AP World History: Modern Units 5 & 6

2 main reasons for migration

- for labor - to escape a worse home situation

Why was France in an economic crisis and almost at bankruptcy during Louis XIV's reign (before the French Revolution)?

France had huge war debts from the War of Spanish Succession, the Seven Years War, the American Revolution. Also, Louis XIV had excessive spending (ex. the Palace of Versailles).

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. Most of Africa was divided among these powers.

What were some of the responses to mass migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries?

- often diffusion of cultures - resistance to immigrants in the US --> resented immigrant for taking jobs since they would work for lower wages (ex. the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882)

Enlightenment ideas

-All human beings are born free and equal with a right to life liberty and property. -It is the duty of the government to protect the natural rights of its citizens. -Enlightenment thinkers were primarily interested in changing the relationship between the people and their government. -Government's decisions should be based on laws of nature and reason -the social contract

How did the European economically imperialize China in the 19th-century?

-Britain wanted more trade w/ China (was restricted to 1 port at Guangzhou) and bc they were in a trade deficit with China -Britain smuggled opium to Chinese markets to have something to trade with them --> Manchus outlawed opium and seized British opium - led to the Opium Wars where Britain easily won bc of its superior military technology --> Treaty of Nanjing-- British got Hong Kong, $21,000,000 and exclusive trading rights with China - soon other European countries + Japan extracted these same concessions from a weakened China --> set up spheres of influence - through the Open Doors Notes, no country colonized China, but left it open to be exploited by many countries

What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna and what were its effects?

-Congress of Vienna convened to deal with Napoleon and France's inflated territory in Europe (included Austria, Prussia, Italy, Portugal, Spain). Decreed a balance of power between European states to avoid another Napoleon situation. -Set France's borders back to the pre-Napoleonic dimensions -reseated monarchs in France, Spain, Holland, and the Italian states (put the Bourbon monarchs back in France--erasing the French Revolution)

What are some differences between European imperialism in China and India in this time period?

-India was a direct colony of Britain, so the British Parliament ran the colony, its government, and internal projects. - In China, Britain and other Europeans just established spheres of influences, so they got their economic benefits without the governmental responsibility of running another colony.

How did the British take control and colonize India?

-Initially the British East India Company set up trading posts in Indian trade cities to trade for luxury goods, tea, sugar, and silk, salt, and jute - Fought Seven Years War in India against the French - Built up an army and gained more and more territory from the weakening Mughal Empire - took most of present-day India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh - after the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, British Parliament took control of the subcontinent, formally colonizing it (officially ended the Mughal Empire)

What influenced Latin American independence movements

-Inspired by the American and French Revolution -Europe's distraction with the Napoleonic Empire - the slave trade (Haiti) - mercantilist colonial policies (LA states dependent on mother country economically) - power of peninsulares

Unification of Italy

-King of Sardinia (Italian kingdom) pushed the nationalistic unification of Italy. -Through wars, removed foreign influence (Austria/France) from Italy -eventually all the kingdoms pledged allegiance to him, created a unified Italy and powerful player on the world stage

What led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

-The Sultans became less involved in governing and economic problems, left little money for military -failed to modernize/industrialize properly because of fundamentalists who opposed reforms -nationalistic independence movements in places like Greece and Serbia -lost lands to Russia in Balkans + Black Sea -Britain and France tried to intervene to avoid Russia gaining too much power, but they ended up gaining power in Ottoman land (ex. Egypt under British rule)

US Imperialism

-expanded westward in Native America territory with "Manifest Destiny" justification -expanded a lot in Western hemisphere --> Monroe Doctrine kept European powers out of Latin America\ -Roosevelt Corollary gave the US the right to intervene in Latin America (angered many Latin Americans) -incited the Panamanian independence to build Panama Canal (when Colombia wouldn't) and take control -Spanish American War gave US Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Cuba (partly)

How did the Enlightenment influence the United States?

-helped inspire the American Revolution against the British Empire in the 18th-century - Americans resented the British encroachment on their colonies rights bc of their unfair mercantilist policies (ex. "no taxation without representation" = Enlightenment) -Enlightenment ideals found throughout the 1776 Declaration of Independence (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)

Russian standard of livings under the czars

-in 1800s --> to centralize, czars were given absolute authority--squashed reforms and increased bonds of serfdoms -1860s: Alexander II decreed the Edict of Emancipation and abolished serfdom, by livelihood did not improve --> now suffered in small field or factories - with industrialization, there was the growth of the small Russian middle class + call to end monarchy (Alexander II is assassinated) -monarchy responded with Russification to tighter bonds on Russia

the Enlightenment

A intellectual movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. Emphasized the use of reason in the government. Had a big influence on revolution and the Declaration of Independence/French Declaration of the Rights of Man (esp Rousseau and Montesquieu).

