ap world history unit 1-4 questions

Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.? A Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core states. B Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories. C Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states. D Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.

c

Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ? A The Ottomans' use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army B The Ottomans' use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops C The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology D The Ottomans' exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades

c

Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies. B Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer. C Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals. D The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

c

Which of the following lists three places Ibn Battuta, the fourteenth-century Muslim traveler, visited? A The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Japan B The Arabian Peninsula, France, and India C India, Mali, and Persia D India, Persia, and Poland E England, Iraq, and Mali

c

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century? A Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean B Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean C Chinese in the Indian Ocean D Russians in the Pacific Ocean

c

Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and the Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In each, the majority of the people were Muslims. B Each had a powerful navy that engaged European navies. C Each had developed an efficient administrative structure. D Each enjoyed peaceful relations with its neighboring states. E Each gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.

c

Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century? A The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite B Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East C The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices D Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He

c

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The need for legal action to address the "grave inconveniences" that might result from the labor shortages described in the passage most likely resulted from A the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor B the inability of members of the nobility and other feudal lords to take direct legal action against their workers and serfs C the high social rank and economic standing of plowmen in medieval English society D the presence of guild regulations prohibiting agricultural laborers from working more than a certain number of hours each week

a

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Which of the following is an argument in the second paragraph of the inscription regarding King Adityawarman? A His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful and legitimate ruler. B His attention to the welfare of all of his subjects made him a caring and legitimate ruler. C His conquest of all of the surrounding kingdoms in Indonesia made him a legitimate ruler. D His knowledge of science and ships in an island kingdom made him an effective and legitimate ruler.

a

"In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes." Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following was a key similarity in the policies of the rulers of African states such as Ethiopia in the period circa 1200-1450 ? A They granted their subjects unrestricted freedom of speech. B They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy. C They faced challenges to their power from powerful merchant elites. D They sought to achieve economic self-sufficiency by restricting trade contacts with other societies.

b

"In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes." Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following continuities in the development of African states in the period circa 1200-1450 most likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia? A Some African states' religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries. B Some African states were famous for their religious toleration and for allowing multiple religious traditions to coexist in their territories. C African states' official religions were typically syncretic mixtures of several different religious traditions. D While African populations mostly continued to adhere to indigenous polytheistic religions, African political elites often adopted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam.

a

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following? A The Mughal Empire's scientific achievements B The expanding power of the Mughal Empire C The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites D The Mughal Empire's control of global trade networks

b

The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 to A expand educational opportunities for the lower classes B limit trade and other contacts with foreigners C advocate for the peaceful settlement of existing religious conflicts D develop national joint-stock companies

b

"One of the most important aspects of the Maya economy was the exchange of exotic goods. Maya rulers and elites needed such goods to maintain and reinforce their social status and power. Many of these goods were used in the formal dress of kings, nobles, and priests. Without them, the elites could not carry out the rituals that were their principal duties in the eyes of the people. Jaguar pelts, fine textiles, feathers, and other such products were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. . . . Such items were probably exchanged as dowry, gifts at royal marriages, coronations, funerals, or at religious pilgrimages. Exotic goods were also probably given as tribute to rulers by their vassals. These high-status goods held together the Maya world and unified patterns of behavior in religion, science, and warfare. Their exchange surely went hand in hand with exchanges of information, including scientific knowledge, early writing, and, most importantly, models of political organization." Arthur Demarest, United States anthropologist, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, 2004 Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's conclusion about the importance of exotic goods to the Maya region's economy? A Exotic goods were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. B Exotic goods were traded between the Maya city-states and neighboring states. C The exchange of exotic goods went hand in hand with the exchange of information. D The Maya region depended on the trade in exotic goods because of relatively low levels of agricultural production.

a

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. C The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. D The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.

b

Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ? A A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade. B The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. C The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India. D The Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area. E The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.

