AP World History Period 4 Global Interactions

What pre-requisite conditions made these changes possible?

-Advancements in maritime technology -Discovery of the Americas -Initial monetary investments in plantations/exploration -Source of labor -The want to get raw materials through expansion

How did empires attempt to administer the new widespread nature of their territories?

European powers would assign officials in the areas that they ruled who were of European descent. They would be favored more.

How did slavery within Africa compare to the pre-1450 era?

Slavery within Africa increased to match demands of the slave trade. Cities also grew in Africa. These towns became hubs of the slave trade. Slavery became a source of income for Africa.

Where did the "universal" religions of Buddhism, Christianity & Islam spread?

The spread during the Silk road era. Islam continued to spread to parts of the world, but its main expansion occurred during the post Classical era. Christianity spread through the Columbian exchange and through trade and imperialism

What obstacles to empire-building did empires confront, and how did they respond to these challenges?

-hostile natives- usually dealt with by force -changes in climates/geography -epidemic diseases-natural selection -competing empires-attempted to find more natural resources and grow more cash crops and also conflicts

How were ethnic and religious minorities treated in various empires?

Africans were considered inferior in the Americas as they were slaves. They had less rights and were used as labors. Native Americans were considered to be savages by the Europeans, which led to conflicts between the two. There were cults in Christianity. Missionaries attempted to convert the cults through peaceful ways which succeeded rarely.

What foods were transferred to new geographic regions as part of the Columbian Exchange, and what labor systems made this transfer possible?

Americas: potatoes, beans, squash and maize to Europeans. Europeans: wheat, rice, bananas, and grapes. Africa: coffee. Asia: sugar cane became cash crops in Latin America.

How did the role of Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe develop in this new world-wide political order?

Americas: became the site of new colonies of the Spanish and British Empires Asia: Chinese and Japanese citizens participated in the growing opportunities as colonists. Site of European trading empires. This was during the 17th century Europe: Great Britain and Spanish civilizations had empires. Portugal and the Netherlands had more of a trading empire in Southeast Asia.

What was the relationship between imperialism and military technology?

As military technology increased imperialism as a result increased and also vice-versa. For instance, gun powder and weapons helped impose authority.

How did agriculture's role change between 1450-1750?

Barely any contact between the new world and Eurasia and Africa. Once Columbus made contact with North and South America the exchange of crops, slaves, and diseases began, known as the Columbian exchange. Agriculture exploited underdeveloped nations. Europe used the raw materials of the America's to make themselves wealthier. Before, agriculture was used as a food source for populations. Later, agriculture was also used for global trade.

How did settlers' action affect the Americas environmentally?

Began large scale agriculture more than the Native Americans. Less ecological stability and erosion of land. Brought many diseases which the Native Americans were not immune to, and as a result wiped out large amounts of the population. Settlers also forced the Native Americans in land, and they became more dependent on a nomadic lifestyle and hunting.

What new financial and monetary means made new scale(s) of trade possible?

Creation of stock companies enabled the people to invest and was less risky. Thus helping people trade and more people could invest; large-scale trade and exploration grew at a faster rate

How did societies in the Americas reflect the post-1450 economic order?

Due to the arrival of slaves and immigrants, new societies and social standings developed in the Americas according to race. Native American societies cowered because of European elites who kept conquering their land and exploiting their natural resources. At the same time, European conquest enabled new leaders to arise in the Americas, such as powerful Native Americans.

How did pre-existing political and economic elites react to these changes?

Due to the rise of aristocracy, power shifted from the important members of social groups to smaller family units who were wealthy and well-connected. Important people lost their social standing.

What were the economic and social effects of the Atlantic trading system?

Economic: cheap labor and more markets in the new formed colonies.

How did rulers make sure that their governments were well run?

Empires appointed rulers of their own descent to run the colonies. When empires felt that their power being threatened, they used violence.

How did labor systems develop between 1450-1750?

Europe began to exploit what they thought of as the "inferior" races due to increase in agriculture and productions. Forced labor included natives and African Americans.

What plants/animals were transferred across the Atlantic as part of the Columbian Exchange?

Europeans brought many animals from to the Americas in order to make their lives easier. They were: horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Animals brought to the Old World from America include turkeys, llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs.

How did the global trade network after 1500 CE affect the pre-existing regional trade networks? (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, trans-Saharan, Silk Routes)

Europeans were no influential when it came to new and pre existing trade routes. They merely advanced the technology and without them being involved in trade before, did little to stop the other regions from trading

Describe the degree of global 'interconnection' after 1500 CE compared to before 1500.

Global interconnection increased and there were more prominence of ideas being diffused and technological innovations being constantly advanced. This was also a way for the regions to get connected to trade routes. Where as before they were isolated.

What were the major notable transoceanic voyages between 1450-1750 CE?

In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the Carribbean with the help of Spanish rulers Francisco and Isabel Also, Vasco De Gama sailed around Africa and into the Indian Ocean

How did the post-1450 economic order restructure the social, economic, and political elites?

