AP World History

2.6 What were some of the environmental effects of trade in Afro-Eurasia from c.1200 to c.1450?

Migration of crops (champa rice, bananas, sugar, cotton, citrus) & Environmental Degradation (Overgrazing, people in Zimbabwe had to abandon the city in the 1400s & Deforestation led to soil erosion in Europe). Spread of Bubonic plague

6.2 By what processes did state power shift in various parts of the world between 1750 and 1900?

Africa: "Scramble for Africa", Berlin Conference held by Otto Von Bismark, a meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa. European powers peaceably agreed to colonial boundaries and to the free movement of goods on Africa's major rivers (Niger & Congo River) The British replaced the Dutch in the Cape Colony in the southern tip of Africa. Throughout the 19th century the British and Afrikaners continued to fight over land. Boer Wars (1880-1881 & 1899-1902) In the end the British army drove the Afrikaners and the Africans from their lands forcing many into refugee camps. By the end of the Boer Wars the British had absorbed the settler colonies of British and Afrikaner peoples and the black Africans in the southern tip of Africa into its empire. South Asia: Portugal, France, and England competed for control of India's spices, gems,and trade with regions to the east. Portugal established a coastal trading port on the southwestern coast, Goa in the early 16th century. France established trading ports in the 17th century. France's loss to Britain in the Seven Years War drove the French out of India. Eventually Britain controlled the entire Indian subcontinent.

1.2 In the period from c.1200 to c.1450, how did Islamic states arise, and how did major religious systems shape society?

After the death of Muhammad in 632, Islam spread rapidly from Arabia. When the Abbasids declined they were replaced by other Islamic states. Sufi missionaries played an important role in the spread of Islam. They adapted to local cultures and traditions sometimes interweaving local religious elements into Islam. Islam caliphs led to discrimination of non-Arab areas. Islam prohibited Muslims from enslaving other Muslims or monotheist. Islamic women enjoyed a higher status than Christian and Jewish women.

9.6 How has globalization changed culture since 1900?

Artistic changes: Cubism, Picasso used in his painting "Guernica" challenged traditional perspective in the visual arts. Marcel Proust & James Joyce rebelled against traditional narrative forms, and atonal music such as that composed by Arnold Schoenberg explored musical expression outside of familiar tonalities. During the Harlem Renaissance ("rebirth" of African American culture), writers, poets, musicians, and social activists made Harlem a thriving center of energy for black artistic expression.

8.6 What political changes led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments and the economic shifts that resulted?

As imperialistic powers handed over governmental control to their former colonies, they often created new states. Israel: Theodore Herzl used the affair (Zionist Movement) as evidnece that assimilation of Jews into European society was failing to provide safety and equal opportunity. Zionist hoped the new state could be est in Palestine cause thats where their ancestors lived. In 1917 British govt issued the Balfour Declaration, which favored the establishment in Palestine of a national home for Jewish people. T.E. Lawrence promised Arabs an independent state as well. Arabs did not trust the British. Zionist began to immigrate to Palestine from Europe and other Middle Eastern areas. Arabs protested their loss of land and traditional Islamic way of life. Britain turned the situation over to the UN. 1948 UN divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab sections. Jewish section declared itself to be a new country, Israel.

8.9 Why and to what extent were the effects of the Cold War similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres?

Because of the similar circumstances in both Hemispheres these effects were bound to be similar. Since both hemispheres viewed the opposition as threatening the power they hold, the major powers of each (US and USSR) started developing a large nuclear arsenal. New lasting alliances were also created from the threat that the cold war displayed. In both hemispheres, previously colonized states gained independence and either adopted communism or capitalism. Proxy wars were also fought all over the world by the two superpowers. These wars led to a great loss of life on both sides of the conflict and the world.Global organizations such as the United Nations and the World Trade Association have been established, which act across the globe. Others address such transnational issues as environmental degradation and global warming, human rights, and epidemic diseases

1.3 How did various beliefs and practices in South and Southeast Asia affect society and the development of states?

Beliefs- Society; Developments of states- Srivijaya. Srivijaya Empire (670-1025) was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China. They are the middle men. They built up this empire that kind of just disappeared out of nowhere. Come to prominence being maritime merchants. Since they are on water it is hard to find records of them, all records swept away by water and it is just gone.

9.1 How has the development of new technology changed the world since 1900?

Birth Control: How it has helped many around the world but also the societal effects on people. Affects on society (more people having sex with more people which causes sexually transmitted diseases, population, helps women have more job opportunities and helps employers not be as scared to hire pregnant women, marriage) in industrialized nations people are having fewer children while in the unindustrialized nations the status of having 8-10 children is still the same.

2.1 What were the causes and effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200?

Cause: Desire for China and Europe to do business with each other. Once Mongols gain control it is safe to do so. Effect: Spreads black plague to Europe

9.3 What were the causes and effects of environmental changes from 1900 to the present?

Cause: Globalization and Industrialization. Effect: Global warming and running out of fuels.