b

"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the first signs of a change in the existing pattern of long-distance trade, the [overland Silk Road route] that he had fought to control. Within a few decades after his death, the idea of a world empire ruled from Samarkand [Tamerlane's Central Asian capital] had become [a fantasy]." *a Turko-Mongolic ruler who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 1300s and early 1400s. John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, published in 2008 Which of the following most strongly contributed to the shift of power from nomadic empires to settled states that Darwin identifies in the second paragraph? A The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia B The development of new shipbuilding and navigational techniques C The spread of epidemic diseases across Eurasia, such as the Black Death D The increased recruitment of nomadic soldiers by large agricultural states

a

From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons? A To display power and legitimize their rule B To spend excess money collected in taxes C To encourage tourism and pilgrimages D To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists

a

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? A The Mongol Empire B The Russian Empire C The Byzantine Empire D The Ottoman Empire

a

Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? A It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. B It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. C It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. D It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

a

Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above? A Religious pilgrimages B Merchant activity C Imperialism D Forced migration

b

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The process of "consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm" in the making of Edward III's decree best reflects which of the following? A The emergence of the concept that parliaments, rather than kings, had ultimate political authority in European states B The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies C The legacy of Roman imperial political traditions on medieval European states D European rulers' practice of making harsh legislation more palatable by claiming it was part of God's will

b

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s? A The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices. B The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions. C The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan. D The Mongols conquered Constantinople.

b

Which of the following was a significant effect of the Polynesian migrations in the Pacific in the period from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? A The creation of an extensive trade network connecting Pacific islands to the Asian mainland B The transfer of domesticated plant and animal species to new islands in the Pacific C The development of distinctive Polynesian maritime technologies quickly adopted by Chinese and European explorers D The establishment of an ethnically unified Polynesian state spanning several island groups

b

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism The claim in the second paragraph that the king has become "free from all physical desire" can best be understood to mean that A Southeast Asian states' ruling elites were very wealthy. B in Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virtue. C Buddhist monks and nuns in Southeast Asian societies were required to maintain an ascetic lifestyle. D Hindus believed that members of each caste had different rights and responsibilities.

b

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? A The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean B The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests C The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere D The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

b

"In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes." Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200-1450 ? A African states such as Ethiopia maintained close contacts with South and East Asian states across the Indian Ocean but rarely had contacts with Europe. B Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world. C Most African states rejected traditional forms of international diplomacy, such as dynastic marriages and tribute payments. D African states needed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with Europe in order to expand their empires.

b

Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century? A Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe B Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia C The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate D African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe

b

"One of the most important aspects of the Maya economy was the exchange of exotic goods. Maya rulers and elites needed such goods to maintain and reinforce their social status and power. Many of these goods were used in the formal dress of kings, nobles, and priests. Without them, the elites could not carry out the rituals that were their principal duties in the eyes of the people. Jaguar pelts, fine textiles, feathers, and other such products were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. . . . Such items were probably exchanged as dowry, gifts at royal marriages, coronations, funerals, or at religious pilgrimages. Exotic goods were also probably given as tribute to rulers by their vassals. These high-status goods held together the Maya world and unified patterns of behavior in religion, science, and warfare. Their exchange surely went hand in hand with exchanges of information, including scientific knowledge, early writing, and, most importantly, models of political organization." Arthur Demarest, United States anthropologist, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, 2004 The author directly uses all of the following pieces of evidence to support his argument about the relationship between exotic goods and the power of Maya rulers EXCEPT that Maya rulers A used exotic goods to carry out rituals that their subjects expected them to perform B prohibited nobles and priests from wearing certain types of exotic goods reserved for rulers C used exotic goods in royal coronations D received exotic goods as tribute payments from vassals

b

"The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi'ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence." *an Arabic term designating a slave, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200-1450 primarily because of which of the following? a the conquest of the christian crusader states in the levant b the activities of sufi missionaries c the voyages of the muslim eunuch zheng he d the translation activities of muslim scholars

b

"The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi'ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence." *an Arabic term designating a slave, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate most directly led to which of the following political developments in the Islamic world in the thirteenth century? a the russian conquest of central asia b the rise of turkis states c the conversion of most of the islamic world to shi'a islam d the collaspe of trade along the silk road networks

b

Image 1 could best be used as evidence of the ways in which A the introduction of new commercial practices fostered urban expansion. B new commercial technologies helped expand literacy. C imperial states attempted to expand commercial activity. D commerce fostered cultural unity in some politically fragmented regions.

