ap world final 2016 ashmans quiz

They emerged around 3000 BCE as the first complex society of the Americas, with its center located on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, near the modern Mexican city of Veracruz; cultural traditions influenced all complex societies of Mesoamerica until the arrival of European peoples in the 16th century C.E

olmecs

He was a Turkish leader in Anatolia who declared independence from the Saljuq (or Seljuk) sultan in 1299; he led his followers, known as Osmanlis or Ottomans, to extend control in the Balkan Peninsula and laid the basis for the Ottoman Empire

osman

He was actually traveling to India and when he used the Trade Winds to sail south west he became the first European to land in Brazil. He returned to Portugal after a rather unsuccessful voyage and was forgotten, except as the discoverer of Brazil

pero Alvares cabral

After taking the throne, He instituted a policy of forced and rapid modernization. He sent Russians abroad to learn in European countries and he himself went on his own tour of Germany, the Netherlands, and England to learn about Western industrial and military technology

peter the great

He was a foolish but zealous Christian preacher who traveled throughout France, Germany, and the Low Countries to organize crusaders for recapturing Palestine as a response to Pope Urban II' s call. The crusade ended in utter disaster.

peter the hermit

Aryabhatta was the Indian astronomer who, around 500 CE, calculated _______ as well as the length of the solar year at 365 days. He also determined that the earth rotated on its own axis and revolved around the sun.

pi

Popular Buddhist sect in China (also known by its Japanese name, Zen); had little interest in written texts but instead emphasized intuition and sudden flashes of insight in search of spiritual enlightenment

Chan buddhism

He was the founder of the Gupta Empire who rose to power in Magadha about 320 C.E. (Note: He was not related to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of Mauryan empire) He and his successors were content to leave local rajas alone, be acknowledged as supreme overlords and to collect tribute from those rajas "under their control."

Chandra gupta

He founded the Mauryan Empire. He was a systematic and harsh ruler, a true legalist. In spite of his successes, however, he was not able to replace most of the local rajas with his own administrators and therefore could not establish as strong a centralized state as did the Persians or the Chinese the Romans.

Chandragupta maurya

name five pillars of islam

1. Moslems must acknowledge Allah as the only god, and Mohammad as his prophet. 2. Moslems must pray daily to Allah, facing Mecca. 3. Moslems must observe a fast during the daylight hours during the month of Ramadan 4. Moslems must contribute alms for the relief of the weak and the poor 5. Moslems must, if financially and physically possible, must make the hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca to honor Muhammad

Commander of Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean responsible for Portuguese hegemony in the region by creating a Trading Post Empire.

Alfonso d'Alboquerque

name four noble truths

All life involves pain and suffering Pain and suffering are caused by desire If desire is eliminated; then pain and suffering are eliminated Desire is eliminated by the Noble Eightfold Path

This oasis city in western China lay on the silk road; it was the site of hundreds of Buddhist cave temples, and known for its leading role in spreading Mahayana Buddhism in China.

Dun Huang

name first 4 caliphs

Abu Bekr, Omar, Uthman, Ali

This was the name for Islamic Spain; established by Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa during the early 8th century; they refused to recognize the Abbasid dynasty and styled themselves caliphs in their own right from the 10th century.

Al-Andalus

He was the leader of the Visigoths who wanted (under pressure from the Huns) to make a home within the Roman Empire. The emperor in Constantinople admitted them but when the Roman authorities mistreated them, he led the Visigoths into Italy sacked the city of Rome in 410 C.E

Alaric

This Stuart King came to the throne of England in 1685 and as an ardent Roman Catholic believing in the Divine Right of Kings managed to offend most of Britain. He was overthrown in the Glorious or Bloodless Revolution of 1688 which gave England a Constitutional Monarchy

James II

_________ was the capital city of the Khmer Empire. It was a magnificent temple complex and designed as a microcosmic reflection of the Hindu world order. Later after Buddhism was adopted by the Khmer a smaller, but more elaborate complex was built nearby in Angkor Wat.

Angkor Kom

They were (and are) a population group in Oceania and Southeast Asia. Their point of origin is believed to be Southern China. They form a diverse group of peoples inhabiting roughly half the globe, ranging from Madagascar off the east coast of Africa to Easter Island in the Pacific.

Austronesians

He published Persian Letters in which he criticized the lifestyle and freedoms of the rich, especially the nobility and upper clergy. (Horace, Odes III. 30) But his most famous work was On the Spirit of Laws, published in 1748.

Baron de montesquieu

This was a short poetic work of India. As an episode of the Mahabharata, it contained a dialogue between a warrior Arjuna and the god Vishnu, which clearly illustrated both the expectations and promise of Hinduism for its believers

Bhagavad-Gita or " The Song of the Lord"

Religious movement that emerged in southern India during the 12th century C.E.; originally encouraged traditional piety and devotion to Hindu values, but as the movement spread to the north, it began to incorporate certain Islamic values, especially monotheism and the notion of spiritual equality of all believers

Bhakti

He founded Batavia on the island of Java in 1619 to serve as an entrepot for the VOC. He used his superior navy and weapons to dominate the Indonesian islands and by the late 17th century all of Indonesia was under Dutch authority

Jan Pieterszoon Coen

This was a Buddhist temple complex built by Srivijayan Empire and constructed in the shape of a mountain with three miles of winding walkways with thousands of stone-carved reliefs depicting the world of Buddhism

Borobudur

He died in 483 and his last words were said to be, "Decay is inherent in all component things! Work out your salvation with diligence!"

Buddha

He was a co-founder of the Vijayanagar kingdom. He with Harihara was an official delegate of the sultan in Delhi. They renounced Islam, returned to their Hindu faith, and claimed independence in south India in 1336 C.E

Bukka

Who argued that it was perfectly honorable for Christians to enter into marriage, business relationships and public affairs and still be good Christians?

Christian humanists

In his Second Century CE Almagest, he envisioned a motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres: sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, the stars and the 9th was the Cosmos. Beyond those was God. This concept of an unchanging world was the standard until the work of the astronomers.

Claudius Ptolemy

He was the Roman emperor, known for his unification of the Roman empire after it was divided by Diocletian into two administrative districts; he established Constantinople as the new capital city; he was also known as the first Christian emperor of the Roman empire, whose Edict of Milan in 313 C. E. allowed Christians to practice their faith openly.

Constantine

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 invited William and Mary to be joint king and queen of England and it also gave England a form of government called a

Constitutional Monarchy

They were two Byzantine missionaries sent into the Balkans where they worked to convert pagans. As they worked among the Slavs, they devised a written script - from their native Greek for the Slavic language, called Cyrillic

Cyril and Methodius

This was the famous work of St. Augustine which sought to explain the meaning of history and the world from a Christian point of view

De Civitate Dei - The City of God

_____________worked 25 years to produce The Encyclopedia, a collection of articles by the leading philosophes of the day, whose purpose was to change the way ordinary people thought.

