AP World Multiple Choice on Unit 3

"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the first signs of a change in the existing pattern of long-distance trade, the [overland Silk Road route] that he had fought to control. Within a few decades after his death, the idea of a world empire ruled from Samarkand [Tamerlane's Central Asian capital] had become [a fantasy]." *a Turko-Mongolic ruler who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 1300s and early 1400s. John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, published in 2008 8. Which of the following developments in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin's argument in the second paragraph regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade? (A) The growing naval power of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean (B) The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean (C) The naval expeditions of the Ming admiral Zheng He (D) The development of the Atlantic system that linked Europe to the Americas and Africa

(B) The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean

20. Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the Mughal Empire's territorial expansion in South Asia? (A) The Mughals' adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons (B) The Mughals' adoption of Sikhism (C) The Mughals' friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet (D) The Mughal emperors' claims that they were directly descended from Genghis Khan

(A) The Mughals' adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons

IMAGE NOT FOUND ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. 41. The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) The collection of tribute (B) Establishment of religious uniformity (C) Abolition of feudal privileges (D) The granting of autonomy to minority groups

(A) The collection of tribute

7. Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century? (A) The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite (B) Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East (C) The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices (D) Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He

(C) The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices

49. Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above? (A) Disease diffusion (B) World climate changes (C) Westernization (D) Democratization (E) Isolation

(C) Westernization

46. Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? (A) Developing professional militaries (B) Promoting free trade (C) Adopting the religious practices of minority groups (D) Enacting reforms to decrease economic and social inequalities

(A) Developing professional militaries

34. Which of the following factors contributed most to Manchu expansion in Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? (A) The development of large trading companies (B) The adoption of Buddhist beliefs (C) The military alliances with western European states (D) The use of cannons and gunpowder

(D) The use of cannons and gunpowder

Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. 40. All of the following pieces of additional information regarding the events portrayed in Image 2 are factually accurate. Which would be most useful in evaluating the message that the image was intended to convey? (A) Emperor Aurangzeb was a strong proponent of Sunni Islam, while the rulers of Golconda were supporters of Shiism. (B) Emperor Aurangzeb overthrew his father in order to become the Mughal emperor, while the ruler of Golconda succeeded his father peacefully. (C) Emperor Aurangzeb ruled over India during a time when it was the largest agricultural and manufacturing economy in the world. (D) Emperor Aurangzeb increased taxes on all non-Muslims in his empire which contributed to unrest in his multi-religious state.

(A) Emperor Aurangzeb was a strong proponent of Sunni Islam, while the rulers of Golconda were supporters of Shiism.

"The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power." King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610 29. The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following? (A) European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority (B) The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades (C) The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia (D) The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England

(A) European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority

MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. 3. Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. (B) It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. (C) It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. (D) It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.

(A) It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew.

59. Which of the following are the states that dominated the Mediterranean trade during the sixteenth century? (A) Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empire (B) The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire (C) Spain and Portugal (D) The Hapsburg Empire and France (E) The Crusader states

(A) Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empire

50. Which of the following contributed most to the emergence of Russia as an expanding Eurasian power in the period between 1450 and 1750? (A) Its absorption of traditions and technology from the Byzantine Empire and western Europe (B) Its success in creating alliances with European powers to expel Turkish invaders from the south (C) The eradication of Islam from Central Asia (D) The fall of the kingdoms of Poland and Prussia (E) The use of its strong navy to acquire colonial holdings worldwide

(A) Its absorption of traditions and technology from the Byzantine Empire and western Europe

Source 1: "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2: "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492 26. Which of the following states in the period 1450-1750 adopted a religious policy that was most different from the religious policy expressed in Source 2 ? (A) The Mughal Empire under Akbar (B) The Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I (C) The Ottoman Empire (D) The Tokugawa Shogunate

(A) The Mughal Empire under Akbar

"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the first signs of a change in the existing pattern of long-distance trade, the [overland Silk Road route] that he had fought to control. Within a few decades after his death, the idea of a world empire ruled from Samarkand [Tamerlane's Central Asian capital] had become [a fantasy]." *a Turko-Mongolic ruler who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 1300s and early 1400s. John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, published in 2008 9. Which of the following most strongly contributed to the shift of power from nomadic empires to settled states that Darwin identifies in the second paragraph? (A) The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia (B) The development of new shipbuilding and navigational techniques (C) The spread of epidemic diseases across Eurasia, such as the Black Death (D) The increased recruitment of nomadic soldiers by large agricultural states

(A) The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia

"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa 6. The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? (A) The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. (B) The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. (C) Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China. (D) The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.