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. Both thought the British had used grease from an animal (pig or cow) each religion was not supposed to eat, on the bullets they distributed to them, so they revolted. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony (official end of Mughal Empire)

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

What demographic shift was inspired by industrialization?

As factory jobs increased in cities, migration of workers to cities increased as well (urbanization). This large influx strained cities' infrastructure, leading to substandard living conditions for workers in tenements.

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to imperialism?

As nations industrialized, they needed raw materials to manufacture into finished goods via factories + mechanization. These nations colonized countries in Asia and Africa in order to extract these raw materials and also gain new markets to sell their manufactured goods.

Why was there resistance to industrialization in China during the Qing Dynasty and in the Ottoman Empire?

Because to many places, industrialization = westernization, so they turned against industrialization to conserve their traditional way of life. But eventually, these places were forced to industrialize after other countries became more dominant. China attempted to industrialized under their Self-Strengthening Movement (failure) and the Ottoman tried reformation with their Tanzimat reforms. However, there was a lot of conservative backlash to these reforms from religious leaders and conservatives.

How did industrialization change European interactions with Africa?

Before Europeans only conducted trade on the coasts of Africa (usually trading slaves over the Atlantic + to Europe) because they could not penetrate the interior due to disease, inadequate transportation. But with industrialization + the development of steamships, Europeans could travel on rivers to the interior of Africa. Also their South American colonies provided quinine for immunity to malaria.

Who was Simón Bolivar and what did he do in Latin America?

Bolivar was a Latin American Creole with knowledge of the Enlightenment. Helped established a national congress to declare independence from Spain in Gran Colombia. He envisioned a large pan-South American empire (like the US), but the Latin America, individual nation-states set up their own governments

How did the Industrial Revolution compare and differ in Western Europe and Japan?

Both regions took the same path to industrialization (but Japan's was over a much shorter time) --> private corporations emerged, industrialists became powerful and wealthy, factories were built, urbanization increased, and reforms were passed. BUT, Japan took a much faster path (a decade compared to Europe's century) since it implemented the advances already made from Europe.

Why did Brazil remain fairly conservative after its independence?

Brazil's transition of power was nonviolent (Pedro, prince of Portugal, declared Brazil his empire). As a result, they didn't need slaves or big reforms in order to gain independence (did not abolished slavery until 1888)

Why did factory owners prefer to hire women and children?

Could work for cheaper than men, did dangerous jobs and could fit in smaller spaces. However, despite working class women working more, middle and upper class women became more confined to home life and raising children.

What new economic theory became dominant in Europe and most industrialized countries?

Countries abandoned mercantilism (with its governmental regulation/tariffs) for laisezz-faire capitalism from Adam Smith.

Protectorate

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

What were the major global economic changes in the time period 1750-1900?

During this time, there was a more interconnected global economy with regions producing raw materials and industrialized nations producing manufactured consumer goods for these regions. Also, colonial economies were narrowed and weakened bc of their export-oriented economies that made them dependent on imports from the mother country.

How did British take control of the Suez Canal + Egypt?

Egypt built the Suez Canal with the French to make trade from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean easier. Egypt took out loans from British banks to build the canal and once they went bankrupt (bc of excessive spending on Ismail's part), the British took control of the Suez Canal area. Eventually, they also established Egypt as a protectorate of Britain.

How did nationalism encourage imperialism in Europe?

European nations compete with other nations for colonies for their national pride; Britain and France especially wanted to build large empires, since more colonies = more power.

What were the effects of factories on the production of goods?

Factories allowed the mass production of goods at a cheaper price. Moved away from individualized artisan craftsmanship with new interchangeable parts. Increased efficiency and consistency of function and decreased creativity in the workplace. Factories now could hired cheap unskilled laborers (a lot were immigrants in the US).

What led to the development of factory systems?

Factory systems were the intensification of all the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and efficiency. New technologies such as the water frame, later the steam engine, and the spinning jenny made the first machines, which led to the development of factories.

Why were unskilled workers more likely to find work during the Industrial Revolution?

Factory worked required no skill because anyone could make and remake the same interchangeable parts in an assembly line. Unskilled workers were often cheaper to hire (often hired immigrants in the US).

Unification of Germany

Germany hadn't been united since the Peace of Westphalia in 17th century. Otto von Bismarck of Prussia wanted to consolidate power to make a Germany and great power. -built up the military of Germany and defeated Austria and France to annex all of Germany.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

Had the best conditions for industrialization. -access to raw materials (iron/coal) -a lot of waterways for transportation -bc of an agricultural surplus (due to mechanization of agricultural tools), urbanization to cities with factories - had legal protection of private company by the government -had many colonies to provide its industries with the raw materials needed

What made the Industrial Revolution one of the most significant events in world history?