7.2 What were the causes and consequences of World War 1?

Causes- Assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip (June 28, 1914) Consequences- It disrupted European economies & had profound social consequences, including the rise of communism + fascism, colonial revolts, & genocide.

2.4 What were the causes and effects of Trans-Saharan trade, and how did the growth of empires influence trade and communication?

Causes: Desire for goods from other countries. Effects: Camels, saddles, trade, West African Empire expansion, & spread of Islam. Influence trade and communication: Mali- With each expansion more people were drawn into the empire's economy and trade networks. Which brought more people in touch with distant cultures. Mansa Musa brought more fame to the region. His pilgrimage to Mecca displayed Mali's wealth to the outside world

4.3 What were the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres?

Causes: European expansion and colonization of the New World, which was started because of a need for new land (overpopulation in Europe), as well as the search for a new route to India. Effects on the Eastern & Western Hemispheres: Eastern to Western Hemisphere (Sharing disease, foods, and animals. Spanish Soldiers (conquistadors) brought smallpox with them. When Europeans had contact with indigenous populations they infected them with the deadly disease. Insects, rats, and other disease-carrying animals began to settle in the Americas. Bringing in Measles, influenza, and malaria. Other diseases brought in include Typhus and the bubonic plague. Animals such as pigs, cows, horses, oxen, sheep, goats, mosquitoes, rats, and chickens caused overgrazing, soil erosion, and spread of disease. Exchange of sugar, wheat, barely, okra, rice, oranges, grapes, lettuce, and coffee caused deforestation & soil depletion. Exchange of enslaved Africans brought okra & rice to the Americas). Western to Eastern Hemisphere (crops such as potatoes, maize, manioc, tobacco, cacao, and peanuts caused better nutrition, increase in population, and greater wealth. Animals such as turkeys, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs brought more diverse diets and new types of textiles. Diseases such as syphilis caused increased health risk.

4.2 What were the causes and effects of the state-sponsored expansion of maritime exploration?

Causes: Routes, hopes to find riches overseas (especially gold and silver), religion, & rivalry (with Italy). Effects: The Chinese government used silver as its main form of currency. Silver became a dominant force in the global economic system by the 17th century. Spanish finds land rich in furs and other natural resources. Missionaries set up schools to try to convert people.

2.3 What were the causes and effects of the growth of networks of exchange after c.1200, and how did environmental knowledge support that expansion?

Causes: Spread of Islam & Increased demand for specialized products. Effects: Diasporic Communities, Response to increased demand, Swahili City-States, & Significant Cultural Transfers. Environmental knowledge: Knowledge of monsoon winds, winter northeast, summer- southwest.

7.8 What were the causes and consequences of mass atrocities from 1900 to the present?

Causes: The Ottoman Empire alleged that the Christian Armenians were cooperating with the Russian army. Consequences: The Ottoman govt deported Armenians from their homes between 1915 & 1917 into camps in Syria (now Iraq)

5.9 How did industrialization cause change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living?

Change in existing social hierarchies: At the bottom of the rung was those who labored in factories and coal mines. They were known as the working class. A new middle class emerged consisting of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals. They were white-collar workers. At the top of the new class hierarchy were the industrialists and owners of large corporations. Standards of living: Urban areas grew rapidly with little planning by the government in the 19th century. This created inhumane living conditions for the cities' poorest residents, members of the working class. Industrialization led to increased living standards for many. The growing middle class had increased access to goods, housing, culture, and education while the working class people did not.

8.4 How did communism and land reform affect China and other countries?

China: The Communist led by Mao Zedong won popular support. Mao ordered the nationalization of Chinese industries and created 5 year plans based on the Soviet model. In 1958 China went through more land reform as part of a policy called the Great Leap Forward. Those who protested could be sent to reeducation camps or killed. Failing harvest caused severe food shortages. 20 million died from starvation. Cultural Revolution (1966) silenced critics of Mao and solidified his hold on power. Red Guards were ordered to seize government officials, teachers, and others and send them to the countryside for reeducation. Asia & Africa: In Vietnam communist vowed to seize land from the large landowners and redistribute it among the peasants. When communist took power they carried out their policies- sometimes violently.

5.7 How did the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions contribute to change between 1750 to 1900?

Corporations, owned by stockholders. Some corporations become so powerful they could form a monopoly. Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (a British owned bank opened in 1865) focused on finance, corporate investments, & global banking. Unilever Corporation (British & Dutch venture) focused on household goods. Corporations replace the traditional system of a single entrepreneur engaging in high-risk business endeavors with a system of larger companies. By spreading risk, investments became much safer and more attractive. Corporations gained great economic and political power. Insurance was another way to reduce risk.

4.4 How were the empires of European states established between 1450 to 1750, and what economic and labor systems fueled them?