Denis Diderot

He was the Roman emperor known for his division of the empire into two administrative districts. This system was called the Tetrarchy where four top co-rulers (two senior emperors, each called Augustus, and two assistants, each called Caesar) of the Roman Empire. The Tetrarchy system failed completely and, after his death contenders once again struggled for power.

Diocletian

He discovered a vaccine for smallpox

Edward jenner

Although he was killed during his circumnavigation of the world in the Philippines, he did accomplish to most difficult part of his task in proving that the world was round and that Columbus had been right.

Ferdinand Magellan

He was a famous Italian architect (1377-1446) of Renaissance times. Inspired by the Roman Pantheon he was responsible for the construction of a magnificent dome on the Cathedral of Florence during the 1420s and 1430s

Filippo Brunelleschi

He was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who worked hard to absorb the wealthy urban region of Lombardy in north Italy, but his attempt was defeated by a papal coalition with other European states. He died on his way to the Holy Land as one of the leaders of the Third Crusade

Frederick Barbarossa

In the __________ ___________ businessmen compete with each other and the forces of supply and demand to determine the prices received for goods and services

Free market

These relatives of the Celts destroyed three Roman legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. They migrated to the eastern and northern borders of the Roman Empire from the second century C.E.; beginning in the mid-5th century, they invaded the Roman Empire and deposed the western emperor in 476; they settled in Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North Africa

Germanic tribes

This Islamic state of west Africa was situated between the Senegal and Niger Rivers in a region straddling the border between the modern states of Mali and Mauritania; emerged probably as early as the 5th or 6th century C.E.; its kings converted to Islam by about the 10th century and it became the most important commercial site of west Africa

Ghana

He was born in 1167; united all the Mongol tribes into a single confederation by 1206; established Mongol supremacy in central Asia, and extended Mongol control to Northern China in the east and Persia in the west; died in 1227.

Ghengis khan

He was the English monarch who used the law to increase his authority. A central royal court was set up in London. Circuit judges took the king's law to all parts of the land and thus created a common law, helping to untie the country. He also used the grand jury system to present to judges names of people suspected of crimes. He quarreled with Thomas a Becket.

Henry II

He broke from the Roman church over an annulment he wanted from his wife, Catherine of Aragon. (Books are wrong in saying he wanted a divorce.) The pope wanted to grant the annulment, but was a prisoner of Catherine's nephew, Charles V. He remained Catholic, but not Roman Catholic and the English church did not change much until his death in 1547

Henry VIII

During the fifteenth century, he started Portugal on his twin goal of evangelism and profit. In 1415, his forces seized the Moroccan city of Ceuta; then he pushed his mariners out into the Atlantic and down the coast of Africa seeking raw materials and building trading post

Henry the navigator (dom henrique)

This is the most popular religion of salvation in India, drawing inspiration from the Vedas and Upanishads. Basic teachings included the four principal aims of human life: obedience to religious and moral laws (dharma); the pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity (artha); the enjoyment of social, physical, and sexual pleasure (kama); and the salvation of the soul (moksha).

Hinduism

Founder of the Ming dynasty in China; an orphaned beggar who rose to power by joining rebellions against Mongol rule in China; toppled Mongol rule and proclaimed himself emperor in 1368; reestablished the Confucian educational and civil service systems

Hongwu

He was the war god of Aztecs and was equated with the sun. The Aztecs saw him as a warrior in the daytime sky fighting to give life and warmth to the world against the forces of the night. To carry on the struggle, he needed strength, so, just as the gods sacrificed themselves for humans, the nourishment he needed most was that which was most precious: human life drawn from hearts and blood

Huitzilopochtli

He was the Turkish Sultan who, between 1211 and 1236 founded a stable Islamic State in Northern India called the Mughal or Mongol Empire

Iltutmish

He argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe, and he offered precise mathematical explanations of the laws that govern movements of bodies on the earth. His work symbolized the scientific revolution, that is to say, direct observation and mathematical reasoning.

Issac newton

He was the founder of Aztec empire; launched successful campaigns of imperial expansion from 1428 to 1440

Itzcóatl (The Obsidian Serpent)

Although its members are very small in numbers, this is one of the most influential Indian religions; became popular beginning in the late 5th century B.C.; taught that everything possessed a soul and the practice of nonviolence toward other living things or their souls. Jainism represented an alternative to the traditional cults of Brahmins

Jainism

__________ and ________ were the first two Stuart kings of England who believed in the Divine Right of Kings. Both quarreled with Parliament over taxation, imprisoning enemies without trial and religious matters which very much offended the Puritans

James I and Charles I

This revolt broke out in France in 1358 when peasants looted castles, attacked the rich and demanded fair wages. The basis of the revolt was the Black Death; the surviving workers wanted higher wages and the rich refused to give them

Jaquerie revolt

He was the Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine and the younger brother of Richard the Lionhearted; as king of England, he was forced in 1216 to accept the Magna Carta, which guaranteed both the rights of the nobility and the obligation of the king to follow the law.

John

He was an Italian Franciscan priest, who went to China in 1291, became the first archbishop of Khanbaliq in 1307, and died there in 1328. While serving the Roman Catholic expatriates in China; nevertheless, he converted few Chinese to the Christian religion. The Chinese could not understand Christian exclusivity

John of Montecorvino

Large trading companies that organized business ventures and spread the risks attached to large business investments; laid the foundations of the global economy that would emerge in early modern Europe

Joint stock companies

This Byzantine emperor reigned from 527 to 565; he is known for his campaign of rebuilding Constantinople, his codification of Roman law (Corpus Iuris Civilis), and his military campaigns that succeeded in control of Italy, Sicily, Northwestern Africa, and southern Spain.

Justinian

Name the four Khanates into which the Mongol Empire fragmented

Khanate of the Great Khan (China) Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) Ilkhanate of Persia (Persia) Khanate of the Golden Horde

One of the Swahili city-states that emerged on the east African coast during the 11th or 12th century; actively participated in trade of the Indian Ocean basin and enjoyed tremendous prosperity; suffered a devastating sack by Portuguese mariners in 1505.

Kilwa

This was an early Bantu kingdom, established during the 14th century in the valley of the Congo River (also known as the Zaire River), which embraced much of modern-day Republic of Congo and Angola; maintained effective authority until the mid 17th century

Kongo

The greater vehicle or easier approach of Buddhism is called _________ Buddhism

Mahayana

It was a syncretic sect of Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, also spread along the Silk Roads. Its founder, a devout Zoroastrian priest from Babylon who lived from 216 to 272 C.E, founded it in the mid 3rd century. It was characterized by an ascetic lifestyle and high moral values while promising eternal life for the followers of the good god

Manichaeism

He was the Father of the Reformation; He bitterly attacked the abuses of the Church, including clerical celibacy, denial of the cup to the laity, transubstantiation and the authority of the pope. He said that the Bible was the only source of authority and put forth the doctrine of Justification by Faith Alone

Martin luther

In 1610, when Polish and Swedish armies threatened Moscow, representatives selected this prince to be the new Tsar to drive the Poles and Swedes out of Moscow. He was the first of his Dynasty which would last until 1917

Mikhail Romanov

He was the Inca ruler responsible for military conquests that laid foundation of Inca Empire; reigned from 1438 to 1471

Pachacuti

He was the successor of Itzcóatl; powerful ruler of the Aztec empire; successful conquests from 1440 to 1469 laid down territorial foundation for the Aztec empire.