(A) The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was

61. Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above? (A) To demonstrate their wealth and power (B) To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders (C) To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies (D) To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state religion

(A) To demonstrate their wealth and power

17. From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons? (A) To display power and legitimize their rule (B) To spend excess money collected in taxes (C) To encourage tourism and pilgrimages (D) To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists

(A) To display power and legitimize their rule

WALL PAINTING FROM THE PALACE OF THE RULERS OF THE SOUTHERN INDIAN STATE OF GOLKONDA, CIRCA 1650 The painting shows celebrations of the wedding of the Muslim ruler of Golkonda and his Hindu bride. The newlyweds are surrounded by attendants of both religions. 21. The particular event depicted in the painting was likely important to Golkonda rulers mostly because it (A) could be used as a symbol of the union between the state's ruling class and the majority of its population (B) provided a source of pride for Golkonda's Muslim population by reminding them of the Muslim conquests of India (C) led to the decline of patriarchal social structures in the Indian subcontinent (D) illustrated the extent to which Golkonda elites relied on various forms of coerced labor

(A) could be used as a symbol of the union between the state's ruling class and the majority of its population

"Concerning his greatest project, the Selimiye imperial mosque, Sinan himself said this: 'Sultan Selim II [reigned 1566-1574] ordered the building of a great mosque in the city of Edirne. I, Sinan, his humble servant, prepared for him a design showing four minaret towers, each standing at one of the four corners of an enormous central prayer hall topped by a great dome. Each of the four minarets had three balconies, with separate staircases leading to each balcony. Previously only one Ottoman mosque had a minaret with three balconies, and its one minaret is like a thick tower. But the minarets I designed for Sultan Selim's mosque are slender and elegant. The difficulty of putting three staircases in such slender structures should be obvious to anyone. Those among the Christians* who consider themselves architects used to say that no building can ever be covered by a dome that is larger than that of the Christian church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. They used to claim that no Muslim architect would ever be able to build a mosque whose dome even approaches in size that of the Hagia Sophia. Yet in the Selimiye mosque, with the help of God and with the support of His Majesty the Sultan, I was able to build a dome that is about 10 feet higher and 6 feet wider than the dome of the Hagia Sophia.'" *Sinan himself was born into an Ottoman Greek Christian family, but was converted to Islam when he began training for government service as a young boy. Sai Mustafa Chelebi, Ottoman court official, biography of the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, written circa 1600 57. Based on the intended purpose of Sinan's biography, it is most likely that the information in the passage might be (A) overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque (B) understating the extent of Ottoman royal support for the building of the mosque (C) overstating Christian architects' achievements and their contributions to the building on the mosque (D) intentionally attributing the building of the mosque to Sinan even though he was not the architect

(A) overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial BrazilAnna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 30. The passage best illustrates which of the following features of colonial Latin American history? (A) Racial categories were used to divide colonial societies. (B) Christian religious practices were shared by many social groups. (C) Plantation agriculture dominated economic production. (D) Competition between European states influenced colonialism.

(B) Christian religious practices were shared by many social groups.

"It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God." An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570 48. What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above? (A) The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes. (B) Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule. (C) Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy. (D) The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.

(B) Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule.

44. Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above? (A) The states of the Middle East did not participate in the Indian Ocean trading system. (B) The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes. (C) The Delhi Sultanate relied primarily on sea routes to participate in the silk trade across Asia. (D) The Islamic states of West Africa maintained close commercial ties with eastern Europe.

(B) The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes.

11. Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? (A) The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. (B) The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. (C) The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. (D) The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.

(B) The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.

IMAGE NOT FOUND JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right). 12. Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China? (A) The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe. (B) The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe. (C) The wars of religion led many to question the role of religion in European society. (D) The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.

(B) The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe.