Cortes's forces overthrew the Aztec by 1521 and established New Spain. In the early 1500s the Spanish established a system called the encomienda to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas. Encomenderos compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter. This coercive labor system was notorious for its brutality. The hacienda system arose when landowners developed agriculture on their land. They used coerced labor to work the fields. Discovery of silver in Mexico and Peru revived economic fortunes. For this industry to flourish Spanish needed labor. Spanish authorities in Peru transferred the traditional Incan mit'a system of labor obligation.

9.8 How did globalization change international interactions between states after 1900?

Despite ideological differences the Allies shared a commitment to preventing conflicts from escalating into war. The UN was born on October 24, 1945. Within the UN there were 6 main bodies to implement its work (General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice, Economic & Social Council, & Trustee Council) The UN is known for its peacekeeping actions. They send special envoys to help resolve problems peacefully. In 1988 they had 5 active peacekeeping missions. By 1993 they had 23. Peacekeeping troops helped end devastating civil wars in Mozambique.

8.7 What were differing reactions to existing power structures after 1900?

Eastern European satellites sought to become less dominated by the Soviets. (Hungary)

6.5 What economic factors contributed to imperialism in the global economy between 1750 and 1900?

Economic factors- The Industrial Revolution which set the stage for economic Imperialism(a situation in which foreign businesses took advantage of natural resources beyond their borders) In Africa land was converted to cash crop production to provide raw materials for European industries and goods for European markets. In exchange Africans received cotton textiles, canned food, and alcoholic beverages. This made the colonies economically dependent on the imperial powers. Reliance on a single cash crop left many Africans to be vulnerable during periods of drought, economic decline, or falling world prices.

4.5 What economic strategies did maritime empires use to increase their power, and how did the developing empires affect political, economic, religious, and cultural dynamics?

Economic strategies: capital (material wealth available to produce more wealth), joint-stock companies such as Dutch East India & East India company, triangular trade, & new monopolies. Affect political, economic, religious, & cultural dynamics: Political (Colonial administration, Indigenous political structures in Latin America were soon replaced by Spanish and Portuguese colonial administration. Spanish appointed viceroys. Spain established audiencias (royal courts). Slow transportation & communication networks between Europe and the Americas made it difficult for the Spanish crown to exercise direct control over New Spain) Economic (To achieve wealth, countries used economic strategies designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries in order to obtain maximum amounts of gold and silver.) Religious (In some areas the new connections contributed to the development of syncretic belief systems and practices, in other areas the connections contributed to religious conflicts. Syncretism is the combining of different religious beliefs and practices. Examples: Santeria, Vodun, and Candomble. 1 in 10 enslaved Africans practiced Islam. Dominicans, Jesuits, & Fransciscams sent missionaries to Latin America to convert people to Christianity. Religious conflicts such as the split between Catholicism & Protestantism) Cultural (Indigenous peoples of the Americas lost a great deal of their culture and history at the hands of conquerors. Conquistadors ordered the burning of native books which were thought to be unholy. Spanish and Portuguese transplanted their own languages and religion into the Americas)

6.6 How did environmental and economic factors contribute to patterns of migration between 1750 and 1900

Environmental factors: China, People left China for many reasons. Some to escape poverty or famine and others for better opportunities. In the late 18th century a population explosion in coastal cities and contacts through foreign trade led a large number of Chinese to emigrate to Southeast Asia. Many left as a result of the poverty and disorder brought on by the Taiping Rebellion. Economic factors: India, Poverty was the main reason Indians left. In 1833 British began sending Indians to work on sugar plantations as indentured servants to replace the enslaved workers. Most Indian workers signed 5 year contracts, many renewed and some decided to stay permanently. Over 1.5 million Indians were shipped to colonies in Asia, Africa, Caribbean, and Oceania.

6.3 How and why did internal and external factors influence state building between 1750 and 1900?

External factor that influenced the Balkans was the French Revolution, ethnic nationalism emerged as the peoples of the Balkans sought independence. In the Americas the rebellions came from Indians rebelling against state-building because of losing their land and culture.

4.6 How did the development of state power result in external and internal challenges in the period between 1450 to 1750?

External: By the 17th century the Dutch and English pushed Portugal out of South Asia. 1624 Ana Nzinga became the ruler of Ndongo . Nzinga became an ally of Portugal. The alliance broke down. Nzinga and her people fled west, taking over the state of Matamba. She incited a rebellion against Ndongo, allied with the Dutch and offered freedom in Matamba to enslaved Afrcians. Internal: In Russia. Pugachev Rebellion (1774) - Yemelyan Pugachev bagan a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty. This caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future rebellions.

5.2 What were the causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900, including influences of the Enlightenment and emerging nationalism?

French Revolution: (Causes: France was spending more than they were taking in. To address this the French govt. called a meeting of the Estates General, however inequality in commoners caused them to break away and form a new body, the National Assembly; Effects: The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. The peasants rose up against nobles even burning some manor houses. Some royal officials fled France. And the king was forced to accept the new government with a National Assembly in charge. July 14, 1789 became French Independence Day. Abolition of feudalism and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. ) Haitian Revolution: (Causes: Enslaved Africans started the rebellion by killing their masters and burning their home, they were soon joined by the maroons. Toussaint L'Ouverture joined the revolts in 1791 and then led a general rebellion against slavery. He was well read in Enlightenment thought ; Effects: 1801 L'Ouverture produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents. He worked with the French but they betrayed him and imprisoned him. He died in 1803 but had cemeted the abolation of slavery in Haiti. 1804 His successor Jean-Jacques Dessalines orchestrated a Haitain declaration of permanent independence. Haiti became the first country in Latin America to in its independence and was also the only country to become permanently independent as a result of slave uprising )

2.2 How did Eurasian empires grow over time, and how did their expansion influence trade and communication?

Genghis Khan: Khan's kingdom reached from North China to eastern Persia. To help with communication between units, a messenger force was created whose members rode for days without stopping, even sleeping on their horses while continuing to ride. Genghis Khan created a type of pony express, except instead of carrying written letters riders carried oral messages. Genghis Khan's soldiers took charge of protecting the Silk Roads. New trade channels were also established between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. Kublai Khan: Kublai set his sights on China. In 1260 Kublai assumed the title of Great Khan and 11 years later finally defeated the Chinese. He established the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan brought prosperity to China because of cultural exchanges and improved trade with other countries.

7.6 What were the causes and consequences of World War 2?

Germany was forced to pay off an incredibly large amount of money, which took a huge toll on their economy. Hitler came In and said that he would bring Germany back to its old greatness, and used his inspirational leadership to Propel his Nazi party into power. Once he was in power, he propelled Hate against Jews. Once Germany was aligned with Austria, Hitler wanted to expand to Poland, and Britain and France made agreements to Help Poland, and declared war against Germany. Japan continued to Expand into Korea and China, and Japan launched an Invasion into China, which marked the Start of WWII in Asia.

5.3 What factors contributed to and characterized industrialization in the period from 1750 to 1900?

Growth in Technology (Spinning Jenny- invented by James Hargreaves & Water Frame- Richard Arkwright & Assembly Line- Henry Ford) & Agricultural Improvements (crop rotation & seed drill both increased food production)

5.8 What conditions led to calls for change in industrial societies, and what were the effects of those efforts?

Harsh conditions, low wages, and long hours. The Saddler Report in 1833 described these conditions. Workers began to form labor unions. Unions improved workers' lives by winning minimum wage laws, limits on the numbers of hours worked, overtime pay, and the establishment of a 5 day work week. It also helped ban working for kids under the age of 10.

6.7 How and why did patterns of migration affect society between 1750 and 1900?

How: Immigrants were interested in a new economic start but intent on carrying with them their own traditions and culture. They influenced the culture of their new homes which absorbed some of the migrants' cultural traditions. Chinese Enclaves(Southeast Asia): Chinese that immigrated to Southeast Asia managed opium farms and controlled opium distribution for the British. Eventually they became business owners and traders. Some acquired great wealth as moneylenders or through international trade. By the end of the 19th century they controlled trade throughout Southeast Asia and were a significant presence in the region. Indian Enclaves (Africa): Many Indians went to Mauritius and Natal as indentured servants on sugar plantations. Both Hindus and Muslims migrated from India to South Africa. The Hindus brought with them their caste system and the social laws that stem from it. Many kept up Hindu traditions and had altars in their homes to honor deities. The Hindu and Muslim Indian population was divited by class, language, & religion. Indians shared the injustice of discrimination. Mohandas Gandhi became an activist after suffering from racial dsicrimination. He founded the Natal Indian Congress

5.1 How did the Enlightenment shape the intellectual and ideological thinking that affected reform and revolution after 1750?

Ideals such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenged roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolutions. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Philosophes popularized concepts that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the 17th century. Adam Smith & laissez-faire.

8.5 How did people pursue independence after 1900?

India & Pakistan: The drive for Indian self-rule began in the 19th century. Hindu and Muslims united by their desire to get rid of the British supported the independence movement in South Asia. Tactics included mass civil disobedience. The Muslim League (1906) advocated for a separate nation for Indian Muslims. After WW2 leaders demanded for independence again. After the war Britain grew weaker and India grew stronger. When the British didn't follow through with promises, Indian people increased their protest for full independence from British rule. The Royal Indian Navy Revolt in 1946 brought Britain to the realization it could no longer rule India. Britain was ready to negotiate independence in South Asia. India & Pakistan both gained independence in 1947.