Montecuzoma

This lady in waiting at the Heian court composed Tale of the Gengi which is a story about a fictitious prince Gengi and his friends who devote themselves to an ultra refined lifestyle but also a meditation on the passing of time and the sorrows that time brings to sensitive human beings. This work with its melancholy spirit gives an excellent glimpse into lives of the aristocracy in Nara Japan.

Murasaki Shikibu

This was the name given to the area around San Francisco Bay claimed for England by Francis Drake in 1579 (some 400 miles north of Spain's northern most claim near modern La Jolla).

New albion

He published a treatise On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres which pointed astronomy in a new direction; Now the sun was the center of the universe. It was a challenge to religious thinkers of the day, but inspired some astronomers to examine the heavens in new ways

Nicolas Copernicus

He was king of Saxony in Germany (reigned 936-973). He defeated a Magyar army in 955; imposed his authority throughout Germany; twice led armies into Italy to support the papacy against Lombard lords and received coronation from the pope in 962. He is considered to be the first Holy Roman Emperor

Otto I

They were Austronesians who settled the Pacific Ocean Basin mostly in the area within the Polynesian Triangle. They gradually inhabited the larger Pacific islands and supported a surging population with unique social and political development

Polynesians

A Maya creation myth which taught that the gods had created human beings out of maize and water, the ingredients that became human flesh and blood.

Popol Vuh

Name China's historic Dynasties in order

Qin - 221 to 210 BCE Han - 206 BCE to 220 CE Sui - 589 to 618 Tang - 623 to 907 Sung, Liao, Jin - 960 to 1279 Yuan - 1279 - 1368 Ming - 1368 to 1644 Qing (Manchu) - 1644 to 1912

Mnemonic device used by Inca bureaucrats to keep track of their responsibilities; consisted of an array of small cords of various colors and lengths, all suspended from one large, thick cord; knots and marks on cords could record statistical information or historical events.

Quipu

In Delhi, he completed the tallest brick minaret in the world called the

Qutub Minar

He was a Nestorian Christian priest of Turkish ancestry; dispatched in 1287 by the Mongol ilkhan of Persia as an envoy to the pope and European political leaders for seeking support; mission did not succeed

Rabban Bar Sauma

He was a Brahmin philosopher of south India; active during the 11th and early 12th centuries C.E.; He taught intensive devotion to Vishnu for personal salvation, and challenged Shankara's intellectual system of thought

Ramanuja

He strengthened the early monastic movement by providing it with a Rule or self-governing regulations; summarized in the Latin expression Orare et Laborare/Work and Pray. He founded his community at Monte Cassino south of Rome.

St. Benedict of nursia

They were founders of religious orders which were called mendicant ('beggars") because the monks freely agreed to renounce personal possessions and beg for their food. They both worked in urban areas where the secular clergy needed help and led the fight against heterodox movements debating with and trying to get heretics to return to the Roman Catholic Church.

St. Dominic and st. francis

While recuperating from a terrible leg wound, he read spiritual works and popular accounts of saints' lives. His life changed and he resolved to put his energy into religious work. In 1540 he founded a new religious order: the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits

St. Ignatius Loyola

Capital city of the Aztec empire, sitting on an island in Lake Texcoco; at its high point in the early 16th century, tribute from some 489 subject territories flowed into the city, and its population reached to about two hundred thousand. After the Spanish conquest, Mexico City would be built upon it

Tenochtitlan

Under this emperor, China reached its imperial golden age from 712 to 756. Under him Tang hegemony reached all the way to Japan and Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south and central Asia in the west

Tang Xuanzong

They were a people of central Mexico; spoke Nahuatl language; they built the powerful Aztec empire that dominated Mesoamerica during the period from the mid-14th through the early 16th centuries

The aztecs or mexica

He was the Emperor of the Eastern Roman empire, known for his proclamation that made Christianity the official religion of the empire in 380 C.E.

Theodosius

He was a leader of the Saljuq Turks who controlled the Abbasid capital at Baghdad and was recognized as Sultan or chieftain by the Abbasid caliph in 1055; he extended Turkish rule to Syria, Palestine, and other parts of the Abbasid empire

Tughril Beg

This literature taught that appearances are deceiving, that individual human beings in fact are not separate and autonomous creatures. Instead, each person participates in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul, known as Brahman. The highest goal was to escape this cycle of birth and rebirth and enter into permanent union with Brahman

Upanishads

He was the great teacher of Jainism, born in northern India about 540 B.C.E. to a prominent Kshatriya family. He taught an ascetic doctrine of detachment from the world and formed a monastic order to perpetuate and spread his message. His disciples referred to him as Jina, "the conqueror," and referred to themselves as Jains.

Vardhamana Mahavira

This Spanish conquistador and explorer was the first European to view the Pacific Ocean from the New World. He is (perhaps falsely) credited with naming the Pacific Ocean

Vasco nunez de balaboa

He was an Islamic, eunuch admiral of the Ming court; led seven grand naval expeditions between 1405 and 1433; presented Chinese naval power to important port cities in the Indian Ocean basin

Zheng He

He was the most prominent philosopher of Neo-Confucianism during the Song dynasty; he wrote extensively on metaphysical themes such as the nature of reality but also stressed importance of philosophical investigations to practical affairs

Zhu Xi

He was a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he allied with the Shiite party and with non-Arab Muslims to launch rebellion against the Umayyad dynasty; he founded the Abbasid dynasty that lasted from 750 to 1258 C.E

abu al-abbas

He was a follower and friend of Muhammad's and - as such - after Muhammad's death, became the first caliph of the Islamic community

abu bekr

He sought to justify capitalism as beneficial to society and held that society would never prosper until individuals pursued their own economic interests. In his book, The Wealth of Nations, he argued that the free market with its natural forces of supply and demand should be allowed to operate and regulate business

adam smith

This was the time period from 1550 to 1800, when the new monarchs in France, England and Spain began building strong states by organizing their resources, curbing the power of the feudal nobility and creating strong centralized bureaucracies.

age of absolutism

This is the Jainist principle of nonviolence toward other living things or their souls. To observe this principle, devout Jainist monks went to extremes to avoid harming the millions of souls they encountered each day

ahimsa

He was a Persian theologian and famous Islamic Sufi (1058-1111) who argued that Greek philosophy and human reasoning were vain pursuits that would inevitably lead to confusion rather than understanding, and that only through devotion to Allah and guidance from the Quran could human beings begin to appreciate the uniqueness and power of Allah

al-Ghazali

He was an early king of Angles and Saxons in England. He expanded from his base in southern England to territories further north held by Danish invaders; built a navy to challenge the Vikings at sea and constructed fortresses on land to secure the conquered areas. He reigned from 871 to 899.