It transformed every aspect of the social, political, and economics of societies. It inspired new types of nationalism and increased the demands for colonies (to use for raw materials).

What was the primary response to imperialism in colonized nations?

Increased nationalism in most places as a result of the growing resentment of being conquered. Nationalism led to new states being formed (ex. Greece, Serbia independence from Ottomans) or organized resistance against the colonial powers.

What economic motives led to the continuation of imperialism?

Industrial societies needed raw materials and new markets for their manufactured goods. Colonies in Asia or Africa would send raw materials back for the mother country.

What did industrialization mean for the consumer?

Industrialized meant new methods of mass production which caused prices of items to fall. More people could buy these goods, which made factory owners more wealthy. Emergence of a new consumer culture.

How did the Industrial Revolution change the world balance of power?

Industrialized nations accumulated more wealth and military power so they were able to dominant non-industrialized nations more easily. Also, since they could more efficiently mass produce goods, industrialized nations often overtook the manufacturing of non-industrialized nations (ex. Indian manufacturing couldn't compete with industrialized Britain's textile manufacturing).

How did imperialism change methods of farming and production in Asia, Africa, and the Americas in this period?

Industrialized nations needed raw materials for their factories and food for their growing urban populations. Used their colonies to provide this. --> before in Asia and Africa, there was mostly subsistence farming, but after colonization, their agriculture was changed to large cash crop plantations in order to produce raw materials to be traded. This ultimately deindustrialized most of these regions + led to their dependence on foreign imports due to their export-oriented economies.

What political ideas were proposed by the philosophers of the Enlightenment?

John Locke put forth the idea of a man's unalienable rights (life, liberty, property). Also said that there was a social contract between the people and their government where they gave up some control to the government to secure their rights. They also had the right to revolt and abolish a government if they failed to ensure these rights.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He pushed industrialization and expanded agriculture (to provide cotton for British textile factories). He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952 (by Britain)

How did imperialism expand European control over African lands?

Many European countries used war or diplomacy to expand their expires. Transition from controlling only trading posts in Africa to dividing up colonies under direct control. The Scramble for Africa was the European powers dividing up African territory for economic exploitation.

Why did Indians migrate around the world during this time period and what was their cultural impact?

Many migrated for labor and worked as indentured servants in other British territories (esp in Trinidad, Fiji, Mauritius). Indians often stayed and influence the receiving country's culture with their religion and culture.

What were Karl Marx's view on the industrial society and the new capitalist system?

Marx condemned the exploitation of the working class for the benefit of the capitalist class. Said that the proletariat will eventually rise up against the bourgeoisie and control the means of production. Led to ideas of communism and socialism and more reforms in capitalist countries.

What was the purpose and effects of the Berlin Conference?

Otto von Bismarck called the Berlin Conference to set rules for the European colonization of Africa to avoid conflict between the European powers. No Africans were invited to the Conference. The powers divided and drew up borders for most of Africa, without taking into account existing tribes + rivals. As a result, rival tribal groups were often groups together under one government, leading to civil war and making it harder for the Africans to unify to oppose the colonial governments.

Who is Napoleon Bonaparte what did he do?

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Made France an aggressor and conquered significant portions of Europe. Dissolved the Holy Roman EmpireImplemented the Napoleonic Codes in France (equality of all French men using Enlightenment ideals)

Where did industrialization spread to and how did it differ in various places?

Spread from Britain to much of Europe (Belgium, France, and Germany), the United States, Japan, and Russia. Russia and Japan had state-sponsored modernization, while in other places it was more private company based.

Cattle Killing Movement

Resistance movement to British rule in South Africa by the Xhosa people. The Xhosas resisted British rule for 40 years. They ended up killing a lot of their cattle to ward the spirits that brought the British off. This failed however, and ultimately led to famine and death.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. Influenced by Enlightenment ideals, the American Revolution, and writing of Rousseau. -freedom of speech, equality under the law, freedom of worship, established the nation-state as the source of sovereignty.

What were some rationales for imperialism?

Social Darwinism, a civilizing mission, spreading superior culture, spreading Christianity, white man's burden

Which European power came to dominate most of Southeast Asia?

The Dutch East India Company initially established itself in Southeast Asia (but eventually the Dutch government took direct control after the Java War for a tighter hold on the colony). The French also colonized the French Indochina

Meiji Restoration (1868)

The Japanese dynasty after the 1850s. In response to the Americans forcibly opening up Japan to international trade after gunboat diplomacy, the Meiji created an industrial state with centralized power. In this period, Japan rapidly industrialized along Western lines, enabling them to become an imperial power themselves. They did this in an effort to stand against Western influence to avoid becoming like China during this time.

Why did the demand for labor grow, especially in the Americas, during this time period from 1750-1900?