2.5 What were the intellectual and cultural effects of the trade networks from c.1200 to c.1450?

Intellectual: scientific and technological innovations (lateen sail, stern rudder, astrolabe, magnetic compass)(Studied medicine, making advances in hospital care. Agricultural efficiency, papermaking, Islamic scholars translated Greek literary classics into Arabic). Cultural: Influence of Buddhism on East Asian culture, Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism, & Spread of Islam

7.1 How did internal and external factors contribute to change in various states after 1900?

Internal- Russia was not actively promoting economic growth. This caused them to be slow to expand education for peasants, build roads & other parts of its transportation networks, & support entrepreneurs with loans and contracts. External- weak military. This caused them to lose in wars and other battles. These internal and external factors led the Bolsheviks to seize power and set up a communist government.

1.7 In what ways was the process of state-building in various parts of the world between c.1200 and c.1450 similar and different?

One similarity in much of the world was that religion was a vital part of state-building. To help unite a diverse population, empires and states often turned to religion to strengthen political control over their territory. In China, the Confucian belief system was closely tied to civil service. The Song Dynasty relied on Confucian scholars to run a powerful, enduring bureaucracy. The ability to implement laws and carry out imperial edicts was a key part of state-building in China. In Europe the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and state-building was somewhat different. At times the church was part of state-building processes. However the church had provided an alternative structure for organizing society. The church became a rival power sometimes. Champa rice helped the Song Dynasty feed and sustain a growing population. Paper manufacturing led to increased literacy rates across Europe. Contacts with Asia contributed to the state-building in Europe.

5.6 What economic strategies did different states and empires adopt, and what were the causes and effects of those strategies?

Ottoman Empire Strategies: Muhammad Ali reforms in Egypt. He began by making the country's military on a European model. He established schools, sent military officers to be educated in France, and started and official newspaper (Causes: suffering from problems of overexpansion and failure to modernize, the Ottoman empire underwent palace coups, declining trade, and weakening leadership in the 1800s ; Effects: reforms in Egypt caused the peasants to have to give up their lands to the state cause of high tax rates. He also pushed Egypt to industrialize. He had textile factories built to compete with those of the French and British.) Japan Strategies: Very little to no contact with the world from 1600 - 1854. Overthrew shogun and restored power to the emperor in 1868, Meiji Restoration (Causes: Arrival of Perry and threat he posed caused Japanese leaders to realize the danger they and their culture were in; Effects: Japan adopted reforms based on what it admired about Europe and the United States. The government financed these reforms with a high agricultural tax. These taxes provided a good investment because they stimulated rapid economic growth. Accounts of abuse and exploitation of female Japanese mill workers are similar to the experiences that British female mill workers had recorded decades earlier. )

3.2 How did rulers in land-based empires legitimize and consolidate their power from 1450 to 1750?

Peter the Great: Romanov Dynasty 1682-1725 (To gain control of the throne Peter had to defeat his sister Sophia and her supporters. He consolidated his power by forcing Sophia into a convent. The Streltsy rebelled against Peter's reign so he disbanded them and integrated them into Russia's regular army. Legitimize power- Peter and St. Petersburg. He moved the Russian capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg so he could keep watch on the boyars there. Akbar: Was the most capable of the Mughal rulers. Expanded his empire southward and westward. Capital, Delhi. Established an efficient government and system of fairly administered laws. Men from many parts of Central Asia came to serve him, they helped him create a strong centralized government & effective civil service. Zamindars worked well under Akbar but under other rulers they began keeping more of the taxes that they collected. With this money they began building personal armies of soldiers and civilians loyal to them.

9.2 How have environmental factors affected human populations since 1900?

Polio: (Salk, 1955)- caused by water contamination with fecal matter. Could cause paralysis and sometimes death. Hit children! Salk 1955 came up with a vaccine. 1952 the worst outbreak in U.S history. Iron lung- helps people affected from polio breath.

6.1 What ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism between 1750 and 1900?

Racial Ideologies & the Misuse of Science: (Colonial powers generally believed they were inherently superior to those they subjugated. Pseudoscientists claimed to have proof of the intellectual and physical inferiority of nonwhite races. Phrenologist believed that a smaller skull size proved the mental feebleness of Africans, indigenous Americans, and Asians. Some adapted Charles Darwin's Theory of biological evolution to society. "Survival of the fittest") Cultural Ideologies: (Many colonies combined into a single colony, colonizers introduced their own language, political, educational, & religious institutions and exerted the belief of many) Religious motives: (Missionaries supported imperialism by persuading people to give up their traditional beliefs and adopt Christianity)

6.4 How did environmental factors contribute to the global economy between 1750 and 1900?

Railroads- the introduction of railroads lowered the cost of transporting raw materials for shipment to Europe. They also helped open up colonial markets for manufactured goods. Steamships- transport people, mail, and goods on navigable rivers. After the 1870s steamships became more practical for long distances. The 1870s the development of compression refrigeration equipment made it possible to ship perishables such as meat and dairy products across oceans.