alfred the great

He was the fourth caliph. But the Umayyad tribe disagreed and managed to get their candidate, Mu'awiya, elected caliph in 660. He and Mu'awiya agreed to divide the empire, but He was assassinated in 661 and Islam fractured into two sects: the Shiites, who supported the rights of his descendents and the Sunni, who became the majority party.

ali

He was the greatest and most energetic emperor of the Han dynasty. During his rule, the centralization of imperial rule was strengthened and the territory of China extended to Vietnam, Korea, and central Asia.

han wudi

An association of trading cities stretching from Novgorod to London and embracing all the significant commercial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; dominated trade of northern Europe during the high middle ages.

hanseatic league

He was a military commander of Tang dynasty; launched rebellion in 755 and seized the Tang capital at Chang'an. Revolt was suppressed two years later with the help of Uighurs who sacked Chinese cities in return for their help; bottom line: the Tany dynasty was permanently weakened

an lushan

This was the heresy which taught that Jesus was a divine being but created by the Father. Its founder, a priest of Alexandria and his followers believed that Jesus was an important prophet and even divine, but also a man like other men. Constantine had the Council of Nicaea condemn it in 325. (cf. the orthodox position was that Jesus was fully God and fully man.)

arianism

He was Chandragupta's grandson and reigned 268-232 B.C.E. Early in his reign he was cruel and despotic, but after seeing the horror of the aftermath of a major battle, he converted to Buddhism and sponsored the new religion throughout his empire. His rule represented the highest point of the Mauryan Empire, even though he did not bring local rajas under full control.

ashoka

The __________ Empire was created when Charles V's younger brother, Ferdinand, inherited Charles' Austrian and German possessions

austrian

She was a well-educated woman who wrote a widely read treatise entitled Admonitions for Women that emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women

ban Zhao

This was brought to Madagascar and then Africa by Austronesians from Malaysia. It did two things: first, it added variety to the Bantu diet, and more importantly, it increased the Bantu zone of agriculture, because it's fruit could be grown in tropical and forested areas where yams and millet could not

banana culture

He taught that government should be divided into three branches, which would produce "separation of powers," i.e., to create separate branches of government with equal but different powers. That way, the government would avoid placing too much power with one individual or group of individuals

baron de montesquieu

The Byzantine emperor was known as "the Bulgar Slayer" for his successful campaign against the neighboring Bulgars. After his victory at the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 C.E., Basil reportedly commanded his forces to blind fourteen thousand Bulgarian survivors. He took Byzantium to the height of its medieval glory.

basil II

This Indian raja reigned from 606 to 648 C.E.; maintained a powerful army and temporarily unified most of north India; enjoyed a reputation for piety, liberal attitude, and scholarship. His networking skills often cause him to be compared with Charlemagne

harsha

This was a grant provided by a lord to his vassals with which the vassal supported himself and his family. They usually were grants of land, often called fiefs, but they sometimes took other forms, such as the right to income from mills, village rents, and money

benefice

They were "Enlightened Beings," or individuals who had reached spiritual perfection and merited the reward of nirvana but who intentionally delayed their entry into Nirvana in order to help others who were still struggling; a notion articulated by Mahayana Buddhist theologians between the 3rd and 1st century C.E.

bodhisattvas

This devastating epidemic first erupted in the 1330s in southwestern China; spread throughout China and central Asia and by the late 1340s reached southwest Asia and Europe, where it became known as the Black Death. Only India, Sub-Saharan Africa and Scandinavia escaped its full ferocity.

bubonic plague

They were two famous English kings of the later Saxon era. The first, a Dane (1016 - 1035) was famous both for his conversion to Christianity and his just reign, and the second (1042 - 1066), was a sincere, pious ruler who gave money to the poor, but failed to curb the growing power of the nobility.

canute and edward the confessor

This is the economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities

capitalism

European, small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ships that carried a sternpost rudder and both square and lateen sail

caravels

This prince of the Roman Catholic Church was the architect of French absolutism, a prominent church official and chief minister to King Louis XIII (1624-1642) whose brilliance was exercised in undermining the power of the nobility and enhance the authority of the king.

cardinal richeliuv

Also known as Albigensians they adopted the teachings of heretical groups in eastern Europe who viewed the world as a site of an unrelenting, cosmic struggle between the forces of good and evil; they rejected the Roman Catholic church, sought spiritual perfection, renounced wealth and marriage, and led a strict vegetarian life. A brutal crusade stamped them out.

cathars

They were an Indo European people closely related to the Greeks and the Romans whose homeland seems to be what is today Western Germany. Around 500 BCE, they began to spread through a substantial portion of Western and Southwestern Europe - more as migrants than conquerors. They still live in Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Brittany.

celts

During the reign of Philip II and the Golden Age of Spanish Literature, he was the author who wrote a landmark novel, Don Quixote, which was the first true novel of European history

cervantes

During the Post Classical Era, this strain of rice, which was originally cultivated by Vietnamese and enabled farmers to harvest twice a year, was introduced to south China via military ventures. During the Tang dynasty this strain of rice led to dramatic increases in population

champa rice

He was the grandson of Charles Martel who reigned from 768 to 814. He established a substantial empire which covered France, Germany, northeastern Spain, Bavaria, and northern Italy, and introduced some centralized institutions. He received coronation in 800 by Pope Leo III.

charlemagne

He was the founder of Carolingian dynasty; began to run the Frankish State from behind the throne. From his father he took the title "Mayor of the Palace." He was never king, but began to unify Frankish Gaul like a king. In 732, he defeated a Muslim army at The Battle of Tours in Southern Gaul. By the time of his death in 741, he had reestablished the Franks as rulers of Gaul.

charles martel

Small plots of land made by the Mexica by dredging the rich and fertile mulch from the bottom of Lake Texcoco

chinampas

This was large kingdom in southern India which became rich from sea trade and eventually became powerful enough to extend marginal control over most of Southern India from 850 to 1267. They conquered Ceylon and parts of Southeast Asia during the 11th century C.E

chola kingdom

His goal was to shorten the journey to the Asian trade markets by traveling directly west across the Atlantic. His miscalculation led him to uncharted land he believed to be were Asian islands, which in fact were the Caribbean Islands. He died never knowing he found a New World.

christopher columbus

This was the Chinese ability to absorb newcomers. All throughout her early history, nomads from Central Asia who, like legal and illegal migrants all through history, looked for a better life flooded into China. This process caused these nomads to settle down, wear Chinese clothes, and begin to farm and adopt the culture of China.

cinicization

He was an early Frankish king who ruled the Franks from 481 to 511. He converted to Roman Christianity (Tradition holds that his wife Clotilda, a devout Christian, was the reason why) and built a powerful kingdom in Gaul that laid down the foundation for Charlemagne's empire

clovis

An assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high officials of the Catholic Church which met intermittently between 1545 and 1563 to address matters of doctrine and reform

council of trent

Capital City of Inca Empire, served as administrative, religious, and ceremonial center; population might have reached 300,000 in the late 15th century

cuzco

These Philosophes believed in the existence of a god (note a and the little g), but denied the supernatural teaching of Christianity, such as Jesus' Virgin Birth and his resurrection

deists

Commercial ships favored by Indians, Arabs and Persians were called:

dhows

She was the most celebrated noblewoman of her day. She was queen of both France and England (at separate times). She was known for her enthusiastic patronage of troubadours and encouragement of the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and romantic love

eleanor of aquitaine

To ensure equitable land distribution, Early Tang emperors used this system to allocate land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs. A family could keep one-fifth of the land as hereditary property while the rest would be subject to periodic redistribution to adjust for changing circumstances of the recipients

equal field system

He was one of the most important Christian Humanists who worked diligently to prepare accurate texts and translations of the New Testament and other important Christian writings; responsible for publishing the first edition of the Greek New Testament in 1516

erasmus of rotterdam

He was a Viking leader of Scandinavian seafarers and was responsible for discovering and colonizing Greenland in North Atlantic Ocean at the end of the 10th century

eric the red

They were the personal servants of imperial households. Men went through voluntary castration in order to work in the harem of the emperor or king. Sometimes they seized enormous power because of their close relationships with the rulers or various factions at court

eunuchs

This was a magnificent church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian. Later became a mosque and a museum, which ranks as one of the world's most important examples of Christian architecture

hagia Sophia

This was Chinese letters of credit or early forms of currency issued by banks to facilitate trade between different locations; popularly used during the early Tang dynasty to alleviate the shortage of copper coins

flying cash

This king became a great patron of the arts and even imported Italian craftsmen and artists (including Leonardo da Vinci). But he also learned from Machiavelli as he allied with the Ottoman Sultan to keep the Holy Roman Emperor from becoming too strong

francis I of france

This kingdom was Indianized kingdom of Southeast Asia; it dominated the lower reaches of the Mekong River from the 1st through the 6th centuries C.E. They began to use Sanskrit (calling their rulers rajas) and embraced Indian religion. However, like Japan, they did not loose those own distinctive cultural or religious traditions.

funan kingdom

He showed that the heavens were not the perfect, unblemished realm of Ptolemaic astronomers, but rather a world of change, flux and many previously unsuspected phenomena. He used a new invention, the telescope and found spots on the sun and mountains on the moon. He found moons orbiting Jupiter and stars no one had ever seen before.

galileo galilei

He wrote the Canterbury Tales, a lengthy, humorous story of a group of pilgrims traveling to the shrine of St. Thomas à Becket at Canterbury. Rather than concentrate on religious teaching or morality plays, he strove to give a true and fair presentation of ordinary people in the 14th century

geoffrey chaucer

This capital of Zimbabwe was a magnificent stone complex situated between the Zambezi and the Limpopo Rivers; up to eighteen thousand residents lived in the city during the late 15th century.

great zimbabwe

He was pope from 590 and 604; he organized defense of Rome and reasserted papal primacy over other bishops; theologically, he emphasized the sacrament of penance; and he helped to extend Roman Christianity to western Europe through missionary activity

gregory the great

He was the spiritual leader of the Bhakti Movement; active at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries C.E.; taught that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of a single, universal deity, whom all devout believers could find within their own hearts.

guru kabir

He was a famous caliph whose reign (786-808 C.E.) brought the Abbasid dynasty to its high point; known for his support of artists and writers, lavish living, and luxurious gifts; his death led to civil war over succession between his sons seriously damaging Abbasid authority

harun al-rashid

This was the period of Japanese history between 794 and 1185 C.E.; characterized by new developments in politics and culture; imperial house became a symbol of national authority while effective power was in the hands of the Fujiwara family; lifestyle of aristocrats, as depicted in The Tale of Genji, was uniquely Japanese

heian period

The Holy Roman Emperor who was known for his challenge to the pope's policy of appointing church officials by church authorities (the Investiture Contest); upon being excommunicated, he had great trouble dealing with rebellious German princes; he finally regained control only by beseeching the pope's mercy while standing barefoot in the snow.

henry IV

He was the first true Byzantine Emperor who in the early 7th century defeated both the invading Avars and the Persian Sasanids who had captured Palestine. His victory was so complete that he retrieved the Holy Cross from the Persian Capital and returned it to Jerusalem. Later invading Muslim armies defeated his armies at Yarmuk and overran Syria and Palestine.

heraclius

This meant "Migration" and refers to the flight of Muhammad and his followers made from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E.; It is recognized as the beginning of the official Islamic calendar

hijra

He was pope during the 1070s and 1080s; he is best known for his victory over Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire during the Investiture Contest.

hildebrand or pope gregory VII

The lesser vehicle or harder approach of Buddhism is called _________ Buddhism

hinayana

They served not only as religious centers but also as economic and social centers. They stored grain, educated the boys and employed hundreds of people; they were responsible for keeping civil order, collecting taxes and promoting economic development; they served as bankers, worked with merchants and guilds and became centers of economic trade in Southern India

hindu temples

___________________ was the name of the family which built a small, but powerful state in northeastern Germany called Prussia. The kings of Prussia were Protestant and created an absolute monarchy and perhaps the most efficient and strongest army in Europe

hohenzollern

They were the French followers of John Calvin and their militant attitudes caused much turmoil and religious warfare in France for 36 years. A horrible high point came in1572 on the night of the 23/24 of August, when some 8,000 of them were massacred in the (in)famous St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

huguenots

The Renaissance rediscovered the ancient Greek concept of _________or the idea that man is the measure of all things. Religion is not directly attacked, but its principles no longer dominate

humanism

This was the economic process (which was called Stagflation in the 1970s, that causes inflation to be out of control, prices to increase rapidly and currency to loose its value. It was part of the Third Century Crisis that occurred in the Western Roman Empire as money and industry moved to the wealthier eastern part of the Empire.

hyperinflation

Muslim scholar of Morocco (1304 -1369); He traveled from North Africa to the Middle East and Byzantium; to India, the Maldive Islands and even China; he served as a qadi (judge) in north India and the Maldive Islands. His travels were not unusual, but that he wrote down his experiences, gives us a glimpse into 14th century Islamic thinking and Eurasian interaction.

ibn battuta

He was a twelfth century Muslim philosopher (1126-1198), known in the west as Averroes who followed Aristotle and sought to articulate a purely rational understanding of the world. He had a profound influence on the development of European scholasticism during the 13th century.

ibn rushd

This Byzantine imperial policy - based on the Monophysite heresy - was inaugurated by Emperor Leo III (717-741 C.E.) to destroy religious images and prohibit their use in churches. The controversy would not end until the Empress Irene finally restores the Icons

iconoclasm

He was one of the two chief Aryan gods of Early India. He was primarily a war god and often depicted as a boisterous, hard-drinking warrior. However, he had a more domestic dimension as well and the Aryans associated him with the weather, especially the coming of rain and water for the crops.

indra

He published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1686 in which he applied new approaches in science and mathematics; and united the heavens and the earth in a vast, cosmic system

issac newton

What was the narrowest point on the Malay Peninsula called?