45. The changes depicted in Map 1 were mostly a result of which of the following? (A) The Ottoman alliance with France against rival Christian powers (B) The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons (C) The Ottoman Empire's unrivaled naval superiority in the Mediterranean (D) The power vacuum left by the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate

(B) The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire's use of gunpowder weapons

15. The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following? (A) The Mughal Empire's scientific achievements (B) The expanding power of the Mughal Empire (C) The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites (D) The Mughal Empire's control of global trade networks

(B) The expanding power of the Mughal Empire

"The Jiaqing emperor asked the governor Sun Yuting: 'Is Britain wealthy and powerful?' Sun Yuting responded, 'Britain is larger than other European countries and is, therefore, powerful. But its power comes from its wealth, which is derived from China. This country is allowed to trade at the port of Canton. It exchanges its goods for our tea. It then resells the tea to Europe and to its colonies in the West, thus becoming wealthy and powerful. Yet, tea is as important to the West as rhubarb is to Russia. If we put an embargo on tea exports, Britain will fall into poverty and its people into sickness. How powerful, then, could Britain possibly be compared to China?'" Sun Yuting, governor of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, autobiographical account of his conversation with the Jiaqing emperor of the Qing dynasty, early nineteenth century 60. The emperor's question to Sun Yuting was most likely intended to assess which of the following? (A) The degree to which religious conflicts in Europe had weakened Great Britain militarily (B) The relative risks of continuing to pursue a trade policy that forced foreign states to acknowledge China's political superiority (C) The possibility for the establishment of Chinese colonies in Asia and the Americas (D) The potential advantages of making an alliance with Great Britain to prevent further Japanese expansion in East Asia

(B) The relative risks of continuing to pursue a trade policy that forced foreign states to acknowledge China's political superiority

37. Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following? (A) Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy (B) An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves (C) The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government (D) Continual military campaigns against European armies

(C) The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government

Source 1: "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2: "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492 25. The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500-1750 ? (A) The establishment of the casta system (B) The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations (C) The use of the encomienda system (D) The development of Candomblé and Voudun among African slave populations

(B) The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations

"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 32. A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church (A) had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land (B) had become corrupted by power (C) had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism (D) had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

(B) had become corrupted by power

IMAGE NOT FOUND JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right). 13. The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 to (A) expand educational opportunities for the lower classes (B) limit trade and other contacts with foreigners (C) advocate for the peaceful settlement of existing religious conflicts (D) develop national joint-stock companies

(B) limit trade and other contacts with foreigners

5. Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.? (A) Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core states. (B) Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories. (C) Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states. (D) Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.

(C) Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states.

54. Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? (A) In both empires the majority of the people were Muslims. (B) Both empires had powerful navies that engaged European navies. (C) Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies. (D) Both empires gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.

(C) Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies.

"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 4. Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500-1750 ? (A) Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver (B) Competition between European joint-stock companies (C) Conflicts between the Shi'a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires (D) Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires

(C) Conflicts between the Shi'a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires

55. Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and the Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? (A) In each, the majority of the people were Muslims. (B) Each had a powerful navy that engaged European navies. (C) Each had developed an efficient administrative structure. (D) Each enjoyed peaceful relations with its neighboring states. (E) Each gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.

(C) Each had developed an efficient administrative structure.

Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. 38. Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the period from 1450 to 1750 ? (A) European military technology was inferior to Asian military technology. (B) Rulers served as military commanders and typically led armies into battle themselves. (C) Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires. (D) Religious divisions were not a significant source of military conflict.

(C) Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires.

22. Which of the following most likely describes the fate of the Golkonda state after 1650 ? (A) It expanded to control most of India. (B) It was conquered by the Portuguese. (C) It was conquered by the Mughal Empire. (D) It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

(C) It was conquered by the Mughal Empire

23. Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ? (A) The Ottomans' use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army (B) The Ottomans' use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops (C) The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology (D) The Ottomans' exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades

(C) The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 28. Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750? (A) Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia (B) The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world (C) The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia (D) The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire

(C) The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia

Source 1: "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2: "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492 24. The two passages best illustrate which of the following continuities in world history? (A) While some states sought to impose religious uniformity on their populations, others embraced religious syncretism. (B) While some states used religion to legitimize their power, others used military or bureaucratic means. (C) While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity. (D) While some states allowed for numerous official religions, others recognized only one official religion.

(C) While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity.