c

"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the first signs of a change in the existing pattern of long-distance trade, the [overland Silk Road route] that he had fought to control. Within a few decades after his death, the idea of a world empire ruled from Samarkand [Tamerlane's Central Asian capital] had become [a fantasy]." *a Turko-Mongolic ruler who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 1300s and early 1400s. John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin's argument in the second paragraph regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade? A The growing naval power of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean B The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean C The naval expeditions of the Ming admiral Zheng He D The development of the Atlantic system that linked Europe to the Americas and Africa

b

All of the following statements about the use of the currency shown in Image 1 in China under the Yuan dynasty are factually accurate. Which best explains why the currency often led to hyperinflation? A The Yuan government forced private citizens to surrender their gold and silver and accept paper currency in its place. B Excessive amounts of currency were printed in order to fund military expeditions and reward local elites. C The Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia also briefly modeled its monetary policy on the paper currency printed in Yuan China. D Travelers to Yuan China noted that only paper currency was accepted for business transactions.

b

Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following in Afro-Eurasia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? A Creation of diasporic merchant communities B Peasant revolts against taxation and coercive labor systems C An increase of religious tolerance D An expansion of Mongol power

b

Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? A The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia B The decline of many urban areas C A decrease in technological and scientific innovation D A decrease in military conflicts

b

The author's portrayal of the activities shown in Image 2 was most directly informed by A aristocratic resentment of peasants B Christian religious ideals C royal concern about the growing wealth of merchants D aristocratic ideals of chivalry and valor

b

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers A favored some commercial trading organizations over others B portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce C shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes D restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies

b

The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes? A Imposition of religion through military conquest B Spread of religion along trade routes C Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization D Conflict between local and universalizing religions

b

The commercial practices shown in the images emerged in order to A facilitate the development of regional trade networks by creating uniform currencies and systems of credit. B finance imperial conquests by supplying credit and currency for purchasing weapons. C facilitate a growing trade in luxury goods by providing greater access to credit and currency. D finance transnational Chinese artisan businesses across Eurasia by diversifying sources of credit and currency.

c

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree was most directly influenced by which of the following? A The notion that the Pope is the supreme leader of the Church B The medieval rules of chivalry and courtly etiquette C The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture D The slow and uncertain nature of communications in medieval Europe

c

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph of the inscription? A King Adityawarman was a bodhisattva. B King Adityawarman was a Buddhist teacher. C Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone. D Statues of Buddhist teachers were revered by rulers and common people.

c

"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500-1750 ? A Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver B Competition between European joint-stock companies C Conflicts between the Shi'a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires D Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires

c

"The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son." Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879 The ideals of traditional Japanese education that the author praises in the passage are most closely aligned with the social ideals advocated by which of the following? A Buddhism B Christianity C Confucianism D Daoism

c

The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT A the Safavid Empire B the Qing (Manchu) Empire C the Aztec (Mexica) Empire D the Ottoman Empire

c

The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments? A The collapse of papal authority B The diffusion of artistic traditions C The spread of epidemic diseases D The revival of classical architecture

c

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map? A They were under the direct political control of Oman. B They had a majority Arab population. C They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities. D They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.