isthmus of kra

He led three expeditions to the Pacific and charted eastern Australia and New Zealand, Pacific islands and Arctic waters as well as collecting ethnographic materials about the lands and peoples he encountered. He died in a local dispute with the indigenous people of Hawaii

james cook

This German metalworker and inventor, combined metal, movable type, oil based inks and the printing press which allowed the rapid printing of written materials which caused an information explosion in Europe.

johannes gutenburg

He demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular.

johannes keppler

In Geneva, he organized a community, became a sort of theological dictator and wrote his theological ideas in his Institutes of the Christian Religion. He developed the teaching of Predestination, thus making an even more radical break from the Church of Rome than the Anglicans or the Lutherans.

john calvin

He sought to identify the principles of psychology and argued that all human knowledge come from sense perceptions. He argued that people were basically reasonable and moral, and that they had natural rights that belonged to all humans by virtue of birth. These included life, liberty and property.

john locke

Commercial ships favored China

junks

Japanese term meaning "divine winds"; used by the Japanese to describe typhoons in 1274 and 1281 that helped them hold off Khubilai Khan's attempted invasions. The term would later be used by Japanese suicide planes during the later stages of World War II.

kamikaze

This doctrine teaches that a person is reincarnated according to how he lived his prior life. Thus, virtuous men who led good lives could expect to be reborn into a higher and more distinguished caste. However, those who led base lives could expect to be reborn into a difficult existence, lower caste or even as an animal, insect or plant.

karma

He was the advisor or minister of Chandragupta's government who devised administrative procedures and diplomatic strategies for the Mauryan empire. Some of his advice and ideas survived in the political handbook known as the Arthashastra

kautalya

He was the advisor or minister of Chandragupta's government who devised administrative procedures and diplomatic strategies for the Mauryan empire. Some of his advice and ideas survived in the political handbook known as the Arthashastra.

kautalya

This empire was organized in Cambodia about 500 CE and reached its peak between the 800s to the mid 1400s. It was an aggressive culture and occupied Burma to the Malay Peninsula. They built both Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat

khmer empire

This empire was organized in Cambodia about 500 CE and reached its peak between the 800s to the mid 1400s. It was an aggressive culture and occupied Burma to the Malay Peninsula. They built both Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat.

khmer empire

He was Genghis Khan's grandson and one of the great khans who ruled China; he extended Mongol rule to all China by toppling the southern Song dynasty and establishing the Yuan dynasty in 1279. His conquests of other east Asian regions beyond China were not successful; died in 1294.

kublai khan

Italian painter of Renaissance times (1452-1519); relied on the technique of linear perspective to represent the three dimensions of real life on flat, two-dimensional surfaces. His most famous works are the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

leonardo da vinci

He was the son of Eric the Red who led a group of Scandinavian seafarers and sailed to what they called Vineland (modern Newfoundland in Canada) by about 1000 C.E. They founded a small colony and maintained it for several decades.

lief ericson

He was king of France (1226-1270) who participated in two crusades and continued to expand the authority of the monarchy at the nobles' expense. For example, most nobility minted their own coins, but he forced the nobles to use only money minted by the king

louis IX

French ruler who best epitomized absolutism (reigned 1643-1715). He was known as le roi soleil, "the sun king." He once declared: "l'etat, c'est moi" He built a magnificent palace at Versailles. He took France to a pinnacle of power, but yet bankrupted the country which would lay the seed of the French Revolution of 1789

louis XIV

He was Charlemagne's only surviving son who reigned from 814 to 840. He was a good man but a weak monarch who lost control of the counts and other local authorities of the Carolingian dynasty. After his death, his three sons divided Carolingian dynasty into three kingdoms

louis the pious

This leader of Muslim Turks in Afghanistan frequently raided north India at the beginning of the 11th century C.E.; His goal was plunder and he destroyed many Buddhist sites and established mosques or Islamic shrines at the sites of Hindu and Buddhist structures causing much bitterness among the Indian population

mahmud of gazni

These were self-sufficient, large estates of a feudal lords consisting of fields, meadows, forests, agricultural tools, domestic animals, and sometime lakes or rivers, as well as serfs bound to the land; the principal form of agricultural organization in medieval western Europe

manors

This Islamic ruler of the Mali empire was the grand-nephew of Sundiata; he reigned from 1312 to 1337 and was well known in Islamic world for his grand pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325; his policies greatly promoted Islamic faith in his empire.

mansa musa

These were were sacred places, which served both religious and social purposes among Polynesian peoples. Most were destroyed with advent of missionaries in the eighteenth century, but in some places, most notably among the Maori of New Zealand, they still play a vital part of everyday life

marae

His stories of travel circulated widely throughout Europe and deeply influenced Europeans' desire for exploring Chinese markets. His deathbed statement fascinated generations, when he declared, "I didn't tell half of what I saw, because no one would have believed me."

marco polo

They were a complex society of Mesoamerica that emerged around 300 CE; inherited the Olmec cultural traditions; had agricultural settlements and grand ceremonial centers in southern Mexico (including the Yucatan peninsula), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador

maya

He was the sultan of the Ottomans responsible for capture of Constantinople in 1453 and changing its name to Istanbul

mehmed II

This powerful kingdom of Southeast Asia was based on Malay peninsula; it was founded during the late 14th century and grew wealthy because of its position on the trade routes. It changed from a Hindu state to an Islamic state during the mid-15th century.

melaka

This king of Ethiopia was reputedly the son of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon; He was considered the founder of the Ethiopian line of kings, who still have the title "the Lions of Judah

melilik

Famous Italian sculptor of Renaissance times; lived from 1475 to 1564. He felt called as a sculptor and created the David in Florence and Pieta in Rome; but perhaps he is best known for his painting of the Sistine Chapel; both the ceiling and the back wall - not to mention designing the dome of St. Peter's Basilica

michaelangelo

Name for the Post Classical period of European history from about 500 to 1500; so called because it falls between the classical era and modern times.

middles ages

The name of Charlemagne's imperial officials who traveled every year to all local jurisdictions and reviewed the accounts of local authorities

missi dominici

The Hindu doctrine of _________ taught that there was a permanent escape from the cycle of reincarnation. Moreover, since physical life involved pain and suffering. This doctrine offered liberation from the physical world and union with Brahman. The two principal means of attaining it were asceticism and meditation

moksha

The period of Japanese history lasting from 710 to 794 C.E. Inspired by the Tang example, Japanese authorities established a court modeled on that of the Tang, instituted a Chinese style bureaucracy, implemented an equal-field system, provided official support for Confucianism and Buddhism, and built a capital that was a replica of Chang'an

nara period

During Song times, this philosophy retained Confucian tradition but became more speculative and philosophical than the early Confucianism; became the basis of the Confucian civil service examination system.