7.9 What was the relative significance of the causes of global conflict from 1900 to present?

Rapid advances in technology and science led to a better understanding of the natural world and brought about advances in many areas. States also improved their war-making capabilities. Peoples & states globally challenged the existing political & social order in many ways, leading to new worldwide conflicts. The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution. States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.

1.6 How did the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions, agricultural practices and political decentralization affect European society from c.1200 to c.1450?

Religion: The Christian Church established universities and led in the area of education, and also held a large role in the feudal system The Christian Crusades increased the Church's desire to have control. Jews helped communication between Christians and Muslims and helped Europe grow by increasing the flow of money. Muslims opened up Europe to trade and ideas that were less self-sufficient and isolated under feudalism, and gave women more opportunities. Agricultural Practices: Travel to other places opened Europe to different cultures. Trade became more long-spread, and the surplus of agricultural produce from the three-field system and the population growth from improved farm equipment conceived cities and towns. Political Decentralization: Feudalism gave protection and land to various people, and in return labor and loyalty were pledged to those who gave the land. This system provided security to every social class in Europe. Europe was also self-sufficient because of their political decentralization, using the manorial system to individualize people and provide "jobs" (serfs)

3.3 How did different belief systems endure or change during the period from 1450-1750?

Roman Catholic Church: (Endure- Theological disagreements (John Wycliffe & Lolards in England) late 14 century argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation, Wycliffe translates parts of the Bible into English vernacular. When the church failed to stop the Black Death. Martin Luther in Wittenberg objected to the sale of indulgences and to simony. 95 theses. John Calvin broke with the church in 1530. In 1536 he authored the Institutes of the Christian Religion ; Change- Counter-Reformation to fight against protestant attacks. The Church increased inquisition, used Jesuits, and The Council of Trent. This was successful in that Catholicism remained predominant in Western Europe) Orthodox Church: (Endure- Peter the Great confirmed his power over the Church by abolishing the position of patriarch and incorporating the Church into the government. He established the Holy Synod ; Change- Peter raised the minimum age for men to become eligible to be monks to 50 )

5.4 How did different types and locations of production develop and change over time?

Russia: (Develop: Focus particularly on railroads and exports. By 1900 they had more than 36,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas. ; Change over time: By 1900 Russia had become the 4th largest producer of steel in the world). Iron Works in India: (Change over time: Steep tariffs led to the decline of India's ability to mine and work metals. The British began closing mines completely especially after the Rebellion of 1857 because they perceived mines were being used to extract lead for ammunition. Arms Acts of 1878. British colonizers limited India's ability to mine and work metals in areas such as the mineral rich state of Rajasthan. Early 19th century most of the mines were abandoned and the mining industry was extinct. )

9.9 How did science, technology, politics, justice, transportation, communication, and the environment change and stay the same after 1900?

Science and technology: People made significant advances in understanding the universe and the natural world. These included the origin of the universe (led to a better understanding of the universe as well as atomic and subatomic science), wave science (led to improvements in radio and cellular communications as well as faster internet service) , medical science (led to cures or vaccines for common diseases) , energy technologies (led to increased productivity, greater production of material goods, & faster transportation) , communication technologies (the amount and extent of mass communications increased, as did the global transfer of information), transportation technologies (resulted in the expansion of the global trade network and interactions among cultures), & agricultural technologies (The Green Revolution- higher population growth rates. Decline in biodiversity)

7.7 What similarities and differences were there in the methods of governments used to conduct war?

Similarities: New military technology and tactics, including the atomic bomb and "total war". Differences: Hitler used blitzkrieg to quickly subdue Poland. They used rapidly moving tank divisions supported by the air force. Japan launched a surprise air attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7,1941.

2.7 What were the similarities and differences among various networks of exchange in the period from c.1200 to c.1450?

Similarities: Origins , Purpose (To exchange what people were able to grow or produce for what they wanted needed or could use to trade for other items) & Effects (centralization, desire for standardized currency) Differences: the goods they exchange, nature of the routes and transportation, the technology they inspired, and the religions they spread. Various networks of exchange: Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, & Trans-Saharan

4.7 How were social categories, roles, and practices maintained or changed from 1450 to 1750?

Social categories: Small middle class in the empire. Below middle class were the peasants. Below peasants were the enslaved. Roles: Women played social and political roles at court. Many tried to promote their own children as likely heirs to the throne. Practices: Sultan Mehmed 2 invited Christians and Jews to settle in Istanbul. While they were allowed to worship they didn't have full equality.

4.8 How did economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affect social structures over time?

Social structures of the Americans changed as Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans coexisted in the new American colonies. New social systems appeared that were based on racial or ethnic identity. This led to a rigid and hierarchical society. Societal conflicts eventually led to revolutions.