c

Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following? A Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy B An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves C The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government D Continual military campaigns against European armies

c

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following? A The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean B North Africa and western Europe C East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea D The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

c

"One of the most important aspects of the Maya economy was the exchange of exotic goods. Maya rulers and elites needed such goods to maintain and reinforce their social status and power. Many of these goods were used in the formal dress of kings, nobles, and priests. Without them, the elites could not carry out the rituals that were their principal duties in the eyes of the people. Jaguar pelts, fine textiles, feathers, and other such products were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. . . . Such items were probably exchanged as dowry, gifts at royal marriages, coronations, funerals, or at religious pilgrimages. Exotic goods were also probably given as tribute to rulers by their vassals. These high-status goods held together the Maya world and unified patterns of behavior in religion, science, and warfare. Their exchange surely went hand in hand with exchanges of information, including scientific knowledge, early writing, and, most importantly, models of political organization." Arthur Demarest, United States anthropologist, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, 2004 Which of the following does the author cite most directly to support his argument in the third paragraph about the importance of exotic goods in the Maya region? A The existence of sophisticated astronomical tables B The emergence of a unified Maya kingdom based on new political models C The emergence of new systems of writing based on earlier Mesoamerican systems D The existence of unified patterns of behavior in warfare, science, and religion

d

"The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi'ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence." *an Arabic term designating a slave, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state's concept of rulership is best reflected in which of the following? a The Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state. b The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy. c The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques. d The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was theoretically the state's supreme religious and political leader.

d

"The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi'ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence." *an Arabic term designating a slave, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state's concept of rulership is best reflected in which of the following? a the abbasid state had an influential sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state b the abbasid state often allowed local ruler considerable autonomy c the abbasid state patronized the constructin of religious building duch as mosques d the abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was theorectically the state's supreme religious and political leader

d

A Mughal painting depicting a Mughal official (the kneeling figure holding a piece of paper near the center of the image) and his companions meeting a group of Hindu holy men (sadhus), circa 1635 C.E. Source 2 Ms E-14, from a Moraqqa (gouache on paper), Indian School, (17th century) / Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E. • "Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but 'the Truth' is Thy real name from time immemorial." • "We human beings are neither Hindus nor Muslims; but are bodies and soul of the Supreme Being; call Him Allah, or call Him Rama." • "Everyone is chanting: 'Rama, Rama'; but mere repetition is no remembrance of Rama. Only when the heart of man becomes saturated with God is such remembrance fruitful." • "Worthless is caste and worthless an exalted name; for all humankind there is but a single refuge in God." Source 2 indicates that all of the following were likely factors contributing to Sikhism's popularity in India EXCEPT: A It offered a set of religious beliefs that combined elements of both Hinduism and Islam. B It advocated a direct and personal approach to God that paralleled Islamic beliefs. C It appealed to members of the lower socioeconomic strata by rejecting the rigid social hierarchy of Hinduism. D It offered a set of principles around which all Indians could rally in resisting British imperial encroachment

d

All of the following statements about Du Halde are factually accurate. Which would most likely lead historians to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image? A He was the confessor to an important French noble. B He never traveled to China. C He based his observations of China on unpublished translations of Chinese texts. D He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.

d

The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? A States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. B The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. C The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

d

The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting? A The Yuan dynasty's potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan's supremacy. B The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan's rule. C The Yuan dynasty's employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan's rule. D The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

d

The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following? A Emergence of capitalist economies B Expansion of coercive labor systems C Creation of a global trade network D Cultural syncretism

d

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration? A To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam B To create diasporic merchant communities C To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate D To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

d

Which of the following factors contributed most to Manchu expansion in Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A The development of large trading companies B The adoption of Buddhist beliefs C The military alliances with western European states D The use of cannons and gunpowder

d

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century? A The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing B The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia C The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers D The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

d

Which of the following imperial expansions was most similar to those of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? A The Portuguese Empire in Brazil B The Dutch Empire in South Africa and Indonesia C The Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia D The Manchu Empire in East Asia

d

Which of the following was the most likely purpose of the portraits of the emperor? A To demonstrate the Mughal Empire's conversion to Islam B To honor the continued influence of Hellenistic art forms in India C To represent the Mughal belief in the emperor's divinity D To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks

d

Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why? A Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters B The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry C Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors D The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions E Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

e