neo-confucianism

This was perhaps the most famous form of Christianity to travel by the Silk roads. Its founder was the Patriarch of Constantinople, who taught Christ was one person in two natures, as opposed to the orthodox position that Christ had one nature of two persons

nestorianism

What heresy taught that Christ had two independent natures? Condemned by the Church the followers of this heresy spread it (via the Silk Roads) into Central Asia and beyond. Even Chabi, the favorite wife of Kublai Khan followed this brand of Christianity.

nestorianism

He wrote a pivotal book, The Prince, which was a manual of how to seize and maintain power. Christian morality and idealism had often been ignored by Christian rulers, but this man - in a similar but gentler spirit of the legalism of Shang Yang or Kautalya in his Arthashastra - openly advocated the philsophy " the end justifies the means

nicolo Machiavelli

He unified China in 221 B.C.E. Under his rule, a tradition of centralized imperial rule was established that would continue throughout the history of imperial China. Because of his massive public works and cruel punishments, however, he has been viewed as the most infamous tyrant in Chinese history

qin shihuangdi

The holy book of Islam; revelations received by Muhammad from Allah; compiled in the early 650s by devout Muslims; served as the definitive authority for Islamic religious doctrine and social organization

quran

He was convinced that this mathematical method of study could be extended to all human studies. He expressed his idea in the Latin Cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am) by which he meant that the external world must exist. And, if it exists, it can be studied and understood

rene descartes

Letters of credit in the banking system of the Islamic world; enabled merchants to draw letters of credit in one city and cash them in another; the root of the modern word for "check."

saaks

The Islamic chieftan became renowned in both the Muslim and Christian worlds for his leadership and military prowess tempered by his chivalry and merciful nature. In 1171, he ended Fatimid power and in 1187 he reconquered Jerusalem

saladin

This doctrine held that upon death individual souls go temporarily to the World of the Fathers and then return to earth in a new incarnation. Thus, Reincarnation, which is believed to have been handed down from the beliefs of Dravidians, teaches that an individual soul departs from one body at death and becomes associated with another body through a new birth.

samsara

This was the Indian custom by which a widow voluntarily (and sometimes not so voluntarily) threw herself on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband to join him in death.

sati

Title used by Muhammad to refer to himself, meaning that he was the final prophet through whom Allah revealed his divine message to humankind

seal of prophets

They were a nomadic people from central Asia who invaded the Byzantine empire and ruled the Abbasid empire in the name of caliphs from the mid-11th century. In 1071 they obliterated a Byzantine army at Manzikert.

seljuks

He was a Brahmin philosopher of south India; active during the early 9th century C.E.; he mistrusted emotional services and ceremonies; he believed that only through disciplined logical reasoning man could understand ultimate reality

shankara

Islamic holy law; reflected social and ethical values and offered detailed guidance on every aspect of life. Through the ethical and social values in the this holy law, Islam became more than a religion, but also a way of life.

sharia

This group is the political and theological sect which was formed to support Ali and his descendants as caliphs; after the rise of the Umayyad dynasty, this group served as a refuge and a source of support for opponents of the dominant Sunni sect.

shia or shitites

He was both a god of fertility and a destructive deity. He brought life, but also took it away when its season had passed

shiva

The title of the most powerful regional lord in Japan who assumed leadership under the symbolic authority of the emperor. This title was first used in the Kamakura period (1185-1333 C.E.).

shogun

He was the founder of Buddhism. He was born to a Kshatriya family about 563 B.C.E.; after a life of luxury, he sought enlightenment through intense meditation and received enlightenment under a Bo tree. At this point he became the Buddha or the Enlightened one. He then began to teach his doctrine of the Four Noble Truths:

siddhartha Gautama

The Korean dynasty from 669 to 935 C.E. which rallied Korea to resist invasion of the Tang armies during the 7th century; but entered into a tributary relationship with China thereafter and was deeply influenced by the Chinese political and cultural tradition

silla

Name the small kingdom on Java, which flourished between 1222 and 1292 C.E

singosari

He was the first Song emperor (reigned 960-976 C.E.); he pacified warlords after the collapse of the Tang dynasty and founded the Song dynasty. Policies emphasized civil administration over military affairs.

song taizu

Kingdom of Southeast Asia, based on the island of Sumatra; lasted from the 7th century to the 11th century C.E.; received strong Indian influence

srivijaya

He was the Bishop of Hippo in north Africa. He was well educated in philosophy and harmonized Christianity with Platonic thought so that Christianity could be easily appreciated by intellectuals and the educated classes

st. Augustine of hippo

He was a professor at the University of Paris and the most famous as a scholastic theologian; lived from 1225 to 1274. His teachings (his most famous work is his Summa Theologica) combined Aristotle's rational power with Christianity and sought to formulate the most truthful and persuasive system of thought possible

st. Thomas Aquinas

This organization was typical of Bantu society; it is where there is little or no government with no development of a hierarchy or bureaucracy; this kind of organization was governed mostly through family and kinship groups without elaborate hierarchy of officials or a bureaucracy. Some areas of Sub Saharan Africa retained this organization until the major incursion of the Europeans in the 1800s.

stateless society

What body of water lies between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula?

straits of melaka

Buddhist religious monuments. They can be simple mounds of earth covering a relic of the Buddha or more elaborate structures which evolved into dome-shaped structures such as Borobudur

stupas

He was the second and last emperor of the Sui dynasty, reigned from 604 to 618; responsible for construction of the Grand Canal; assassinated in 618.

sui yangdi

He was the founder of the Mali Empire, known as the lion prince, reigned 1230-1255 as a Muslim king; hero in the oral tradition of west Africa

sundiata

These were the peoples of the east African coast; spoke Swahili, a Bantu language supplemented with words and ideas borrowed from Arabic; established a number of powerful city-states along the coast by the 11th and 12th centuries

swahili

He was a Turkish conqueror; born in 1336 and came to power in the 1360s in central Asia; launched series of attacks on Anatolia, Persia, Afghanistan, the Golden Horde in southern Russia, and northern India; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405.

tamerlane

He was the second emperor of Tang dynasty, reigned from 627 to 649; built a splendid capital at Chang'an; sought to reinforce interests of small peasants by light taxes and the equal-field system; strengthened bureaucracy by using civil service examination system; competent ruler who brought unusual stability and prosperity to China.

tang taizong

They were one of several Christian military-religious orders active in the Baltic region during the 12th and 13th centuries; aided by German missionaries and the Roman Catholic church, they became crusaders who fought against the pagan Slavic peoples of Prussia, Livonia, and Lithuania

teotonic knights

The ________________ was the name applied to European explorers establishing links between all lands and peoples of the world. These interactions in turn resulted in an unprecedented volume of exchange across the boundary lines of societies and cultural regions

the columbian exchange

They were peoples of sub-Saharan Africa; originated in the region around modern Nigeria during the second millennium B.C.E. and spread throughout almost all sub-Saharan Africa by about 1000 C.E.; they established divergent societies, but all spoke tongues belonging to the same family of languages. They were the first sub-Saharan culture to form an agricultural society

the bantu

They were claimants to the imperial throne of the Roman Empire, mostly generals, who frequently replaced one another in a violent manner during the half century from 235 to 284 C.E.