The abolition of the slave trade and industrialization (opening up of jobs in factories for mass production of goods) led to a high demand for labor. Immigrants usually filled these low wage positions

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. Said that it was natural was stronger, superior countries to dominate weaker ones.

What methods were used by the working class to fight for better conditions during this time period?

The formation of labor unions where large numbers of workers would organize to bargain for better ights. Led to major reforms (such as minimum wage, a 5-day work week, child labor reform, educational reforms)

The Convention

The radical ruling body of France led by the Jacobins. Abolished the French monarchy (and beheaded them) and proclaimed France a republic). Created the Committee of Public Safety which led the Reign of Terror on France where authorities executed anyone suspected on nonrevolutionary tendencies.

Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860)

The wars between China and Britain. Britain faced an imbalance of trade with China over silk and tea, so Britain sold opium to the Chinese. The Chinese foreign minister Lin Xezu closed the ports. This led to Britain attacking the Chinese fleet for access. The result was the Treaty of Nanjing, in which Britain got access to Hong Kong, $21,000,000, and trading rights in Chinese ports.

Why did the Third Estate create the National Assembly and what did this organization do?

Third estate was worried about being shut out of a new constitution by the other 2 Estates and wanted greater freedoms (Enlightenment ideals). Created the National Assembly and incited anarchy among the peasants to rebel against nobles. The National Assembly wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man (heavy with Enlightenment ideals + writings of Rousseau). Also ratified a new constitution that was not widely accepted, leading to the Convention taking over and the Reign of Terror.

Why did the Irish migrate in this era?

To escape a worse home situation. The Great Potato Famine led to food shortages, so many migrated to the United States. Usually settled in urban settings, worked in low-wage factories, and lived in crowded tenements. Faced discrimination for being Catholic initially.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Treaty which ended the first Opium War and limited Chinese sovereignty because of the concessions to England - Hong Kong, money, low tariffs, open five ports to trade, and access for foreigners.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas. Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

What led to the unification movements in Italy and Germany in the 19th century?

While the immediate Napoleonic era led to the unification of a bunch of European empires (Britain, France, etc.), but Germany and Italy remained feudal and the center of European warfare. BUT after the Industrial Revolution and more nationalism in Europe, there was a new drive to unite Germany and Italy (separately), which altered the European balance of power.

What was life for the working class like during the Industrial Revolution?

Worked for extremely low wages, worked long hours, dangerous day to day life in factories, lived in unsanitary, substandard crowded tenements in cities (bc of the big influx of people to cities --> infrastructure couldn't handle it).

laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference. First seen in Britain and the Netherlands (with their joint-stick companies) and eventually led to larger transnational corporations.

cash crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit -coffee, rubber, sugar, cotton, guano (from LA), cattle, palm oil

Boer War (1899-1902)

fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control. Added South Africa to the British Empire bc of superior military strength.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism.

What was the effect of British colonial legislation on India's economy?

led to the deindustrialization of India --> its manufacturing went down as British manufacturing overtook theirs after the Industrial Revolution. As a colony, Britain exploited India's raw materials for its industry and traded back finished goods, making the colony dependent on Britain. Britain also used Indian resources against the Chinese (in Opium War-- grew opium and sent Sepoys). Infrastructure, including railroads, and irrigation improved in India bc of colonization --> used to export raw materials to coasts for transport to Britain.

Spheres of Influence in China

one country would have special authority or presence and another country would have a different area of authority. China became divided by European powers. The different European countries supported each other through the spheres of influence because of economic advantage. 19th century there was a "scramble for concessions" in China

Who made up the proletariat or the growing working class?

peasants migrating from rural areas, people who worked in factories

What enabled Japan to become an imperial power in the 19th century?

the Japanese modernized and industrialized in the Meiji Restoration to be able to stand its ground against Western influences (ex. after the unequal treaties imposed on the country after US's gunboat diplomacy). They became strong power and took over territories to fuel their industrial economies in Taiwan and Korea.

Neocolonialism/economic imperialism

the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc). -even after Latin American independence, the US (mostly--esp after Monroe Doctrine) and Britain exerted economic pressure on the new states and controlled their economies to be more export-oriented -ex. Porfirio Dictatorship -- heavy foreign investment

What did the new social class from industrialization look like?

the new aristocrats were those rich off of industrial success and factories (bourgeoisie) middle class --> proletariat or the working class

Industrial Revolution

the transition from agrarian and handicraft economic to economies and societies based around industry and machine manufacturing.There were 2 industrial revolutions: - 1st revolution: focused on coal, iron, and cotton (textiles) - 2nd revolution: focused on steel, gas (oil), communication, chemicals, and electricity

Who made up the growing middle class?

white collar workers who worked in managerial positions, overseeing working class workers.