"Concerning his greatest project, the Selimiye imperial mosque, Sinan himself said this: 'Sultan Selim II [reigned 1566-1574] ordered the building of a great mosque in the city of Edirne. I, Sinan, his humble servant, prepared for him a design showing four minaret towers, each standing at one of the four corners of an enormous central prayer hall topped by a great dome. Each of the four minarets had three balconies, with separate staircases leading to each balcony. Previously only one Ottoman mosque had a minaret with three balconies, and its one minaret is like a thick tower. But the minarets I designed for Sultan Selim's mosque are slender and elegant. The difficulty of putting three staircases in such slender structures should be obvious to anyone. Those among the Christians* who consider themselves architects used to say that no building can ever be covered by a dome that is larger than that of the Christian church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. They used to claim that no Muslim architect would ever be able to build a mosque whose dome even approaches in size that of the Hagia Sophia. Yet in the Selimiye mosque, with the help of God and with the support of His Majesty the Sultan, I was able to build a dome that is about 10 feet higher and 6 feet wider than the dome of the Hagia Sophia.'" *Sinan himself was born into an Ottoman Greek Christian family, but was converted to Islam when he began training for government service as a young boy. Sai Mustafa Chelebi, Ottoman court official, biography of the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, written circa 1600 58. Sinan's service to the Ottoman state best illustrates the fact that land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 often relied on (A) appointed bureaucrats to break the power of entrenched landed aristocracies (B) mass conscription of soldiers to carry out their territorial expansion (C) methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects (D) members of the clergy to perform religious services, administer religious law, and oversee public order

(C) methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects

"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 33. A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that (A) papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany (B) the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support (C) political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community (D) the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents

(C) political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community

MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. 2. The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT (A) the Safavid Empire (B) the Qing (Manchu) Empire (C) the Aztec (Mexica) Empire (D) the Ottoman Empire

(C) the Aztec (Mexica) Empire

51. Which of the following is a similarity between the Ottoman and Chinese governments during the period 1450—1750 ? (A) The dominance of the imperial government by a landed aristocracy (B) The creation of overseas colonial holdings (C) Heavy reliance on overseas trade for government revenues (D) An extensive governmental bureaucracy

(D) An extensive governmental bureaucracy

52. Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ? (A) The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. (B) The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. (C) Christianity was prohibited in both empires. (D) Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. (E) Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.

(D) Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia.

"Concerning his greatest project, the Selimiye imperial mosque, Sinan himself said this: 'Sultan Selim II [reigned 1566-1574] ordered the building of a great mosque in the city of Edirne. I, Sinan, his humble servant, prepared for him a design showing four minaret towers, each standing at one of the four corners of an enormous central prayer hall topped by a great dome. Each of the four minarets had three balconies, with separate staircases leading to each balcony. Previously only one Ottoman mosque had a minaret with three balconies, and its one minaret is like a thick tower. But the minarets I designed for Sultan Selim's mosque are slender and elegant. The difficulty of putting three staircases in such slender structures should be obvious to anyone. Those among the Christians* who consider themselves architects used to say that no building can ever be covered by a dome that is larger than that of the Christian church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. They used to claim that no Muslim architect would ever be able to build a mosque whose dome even approaches in size that of the Hagia Sophia. Yet in the Selimiye mosque, with the help of God and with the support of His Majesty the Sultan, I was able to build a dome that is about 10 feet higher and 6 feet wider than the dome of the Hagia Sophia.'" *Sinan himself was born into an Ottoman Greek Christian family, but was converted to Islam when he began training for government service as a young boy. Sai Mustafa Chelebi, Ottoman court official, biography of the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, written circa 1600 56. Which of the following characteristics of the Ottoman Empire best explains why Sinan was determined to match the dimensions of the Hagia Sophia church, as discussed in the third paragraph? (A) The Ottoman dynasty was descended from Turkic pastoralist nomads who did not have their own tradition of monumental architecture. (B) Ottoman art often illustrated the historical and spiritual connections between Islam and other monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism. (C) By the time the Ottoman Empire began to expand, the Byzantine Empire had already been dramatically reduced in size and geopolitical importance. (D) Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.

(D) Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.

NOT T HE SAME IMAGE, BUT SIMILAR 35. The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following? (A) Emergence of capitalist economies (B) Expansion of coercive labor systems (C) Creation of a global trade network (D) Cultural syncretism

(D) Cultural syncretism

IMAGE NOT FOUND JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right). 14. All of the following statements about Du Halde are factually accurate. Which would most likely lead historians to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image? (A) He was the confessor to an important French noble. (B) He never traveled to China. (C) He based his observations of China on unpublished translations of Chinese texts. (D) He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.