the barrack emperors

This was the name for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived invasions of Germanic peoples in the 5th century C.E. and lasted for about one millennium thereafter. The capital city was Constantinople

the byzantine empire

This is Dante's allegorical story of his own journey through hell and purgatory before he finally enters into heaven. By writing in Italian (not Latin) Dante hoped to bring his ideas to a larger part of society. Dante's themes of enduring love and the two-fold goals of mankind (happiness on earth and eternal happiness in heaven) established him as one of the few poets who belong to all times and all cultures

the divine comedy

This second Chinese dynasty was founded by Liu Bang and turned out to be one of the longest and most influential in Chinese history, lasting until 220 CE and laying the foundations of Classical Chinese Culture.

the han dynasty

____________ was a joint stock company chartered by Queen Elizabeth I in 1599 and given a monopoly over the emerging Asian trading market. After they were deflected from the spice trade and Indonesian markets, the British begin to take an interest in India

the english east indian company

They believed that they were the descendants of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali. In the early tenth century, they established an empire, which included Egypt, North Africa, Sicily and Syria. Under them, the city of Cairo was established and built into an imperial military and cultural center

the fatamids

This expedition originally intended to recapture Jerusalem and other sites holy to Christians from Muslims, but was diverted by Venetian merchants to the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261, but never again was able to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean. Its extincition was less than 200 years away

the fourth crusade

They established a powerful kingdom in Anatolia between 1900 and 1600 BCE. In 1595 they conquered the Babylonian Empire and dominated South West Asia until the 1200s when the empire broke up. The Hittites were inventors of swift, deadly light weight chariots and more dramatically helped to usher in the Iron Age as they perfected iron metallurgy and began to produce effective iron weapons

the hitites

This was the largest Empire ever built in South America; its territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; it maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century.

the inca empire

This was the most important of the early Bantu kingdoms. It was established during the 14th century in the valley of the Congo River, which embraced much of modern-day Republic of Congo and Angola. It maintained effective authority until the mid-17th century.

the kingdom of kongo

This global conflict (1756-1763) was fought in Europe and around the globe, including Asians, indigenous American people and Europeans. Sometimes it is called the "Great War for Empire", because it laid the foundations for British hegemony in the world

the seven years war

_____________ delivered unfinished materials like raw wool to rural households. Men and women in the countryside would then spin the wool into yarn, weave the yarn into cloth, cut the clothes according to patterns, and assemble the pieces into garments. The entrepreneur then paid the workers for their services, picked up the finished products and sold them on the open market

the putting out system

The name for the cultural flowering of Western Europe from the 14th through the 16th centuries. Arts and scholarly works reflected a revived interest in the classics of ancient Greece and Rome and a growing concern for individualism and secularism

the renaissance

This refers to those land and sea routes that linked the three classical centers of Civilization, especially during and after Hellenistic Times, which would grow without interruption until the 10th century. Then, in the thirteenth century, there would be a revival, which would last until the seventeenth century when European advances in technology eclipsed it.

the silk road

They consisted of more than 15 thousand life-sized pottery figures buried in the tomb of the First Emperor to guard him in death. The terra cotta soldiers, horses, and weapons were made individually, with remarkable detail. The tomb has been under excavation since 1974.

the terra cotta army

They were the best known of many of the indigenous people of Siberia who resisted Russian expansion and were persecuted terribly for 40 years as punishment, losing at 70% of their population from pillaging and European diseases

the yakut

He was a friend and minister of Henry II of England until Henry managed to get him appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. He then fought Henry for control of the church. Some of Henry's knights murdered him and he quickly became a national hero and Saint in the Roman Catholic Church

thomas a beckett

He argued in his book, Leviathan that people were "nasty, greedy and selfish" and needed a strong and strict governmental contract

thomas hobbes

He argued that to escape their brutish lives, people entered into a social contract, whereby they gave up their natural tendency for disorder for an organized society, which was needed to impose order and compel obedience.

thomas hobbes

He was one of the two chief Aryan gods of Early India, who presided in his heavenly palace, oversaw moral behavior and cosmic order, and reflected ethics. He and his helpers despised lying and evil deeds and they punished malefactors terribly with disease and death

varuna

This Portuguese sea captain took the first voyage around the tip of Africa to India in 1497 - 1498. His fleet of four ships successfully returned with a cargo of pepper and cinnamon that would motivate more European merchants to make the journey east

vasco de gama

He was the preserver of the world, who watched everything and occasionally entered the world in human form to combat evil or teach his doctrine

vishnu

The prince of Kiev who converted to Orthodox Christianity and ordered his subjects to do the same

vladimir

People of central Mexico; spoke Nahuatl language; became dominant power of the region between 950 and 1150 C.E. Their capital was at Tula, about thirty miles northwest of modern Mexico City; important center of weaving, pottery, and obsidian work

toltecs

This is the technical term used to describe ability of the Bantu to fuse their own culture with those cultures they dominated.

transmission of culture

Envoys from subordinate states would regularly present gifts to Chinese court and perform the kowtow ritual as tokens of their subordination. In return, tributary states received confirmation of their authority as well as lavish gifts from the Chinese court. This relationship was called:

tributary

People with religious knowledge"; they were learned officials and moral authorities of Islamic communities; pious scholars who sought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and Sharia.

ulama

They were the most prominent Meccan merchant clan; dominated politics and economy of Mecca; established dynasty and built capital city at Damascus; dynasty lasted from 661 to 750 C.E

umayad

He viciously attacked the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. His battle cry against the Church, which he held responsible for fanaticism, intolerance and incalculable human suffering was ecrasez l'infame, "crush the damned thing!" He also remarked that his trade was to say what he thought.

voltaire

He seized the throne in nine C.E. and introduced a series of wide-ranging reforms, prompting some modern historians to call him a "Socialist Emperor." Resistance from disgruntled landlords, coupled with poor harvests and famine, sparked widespread revolts, ending his dynasty and life in 23 C.E.

wang mang

The Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and defeated the Saxons under king Harold. He then seized Saxon lands and introduced Norman-style feudalism to England

william the conquerer

He unified Korea in 936 and founded the Koryo Dynasty (from which the name Korea derives) The Koryo rulers maintained close relations with the Song. In 1230 the Mongols invaded and occupied Korea. The Koryo won back their freedom, but collapsed in the mid 1300s

won Kon

He was a Buddhist monk of the Tang dynasty who traveled to India and spent 12 years there studying Buddhism beginning in 630 C.E. His pilgrimage became a legend that helped to popularize Buddhism in China

xuanzang

He founded the Sui dynasty and unified China in 589

yang jian

He unified Korea in 1392 and founded the Yi Kingdom or the Choson Period. The Yi generally maintained close relations with the Mings (who drove out the Mongols) and remained independent until conquered by Japan in 1910.

yi song-gye

This Encyclopedia, which was complied by scholars working for the second Ming emperor, contained all significant works of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature, and ran to about 23,000 manuscript rolls, each equivalent to a medium-sized book.

yongle