Ap world history unit 7

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

Stalin 5 Year Plan

1) Set high goals. 2) Increace production of: A) Steel, B) Coal, C) Oil, D) Electricity. 3) Limited production of consumer goods. 4) Result: Several shortages of: A) Housing, B) Food, C) Clothing, D) Other necessary goods.

US Stock Market Crash

1929. This triggered the collapse into the Great Depression.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Cash and Carry Policy

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Woodrow Wilson

After World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.

Recession

An economic slowdown of the economy which results in rising unemployment, increased business failures, declining economic growth and higher personal bankruptcies.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Kulaks

Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin. They generally were not permitted to join the collective farms, and many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "re-education"

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Self- Determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

Vladimir Lenin

Founder of the Russian (Bolshevik) Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Nazis

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

U-Boats

German submarine, taken from the German 'Unterseeboat'

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Anschluss

Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Gandhi

Indian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India (1947). He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Blackshirts

Members of Italian fascists before WWII. It was led by Mussolini. Helped solidify Mussolini's control

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans.

Nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war. (WWI)

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Containment

(military) the act of containing something or someone. U.S stops spread of conunism

Neo-Colonialism

A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed countries are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of less developed countries and peoples.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Lend-Lease

A program under which the United States supplied U.K, USSR, China, France, and other allied nations with vast amounts of war meterial between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, Military bases in New Foundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It was abruptly stopped by the Americans immediately after V-J day.

No Man's Land

A strip of land beween the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1

Fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

Destalinization

Also called the thaw (Stalinism was like ice). Stalin died in 1953. In 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin in front of the Central Committee, saying that Stalin had built a cult of personality, and that he had been responsible for terror among everyone in the nation. New, more liberal reforms/revolts sprouted in Eastern Europe as a new desire for freedom and improved living was sparked by this de-Stalinization.

Powder Keg

Europe, called this because one spark could cause the whole continent to errupt into warfare.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

Pan-Slavism

It was a movement aimed to unite and promote independence of Slavic people. Its focus was in the Balkans where South Slavs were ruled by other territories, such as the Ottoman Empire.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Berlin Airlift

Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.

Dollar Diplomacy

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Cuban Missle Crisis

The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Appeasement

The idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost.

New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Nationalist Party

The party of Chiang Kai-shek. They ruled China from 1928 until the victory of the Communists in 1949. This party led a revolution against the emperor 1911. They also tried to establish a democracy. When they were defeated by the communists they fled to Taiwan. They still rule Taiwan today.

WWI Alliances

There was the Central Powers. They had Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. The other guys, or the Allies, were the U.K., France, Russia, the U.S., and all of the European colonies in Africa. The Allies had allies like Portugal, Italy, Greece, Rumania, Serbia, and Libya too.

Mao Zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

Amritsar Massacre

To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar, where British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests

Mustafa Kemal

Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Manchuria

With a base in Korea the Japanese moved into Manchuria and pushed out the Russians, Manchuria proved to be an invaluable foothold in China

Zimmerman Note

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

Pablo Picasso

a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes

Containment

a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Kamikaze

a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II

Conscription

a military draft

Militarism

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests

Great Depression

a severe, world wide economic crisis which lasted from the end of 1929 to the outbreak of World War II.

Stalemate

a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

Berlin Wall

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

War or Attrition

a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Armistice

agreement to stop fighting

Zeppelins

airships; used by Germans to bomb Allied cities

Battle of Britain

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Sigmund Freud

austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis

Purge

cleanse; purify; rid of undesired element or person

Xenophobic

having a fear or hatred for foreigners

Propaganda

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

Fidel Castro

led the revolution of Cuba and took control of Cuba in 1959; resented past dictators; made Cuba communist

Civil Disobediance

non-violent protests against unjust laws. some forms are boycotts, sit-ins, and marches.

Red Terror

officially began in September 1918, following attempts on the lives of several Bolshevik leaders, including Lenin. Government decrees gave the Cheka almost unlimited authority and set up forced labor camps to incarcerate those considered enemies.

Schleiffen Plan

plan by Germany to take France quickly before Russia could mobilize by violating Belgian neutrality; made Britain enter the war

Antisemitism

prejudice against Jews

Self-Sufficiency

provide everything for yourself without cooperation or trade

Détente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

Ration

restrict the consumption of a relatively scarce commodity, as during war

De-Stalinization

social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor

Collectivization

system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.

Ethnocentrism

tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups

Cuban Missile Crisis

the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. Closest to nuclear war

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Final Solution

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler. Decided at the berlin confrence

Infrastructure

the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization.

Ahimsa

the hindu idea of nonviolence

Suffrage

the legal right to vote

Domino Theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Eugenics

the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating)