AP World History Period 4 (cards 1 - 9)

The French Maritime Empire 1600s to 1750

- Political rivalries between France and other European powers (primarily Spain, the Netherlands, and the English) encouraged the monarchy to support exploration and colonization. # Mercantilist policies under Louis XIV and other monarchs led to the creation of joint-stock companies given monopolies on overseas trade. ** French West and East Indian companies were weaker than their English and Dutch counterparts. - French explores established colonies in North America along the St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River. # Discovered while attempting to discover a northwest passage to Asia across the Atlantic . # Traded with the Native Americans in the region for fur pelts. ** Metis (a mixed ethnic group of French and Native American) developed out of this interation. # France lost all North American colonies as a result of the Seven Years' War, 1756 to 1763, (war fought over national rivalries). - Established a plantation colony in Saint-Dominique (later Haiti) in the Caribbean. # Produced almost 40% of all sugar and 60% of all coffee consumed in Europe. # Over 500,000 African slaves worked on plantations on the Island.

The British Maritime Empire 1600s to 1750

- Spurred on in part by political rivalries and the success of the Colombian voyages, English explores attempted to find a northwest passage through the Atlantic to Asia # English fishermen also sought new regions to expand cod fishing # lead to knowledge of and eventually settlement in North America. - British exploration and trade was done primarily through joint-stock companies # The British East India Company had a monopoly on trade with that region and the British Empire - British colonies in North America (east coast and Canada) # Southern colonies like Virginia developed plantation economies that grew cash crops like tobacco. # British territory in North America expanded after successfully defeating their French rival in the Seven Years' War, years ---- 1756 to 1763. ** Won Quebec and land up to the Mississippi River. - British settlers established colonies in the Caribbean. # Islands like Barbados became major centers of sugar production.

The Dutch Maritime Empire 1600 to 1750

- The Dutch developed a trading-post empire in South Africa and the Indian Ocean # Dutch ships, called fluyts, required a small crew to sail quickly and carried large cargoes. # Pioneered the use of the joint-stock company to finance transoceanic business ventures trade. ** The Dutch East Indian Company (VOC) was granted a monopoly over Dutch trade in the East Indies and Japan ** Trade companies were responsible for protecting their trade interests (had private armies and fortifications) and negotiating directly with local rulers for trade deals. - Major trading posts in the Indian Ocean # The Dutch became the sole European state that was allowed to trade to the Japanese out of Jagasaki ** Sold from China and cotton and sugar from India for Japanese silver and lacquer ware (characteristic of European merchants' role in global trade: middlemen) # Dominated the spice trade with trading posts in Melaka and Java (spices included: mace, nutmeg, cloves, pepper and cinnamon) - South African Colonies # Dutch mariners established a permanent colony in Cape Town, year: 1652

The Spanish Empire 1500s to 1750

- The Spanish monarchy sponsored several transoceanic expedition that contributed to their colonial empire. # Comubs' voyages allowed Spain to claim much of the Americas and Caribbean ** Sparked further interest in exploration among other European states. # Magellan's Voyage to find a way around Americas to Asia led to the first circumnavigation of the world. ** Enable Spain to claim the Philippines (Manila became a major trade center at which the Spanish traded silver carried from the Americas to Manila Galleons for Chinese silk porcelain) - Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Caribbean # Caribbean Islands developed a plantation economy after 1600 ** Sugarcane cultivation and refining was the most lucrative cash crop # New Spain (Mexico) ** In addition to ranching and agriculture, silver mining in Zacatecas was prominent. # South America ** The Potosi mines sent vast amounts of silver to Europe and Asia (1/5 ---the quinto --- of all silver went directly to the Spanish treasury). ** Colonial administrators used the Incan mita system to conscript laborers for silver mining.

Indian Ocean Trade in the Early Modern Period 1450 to 1750

• In 1450, Indian Ocean trade was shared between Muslim, African, Indian, Southeast Asian, and Chinese merchants o Trade in luxury goods was conducted in stages due to the wind patterns • By 1500 the Portuguese began to establish a trading post empire along the coasts of Indian Ocean basin o Unsuccessfully tried to dominate trade with her naval power (Alfonso d' Albuguerque) --- Major ports included Mozambique, Calicut, Goa and Melaka --- Ultimately just fit into Existing trade networks • After 1600, the Dutch and English eclipsed the Portuguese hold on European trade in the Indian Ocean o Use of trading companies like the VOC and the British East Indian Trading Co allowed them to raise more capital to make more and better ships • Luxury goods traded throughout the Indian Ocean o Japan: silver, and lacquer ware o China: porcelain, silk, tea o Indonesia: spices (cinnamon, clove, nutmeg) and coffee (introduced by Dutch) o India: pepper, cotton textiles and cowry shells (from Maldives) o East Africa: gold and slaves

Impact of Technology on Transoceanic Travel 1400s and 1500s

• Prince Henry the Navigator established a school for navigation to help facilitate maritime trade o Borrowed maritime technology from Asia: compass, astrolabe, lateen sail, stern post rudder. o Developed better and more accurate cartography by using knowledge from the classical Islamic and Asian worlds. • New tools and innovations in ship design made transoceanic travel possible o The Portuguese developed the caravel --- Other ships developed by Europeans included: carracks (mostly square sails but also possessed one lateen sail and a stern post rudder), galleons (multi-decked, armed cargo ships) and fluyts (higher masts allowed for greater speed). o Understanding of the volta do mar enabled Europeans to cross the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Commercialization and the Emergence of the Global Economy in the Early Modern Period 1500 to 1750

• The Commercial Revolution occurred primarily in Europe as a result of the European maritime reconnaissance. • Several factors contributed to the Commercial Revolution. o The price revolution o Exploration and colonization o Proliferation of financial systems o European of financial systems o European merchants circumvented guild restrictions by using cottage industry, sometimes called the putting out system o considerable prosperity in Europe

The Portuguese Trading-Post Empire 1400s to 1600s

• The Portuguese established a maritime trading post empire in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. o Henry the Navigator created a navigation school to strengthen the Portuguese navy Utilized Muslim navigation technology and cartography to develop portolan maps. Used compasses originally developed in China Built new ships that were capable of transoceanic voyages. Gained a knowledge of global wind and current patterns like the volta do mar Early voyages in the Atlantic secured the Madeira's and Azores Islands. o Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 Portuguese presence in Indian Ocean o Established factories along coasts of Africa and the Indian Ocean Basic Africa: Sao Jorge de Mina (west Africa) and Mozambique (east Africa) Indian Ocean: Goa and Calicut (India), Hormuz (Persia), Melaka, Macau (China) o Portuguese influence the Indian Ocean waned after 1600 when English and Dutch mariners reduced their hold on trade. • Portuguese colonies o Brazil (allowed by the Treaty of Tordesillas) o Angola

Role of Europeans in the Global Trade in the Early Modern Period 1450 to 1750

• The voyages of European merchants in the Early Modern Period • Unable to dislodge traditional merchants from existing trade networks in Africa and Asia, Europeans acted as the commercial middlemen of the Early Modern World. o The transferred luxury items (spices, silver, sild) from on Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region (i.e. Manila galleons, the VOC and the British East Indian Trading Co. o Established ports along the Indian Ocean basin in order to gain consistent access to markets. o Spanish galleons took silver mined in Latin America to purchase luxury goods in Asian. o Europeans established the triangular trade in the Atlantic linking the European, American, and African economies.