Japan.

Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of the A) assistance of China and India. B) lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance. C) unhappiness of many of the Philippine people with Muslim rule. D) desire of the island chiefdoms to enter into a treaty with the Spanish. E) eagerness of many islanders to convert to Christianity.

B) lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance.

Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history? A- Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development. B- Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres. C- The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases. D- The Columbian Exchange was accompanied by the spread of missionary religions.

B- Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres.

How did Portugal gain an empire in Brazil? A. Portuguese mariners were 1st to explore the Amazon basin. B. The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to divide the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, unintentionally granted Brazil to Portugal. C. Initially, the Spanish had no interest in South America. D. The Indians of Brazil successfully resisted Spanish invaders. E. none of the above.

B. The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to divide the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal, unintentionally granted Brazil to Portugal.

European and Arab mariners in the fifteenth century determined latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon with A) a magnetic compass. B) a telescope. C) an astrolabe or cross staff. D) a mechanical clock. E) None of these answers are correct.

C) an astrolabe or cross staff.

Which of the following was NOT a typical result of the North American fur trade? A. intense competition and even warfare between indigenous peoples for European trade. B. intense competition between French, Dutch, and English fur traders. C. the decimation of the beaver population in North America. D. hostile relations between European traders and Native American trappers. E. the introduction of European manufactured goods to indigenous peoples.

D. hostile relations between European traders and Native American trappers

What was the Seven Years War?

Commercial rivalries + political differences = struggle for dominance between Britain and France Global conflict {Europe, India, Caribbean & North America} 150-year British Hegemony In Europe- British and Prussia against France, Austria, and Russia In India- fighting between British and French In the Caribbean- Spanish and French united to limit British expansion In North America- fights between British and French forces. Led to British military dominance

Which region is NOT correctly paired with a primary trade good? A) Brazil and sugar B) south Africa and wheat C) India and cotton D) Japan and spices E) Peru and silver

D) Japan and spices

The Dutch in Indonesia concentrated their efforts on A) establishing settler colonies. B) establishing a Dutch reform mission to counter the Catholic presence in the Philippines. C) building a plantation society on the island of Java. D) dominating the spice trade through the Sunda Strait. E) All these answers are correct.

D) dominating the spice trade through the Sunda Strait.

By the mid-fifteenth century, Portuguese mariners used a strategy called the volta do mar, which A) enabled them to sail directly into the wind. B) enabled them to measure their location north and south of the equator with accuracy. C) allowed them to avoid the use of sails for extended periods of time. D) enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds. E) allowed them to sneak up on their enemies unannounced.

D) enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds.

In spite of the isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Urals into Siberia in search of A) trade routes to China. B) access to the Pacific. C) gold and silver. D) furs. E) timber.

D) furs.

Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A- The Atlantic basin B- The Mediterranean basin C- The Indian Ocean D- Oceania

D- Oceania

One significant difference in the administration of English colonies compared to their Spanish counterparts was A. the Spanish crown was less actively involved in the government of their colonies. B. English governors were elected directly by the colonists, while Spanish viceroys were appointed by the crown. C. Spanish colonies had powerful local assemblies, while the English did not. D. English colonies were often financed by private investors, who retained control over colonial affairs. E. the Church played a greater role in the administration of Spanish colonies.

D. English colonies were often financed by private investors, who retained control over colonial affairs.

What was Dona Marina's role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?A. She unwittingly infected many of her people with smallpox. B. She betrayed the secret entrance to Tenochtitlan. C. She bore Cortés a child, who would bring unity between both peoples. D. She could speak several native languages and served as an interpreter. E. She was the 1st Catholic convert.

D. She could speak several native languages and served as an interpreter.

How did the mining industries of the Americas stimulate global economic growth? A. Mining increased the demand for labor, sparking the growth of an Indian middle class. B. Mineral ores from Mexico provided the raw materials for European manufacturing. C. The sale of slaves to the mines by the Portuguese resulted in the Portuguese spending their wealth throughout Europe and Africa. D. The Spanish quinto circulated throughout European and Asian markets. E. all of the above.