4.1 How did cross-cultural interactions spread technology and facilitate changes in trade and travel from 1450 to 1750?

Spread Technology: Western European countries were developing their naval technology, they combined their knowledge with new ideas developed by Islamic and Asian sailors and scholars which they learned about because of the cross-cultural interactions resulting from trade networks. Al-Andalus (Now Spain) was where Islamic ideas diffused into Europe. Facilitate changes in trade & travel: Rapid expansion of exploration and global trade. As scholars gathered knowledge they improved the safety of sailing on the ocean. Newton's discovery of gravity, improvements in cartography also improved navigation. Astronomical chart. Several developments in the equipment used on ships made sailing safer and faster than ever. Astrolabe, the compass, lateen sail , & new ships.

9.7 What were the various responses to globalization from 1900 to the present?

The "Battle of Seattle": In 1999 protest erupted at a WTO conference. WTO planned a round of trade negotiations for the new millennium. Labor unions, family farmers, student groups, and environmentalists shut down the WTO meeting and drew global attention to the issues of the new global economy. -In 1988 about 20,000 people protested meetings of the IMF and the World Bank in West Berlin. They did this because they distrusted them since only large corporations could use them to achieve their goals and small businesses could not. In 2001 & 2002 anti-IMF and anti-World Bank protests took place in 23 countries.

1.1 How did developments in China and the rest of East Asia between c.1200 and c.1450 reflect continuity, innovation, and diversity?

The Grand Canal was an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,00 miles. Champa rice greatly expanded agricultural production in China. Proto-Industrialization, a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell.

7.4 How did different governments respond to economic crises after 1900?

The Great Depression, Keynesian Economics: John Maynard Keynes (British economist) concluded that international government action could improve the economy. He said governments should use deficit spending (spending more that the government takes in) to stimulate economic activity. By cutting taxes and increasing spending, governments would spur economic growth. New Deal: Franklin Delano Roosevelt used keynes ideas to address the Great Depression. Franklin and his backers created a group of policies and programs known as the New Deal. Its goal was to bring the country relief, recovery, & reform. By 1937 unemployment was declining and production was rising.

5.10 How did the Industrial Revolution demonstrate both continuity and change?

The Industrial Revolution demonstrated change by changing the social hierarchy, and labor unions fought for the right to vote and work insurance. It shows continuity because the steam ship and steam locomotives made maritime trade faster and cheaper, while railroads helped to gain access to untapped natural resources.

9.4 How did the global economy change and remain the same from 1900 to the present?

The Knowledge Economy: creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information. Workers used their knowledge to create ways for other people to use theirs through technology, communication, innovation, and collaboration. Companies no longer manufacture in the same country where their business is located. They manufacture where labor is the cheapest such as places like Vietnam and Bangladesh.

1.4 What states developed in the Americas, and how did they change over time?

The Mayan, Aztecs and the Incas. changed through technological and agricultural advancements. Each state rose and collapsed due to different government styles that pleased or angered people, as the Mayan government was non-centralized and relied on city-states, the Aztec government was a theocracy, and the Inca government was split into 4 provinces and often went to priests for guidance. The Mayans created the calendar and other mathematical and literary elements, the Aztecs formed agricultural technology that helped them for a little while (ex: chinampas), and the Incas were successful in math, agriculture, and building. They all collapsed through internal or external wars, a lack of technology, or over-expansion.

3.1 How did certain land-based empires develop and expand in the period from 1450-1750?

The Ottoman Empire: (By the Osman Dynasty in 1300s) (Develop- Mehmed ll est. the empire's capital in 1453. The city - its name changed to Istanbul, prospered because of its location. Seized lands around the western edge of the Black Sea. Mehmed strengthened the Ottoman navy; Expand- Reached its peak under Suleiman 1. In 1522 his navy captured the island of Rhodes in the eastern Mediterranean. In the 1550s the Ottoman navy took control of Tripoli in North Africa. A period of reform would follow by the 18th century. Challenges in defending Ottoman territory against foreign invasion and occupation led to the Ottoman defeat and dissolution by 1922) The Safavid: (Develop- Established in the northern Azerbaijan region -Iran - They rose to power in the 1500s due to their land based military might and strong leadership.; Expand- Shah Abbas l was the ruler at its height. He imported weaponry from Europe . Slowly the shahs came to control religion as well as politics. )

8.3 In what ways did both the Soviet Union and the United States seek to maintain influence during the Cold War?

The Soviet Union & the United States seeked to maintain influence through proxy wars. Through NATO, the Warsaw Pact, & other alliances. NATO, Warsaw, & Alliances: Through NATO, created in April 1949, the treaty pledged mutual support and cooperation within the alliance against conflicts and wars. The Soviets' response to NATO was the Warsaw Pact (1955). Warsaw Pact nations combined their armed forces and based their armed leaders in Moscow. The US formed alliances with 40 states during the Cold War. Proxy War: The Bay of Pigs Crisis- Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencia Batista in 1959. On August 6, 1960 the new government started to nationalize foreing-owned industries. Economic losses for its citizens caused the US to break off trade with Cuba and cut diplomatic ties. Castro accepted Soviets aid and aligned their foreign policy with the Soviets. In 1961 John F Kennedy had concerns about the presence of a communist country. A group of Cuban exiles turned to the US government and asked for them to back the invasion of Cuba and overthrow Castro. The US gave their support, this started the Bay of Pigs invasion (failure). And it cemented the Cuba-Soviet alliance.