It directly benefited the merchant class due to the increase in trade. The division between the powerful elite (plantation owners) and the servants and slaves deepened and as the rich became richer but the lower class did not change their spot.

What effect did Columbus' travels have on Europeans?

It started the Columbian exchange due to discovering the Americas which was long lasting

How did rulers finance their territorial expansion?

Joint-stock company: the costs were divided amongst shareholders -examples: British East India Company/VOC -Paid by government

How did public literacy as well as literary and artistic forms of expression develop during this period?

Literacy increased because of more schools for the work force. Artistic came about through religions and culture.

What were the unintentional biological effects of Columbian Exchange?

Many invasive species of plants and animals came into the New World,many diseases, which the Native Americans were not immune to, Thus, Native Americans died. Native Americans spread syphilis to Europeans as well.

How did Europeans go about creating new global empires and trade networks?

Maritime trade routes Technological advancements Creation of joint-stock companies which we used to finance such explorations/Commerce/Supply and Demand

Where did those developments originate?

Most developed in East Asia-China and were diffused through Muslim traders which eventually tied the Europeans into the worldwide trading.

How did pre-existing land-based empires and new empires during this era compare to previous era's empires?

New land empires became hubs for global trade. Connection between empires. Technology, culture, religion, art, and political ideas were easily spread and shared across great distances. Along with more diversity in animal and plant life across the globe because of the new connections made during imperialism.

How was peasant labor affected between 1450-1750

Peasant labor went to industries. In the Americas, indentured servants began to decrease as more slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. Europe had a change in the control of peasant labor. Tighter control and less freedom for the laborers came about.

What effects did American food crops have on the diet of Afro-Eurasians?

Plants were used more widely. The population increased when Europeans brought potatoes and maize due to enriched diet.

Why did Portugal begin longer maritime voyages ca. 1430 CE?

Portugal wanted to be included in the Indian Ocean and were looking for other trade routes. Their geographic characteristics helped them begin longer seafaring expeditions.

What role did religion play in legitimizing political rule?

Religion became a way for empires to show a reason for their actions. Religion was part of a greater group of cultural influence on the natives.

What role did silver play in facilitating a truly global scale of trade?

Silver was obtained by the Spanish who traded it to China who also used silver as their currency. Therefore, silver facilitated the global trade network.

Describe European merchants overall role in world trade c. 1450-1750.

Since Europeans were lacking in gaining resources which other countries produced easily, they spent a lot of money to get what they wanted; which inevitably made their economy more unstable. Thus, they started to colonize in different parts of the world in hopes of gaining those resources and being an active part of the Indian ocean trade

What technical developments made transoceanic European travel & trade possible?

Some were the astrolabe from China and also the compass which helped them navigate. Also the invention of the Lateen/triangular sail which enabled sailors to sail into the wind more effectively and reach their destination efficiently

What new mercantilist financial means developed to facilitate global trade?

Stock companies made it easy for small investors to get capital for less risk, which in turn facilitated trade

What were the overall effects of this change in global interconnectedness?

The connectedness of Europe and Asia and including Africa and Eventually the Americas. Throughout, trade facilitated and so did the diffusion of innovations and culture.

What caused the Atlantic slave trade to expand so dramatically?

The sense of prosperity, greed, and Europeans wanting to forcibly take them and or giving them other resources in return for them.

How did labor systems develop in the colonial Americas?

There was a need for labor force in the New World to work the tobacco and sugar cane plantations. Indentured servants were sent there and servants were promised of a certain time length service. Indentured servants became more risky because they were most likely to rebel. As a greater need for labor arose, slaves also were forced to migrate from Africa to the Americas.

How were gender and family structures affected to these changes?

There was an increase in women rulers during the 16th century. These women were often more respected rulers during these times; however, women were still seen as their husbands property. Since aristocracy became increasingly favored by society, the family unit became more prominent. Rulers like ones in the Islamic empire, did listen and get advised by their wives or daughters.

How did the people of various empires react to their government's methods?

These people either accepted the new rulers or they resisted the new rule. Some colonies attempted to remain neutral as well.

How did political rulers legitimize and consolidate their rule?

They appointed officials that were of their own race, hired translators in order to negotiate with the locals, and attempted to impose their culture on the locals.

How did the practice of religions develop in this era?

They developed as ideas diffused and through trading and merchants. Other emperors also sent missionaries to impose those religions to the areas they had conquered or expanded their territories to.

Where did Zheng He and the Chinese Treasure Fleets travel?

They traveled in the Indian Ocean and reached the Arabian peninsula and also parts of Africa and obviously Asia.

What originally motivated Europeans to travel across the northern Atlantic?

They wanted to find an efficient access to the Indian Ocean trade

How did the arts fare during this period?

They were well and spread even more than before.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect the spread of religions?

Three intentions: Gold, God and Glory. They spread Christianity to Native Americans and did not adapt Native American beliefs. The Columbian Exchange's main effect on the spread of religion was that it brought Christianity to the New World and introduced new crops.

What previously established scale(s) of trade continued?

Trade and also the silk Road continued