D. The Spanish quinto circulated throughout European and Asian markets.

Describe Australia and the larger world

Dutch mariners explored west Australia but there were no spices of farmland Australia had little interest until eighteenth century Captain James Cook explored east Australia England established their first settlement as a penal colony (where they took prisoners) Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants in 1830s

What was distinctive about European exploration of Australia? Discuss the Native population there.

Dutch mariners explored west Australia in the seventeenth century, meanwhile there were no spices, no farmland to use. Australia held little interest to the Europeans until the eighteenth century, when British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 1770.In 1788, England established first settlement in Australia as a penal colony. Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants after 1830s.

In the New World, the Columbian exchange generally resulted in the A) introduction of infectious diseases. B) staggering loss of indigenous populations. C) introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. D) introduction of food crops such as wheat. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct.

Which of the following was NOT a significant presence in the Indian Ocean by the mid-eighteenth century? A) Britain B) France C) the Netherlands D) Portugal E) Russia

E) Russia

European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe A- European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B- African livestock to the Western Hemisphere; European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere food to Europe C- Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the New World D- European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere E- African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

E- African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

The difference between the encomienda and the repartimiento is that A. Indians could buy their freedom. B. Indians were free to leave if they wished. C. Indians were now obligated to provide military service. D. The Spanish could no longer impose conversion to Christianity. E. The Spanish paid the Indians wages for their labor.

E. The Spanish paid the Indians wages for their labor.

Describe what happened in the Spanish Caribbean

Indigenous peoples were the Taino They lived in small villages and showed little resistance to European visitors Columbus built the fort of Santo Domingo, capital of the Spanish Caribbean. Taino were forced to mine gold Encomiendas: land grants to the Spanish that had total control of the Taino people. Taino people were brutally abused and suffered from smallpox, brought major decline of Taino populations

What was Columbus's goal in setting forth across the Atlantic in 1492? Was his voyage successful?

Originally, he had sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia. He was convinced that he had found the waterway that he sought and that the Americas were actually an extension of China. Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration

Discuss the encomienda system.

Recruitment for labor came through an institution known as the encomienda, which gave Spanish encomenderos ("settlers") the right to compel the Taíno to work in their mines/field. The encomienda system rewarded Spanish conquerors by allowing them exact both labor and tribute from defeated Moorish populations, while requiring the encomenderos to look after the physical and spiritual welfare of their workers. It was brutal.

Describe the Russian Empire in Asia

Russia begins land based empire in northern Eurasia Mongols fall 16th century→ Russia takes over Khanates Astrakhan became major trading city (Volga R.) Acquired much of the Caucasus Trade with indegenous Siberian people Expansion into Siberia 16th & 17th centuries Expansion eastward began in 1591, reach Pacific by 1639 (fur = $$) Who's migrating? Exiled, peasants Dramatic expansion of Russian population

What relationships did the North American colonies have with indigenous people?

Settlers farms were interrupted by the migrations of indigenous people Settlers seized lands and justified it with treaties Natives retaliated with raids on farms and villages Attacks on European communities brought retaliation from settlers Native populations of North America dropped 90 percent

Describe mining and agriculture in the Spanish empire

Silver was more plentiful than gold, the basis of Spanish New World wealth The conquistadores melted Aztec and Inca artifacts into gold ingots The two major sites of solver mining were Zacatecas in Mexico and Potosi in Bolivia One fifth of the silver mined went to the Spanish treasury or the quinto It paid for Spanish military and bureaucracy The silver was passed on to Europeans and then went to Asian markets to trade spices Large private estates or haciendas were the basis of Spanish-American production- they produced food for local population, the abusive encomienda system was replaced with repartimiento system. The repartimiento was replaced by free laborers by mid 17th century There was also resistance to Spanish rule by indigenous people: rebellion, laziness, avoiding work It was difficult for rebels to file complaints

When and how did slavery come to North America? How did it impact the societies there?