8.8 What caused the end of the Cold War?

The Soviet Union collapsed. The Soviet Union starts running out of money (economically in decline). Strategic Defense Initiative: satellites in space that are capable of shooting down ICM. Intercontinental Missiles (Reagan lied and we didn't have such a thing. Makes Soviet Unions go bankrupt spending all their money trying to get the same thing because if one side does it the other has to do it.)

9.5 How have social categories, roles, and practices changed and stayed the same since 1900?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion. Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration. Environmental: Earth Day (Starting in 1970, April 22 is Earth day, a day for people to focus on environmental awareness) , Greenpeace (1971 an organization to advocate for the environment. It battles deforestation, desertification, global warming, the killing of whales, and overfishing), & Green Belt Movement (a direct response to the environmental degradation resulting from the colonial experience. In 1977 Wangari Maathai). Economic: Organizations from around the world combined resources to create the World Fair Trade Organization in 1989. 10 Principles of fair trade.

8.1 What was the historical context for the Cold War after World War 2?

The conflicts the conferences caused between the Soviet and the U.S. Mainly the Potsdam Conference (Began in July 1945 in Germany). By 1945 the US and Soviet Union lacked trust in one another and had begun aggressive rhetoric. This and the other conferences set the stage for the Cold War.

6.8 What was the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900?

The efficiency of industrial output increased, which led to greater output. Availability of goods rose and the prices fell. One of the more significant effects was the migration from dependent or less industrial areas of the world to the dominant industrial economies.

8.2 What were the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War?

The ideological struggle of the Cold War was the struggle between capitalism (led by the United States) and communism (led by the Soviet Union). The US supported capitalism and people made decisions, but the Soviets support communism which they argue is fairer. Both sides attempt to find flaws in each other and bring them to light. They have a battle for influence and allegiances and the soviets have satellite countries to help them grow. Soviets view capitalists as a threat and promote world revolutions. The US enacts policy of containment of communism and the Truman Doctrine stops communism from spreading and Marshall plan gives aid to European countries. The soviets then make their own plan for eastern Europe. When the Soviets launch Sputnik, it starts the space race as well. It remains a cold war because there would be mutual assured destruction in a heated war.League of Nation weakened in support, allies create UN in 45. The Iron Curtain separated East and West. The Soviets had launched Sputnik 1, space race. MAD. Many countries are scared to join the fight.

5.5 How did technology shape economic production during the period from 1750 to 1900?

The steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, this in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories. Steamships revolutionized sailing. Coal-powered steam engines could be built anywhere and could be used on ships and trains. As a result ocean-going ships were no longer dependent on winds for power. These steam-powered ships were able to travel quickly upstream on rivers (5 miles per hour) . Overtime steam powered ships replaced sailing ships in worldwide travel. Coaling stations became important refueling spots.

3.4 By what methods did empires increase their societal and cultural influence from c. 1450 - c.1750?

These empires grew as they incorporated lands they conquered. Their rules implemented policies to solidify or legitimize their rule over a diverse population. They sometimes used military & taxes.

7.3 What were some of the methods governments used to fight World War 1?

Total war (a nation's domestic population, in addition to its military, was committed to winning the war) & Propaganda (communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information)

7.5 How did continuities and changes in territorial holding create tensions after World War 1?

WW1 showed colonial peoples that imperial powers such as Britain & France were not invincible. Colonized peoples' experiences raised their expectations. They thought the principle of self-determination would get them closer to self-rule. A decolonization process began. The Big Three (David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, & Georges Clemenceau) were not interested in freeing the colonies. Rejection from Wilson fueled stronger nationalist movements in colonies scattered across the southern rim of Asia & parts of Africa. March First Movement (March 1,1919 Koreans began a series of protests that involved as many as 2 million Koreans out of 17 million. This Movement demonstrated the power of Korean nationalism)

1.5 How and why did states develop in Africa and change over time?

Zimbabwe: Most powerful of all the East African kingdoms between the 12th & 15th, They build their prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold. They had rich gold fields, and taxes on the transport of gold which made the kingdom wealthy. They were tied into the Indian Ocean trade. The rise and decline of Zimbabwe was reflected in the defensive walls used to protect cities. Great Zimbabwe wall (30 ft tall and 15 ft thick) Overgrazing so damaged the surrounding environment that residents of the bustling capital city abandoned it by the end of the 1400s.