Slaves would work side-by-side with indentured servants, but eventually indentured servants would gain their freedom. In 1661, Virginia law recognized all blacks as slaves. The economies of northern colonies profited handsomely from slavery. The southern colonies were the ones who used slaves more however.

What affects did diseases have on the populations?

Smallpox, Diptheria, whooping cough, and flu Smallpox killed 95 percent of the Aztec population 100 million people died because of disease between 1500-1800

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. means "conquerors"; during the early 16th century, they pressed beyond the Caribbean islands, moving west into Mexico and south into Panama and Peru

European Conquest in southeast Asia

Spanish conquest of the Philippines led by Legazpi Manila became a bustling port city, became Spanish capital, Spanish massacred Chinese merchants on Manila int he thousands. Exploration continued → Europeans began to conquer, colonize and control Ex. Philippines- conquered by Spanish, named after King Philip II, Desirable because proximity to China (spices), Manilla became a major port city, missionary activity Ex. Indonesia, Dutch ruled spice trade → VOC, Established Batavia in Java, less missionary activity Netherlands became very wealthy

Describe the Pacific Islands and the larger world

Spanish voyages in the Pacific after Magellan Regular voyages from Acapulco to Manila on the trade winds Spanish mariners visited Pacific Islands some interest in Guam and the Marianas Indigenous Chamorro population resisted but was decimated by smallpox Impact on pacific Islanders there were misunderstandings and skirmishes Whalers were regular visitors after 18th century Missionaries, merchants and planters followed

What were technological advancements of the the Sea?

Sternpost rudder- helped maintain steadier course New sails- helped boats move forward against the wind Compass Astrolabe- helped determine latitude and longitude Knowledge of winds- Trade winds north and south of equator, monsoons in Indian Ocean basin Volta do mar which is the North Atlantic Gyre t

What specific motives prompted European overseas voyages? Of all these motives, which do you think took precedence?

The Europeans motives for overseas exploration were the search for basic resources and lands suitable for cultivation of cash crops, the desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets, and the aspiration to expand the influence of Christianity. The most important motive was the goal of establishing maritime trade routes to markets of Asia and eliminating Muslim intermediaries to increase the quantities of expensive necessities and yield huge profits.

Describe Sugar in Portuguese Brazil

The Portuguese in Brazil were dependent on sugar production Colonial Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill of engenho Engenho combined agricultural and industrial enterprises Sugar planters became the nobility

Overall, what the demographic impact (demography concerns the health and size of populations) of European contact with the New World?

The demographic impact of European contact with the "New World" was immense. European contact first brought down the population of the New World because of the spread of new diseases to the indigenous people of the New World who were unaccustomed to these diseases and were never plagued by them. However, with the gift of new foods, animals, and crops, the New World became a viable asset to the Europeans as its lands were fertile for some crops and cattle that were unable to be created and used in Europe's own lands due to the landscape and climate of them. The population of the New World soared because of their newly enriched diets, and so did the world population, all thanks to Europe connecting everyone with networks of trade and communication.

Exploration of Pacific

Took three centuries to complete the exploration of the Pacific Trade route between Philippines and Mexico (Aztecs), was created by Spanish merchants English Mariners searched for a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

What were the origins of Global trade?

Transoceanic Trade- European merchants created a genuinely global trading system of supply and demand, linking different parts of the world The Manila Galleons- Sleek, fast, heavily armed ships that sailed between Manila and Mexico, had Asian luxury goods to Mexico and silver from Mexico to china Environmental Effects- Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or near-extinction., Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment

Indentured servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Describe the formation of societies in the Iberian colonies.

the formation of multicultural societies In Spanish and Portuguese settlements, the mestizo societies emerged. A mestizo was the child of a Spanish or Portuguese man or a native woman. The society of Brazil was much more diverse with mestizos, mulattos, and Zambos There was a social and racial hierarchy in Iberian colonies- The whites owned the land and held the power, the mixed races performed most of the manual labor, the Africans and natives were at the bottom