(D) He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.

Source 1: A Mughal painting depicting a Mughal official (the kneeling figure holding a piece of paper near the center of the image) and his companions meeting a group of Hindu holy men (sadhus), circa 1635 C.E. Source 2: Ms E-14, from a Moraqqa (gouache on paper), Indian School, (17th century) / Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E. • "Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but 'the Truth' is Thy real name from time immemorial." • "We human beings are neither Hindus nor Muslims; but are bodies and soul of the Supreme Being; call Him Allah, or call Him Rama." • "Everyone is chanting: 'Rama, Rama'; but mere repetition is no remembrance of Rama. Only when the heart of man becomes saturated with God is such remembrance fruitful." • "Worthless is caste and worthless an exalted name; for all humankind there is but a single refuge in God." 19. Source 2 indicates that all of the following were likely factors contributing to Sikhism's popularity in India EXCEPT: (A) It offered a set of religious beliefs that combined elements of both Hinduism and Islam. (B) It advocated a direct and personal approach to God that paralleled Islamic beliefs. (C) It appealed to members of the lower socioeconomic strata by rejecting the rigid social hierarchy of Hinduism. (D) It offered a set of principles around which all Indians could rally in resisting British imperial encroachment

(D) It offered a set of principles around which all Indians could rally in resisting British imperial encroachment

IMAGE NOT FOUND Image 1: Ivory tip for a king's ceremonial scepter showing a female ancestor spirit, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 Image 2 Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 47. The object in Image 1 best illustrates which of the following continuities in world history? (A) The power of traditional elites was continuously challenged by the emerging power of new elites. (B) The power of states was based on the ability of rulers to monopolize the use of violence. (C) Artists depended on royal patronage for their livelihoods. (D) Rulers used religious imagery to legitimize their political authority.

(D) Rulers used religious imagery to legitimize their political authority.

IMAGE NOT FOUND ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. 43. The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450-1750 ? (A) Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects (B) Rulers using art to expand their territories (C) Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy (D) Rulers using art to legitimize their rule

(D) Rulers using art to legitimize their rule

MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. 1. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? (A) States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. (B) The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. (C) The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. (D) States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

(D) States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. 39. Which of the following imperial expansions was most similar to those of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? (A) The Portuguese Empire in Brazil (B) The Dutch Empire in South Africa and Indonesia (C) The Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia (D) The Manchu Empire in East Asia

(D) The Manchu Empire in East Asia

NOT AN EXACT IMAGE Map 1: Growth of the Russian Empire, 1533-1894 53. Which of the following empires in the period 1450-1750 engaged in a type of territorial expansion most similar to that depicted in Map 1? (A) The Spanish Empire (B) The Portuguese Empire (C) The British Empire (D) The Mughal Empire

(D) The Mughal Empire

"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 27. Which of the following most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars' role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire, as suggested by the passage? (A) The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India (B) The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (C) Ottoman sultans' extensive conquests in Europe (D) The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire

(D) The Ottoman Empire's rivalry with the Safavid Empire

18. Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? (A) The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies. (B) Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer. (C) Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals. (D) The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

(D) The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the first signs of a change in the existing pattern of long-distance trade, the [overland Silk Road route] that he had fought to control. Within a few decades after his death, the idea of a world empire ruled from Samarkand [Tamerlane's Central Asian capital] had become [a fantasy]." *a Turko-Mongolic ruler who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 1300s and early 1400s. John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000, published in 2008 10. Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 could best be used as evidence to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph about the establishment of Eurasian empires on "nomadic foundations"? (A) The creation of the Ottoman Empire (B) The Ming overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in China (C) The fall of the Mughal Empire (D) The establishment of the Safavid Empire

(D) The establishment of the Safavid Empire

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. 36. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting? (A) The Yuan dynasty's potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan's supremacy. (B) The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan's rule. (C) The Yuan dynasty's employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan's rule. (D) The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

(D) The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

16. Which of the following was the most likely purpose of the portraits of the emperor? (A) To demonstrate the Mughal Empire's conversion to Islam (B) To honor the continued influence of Hellenistic art forms in India (C) To represent the Mughal belief in the emperor's divinity (D) To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks

(D) To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks

"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 31. A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to (A) promote religious war against fellow Christians (B) encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence (C) demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God (D) reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

(D) reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

IMAGE NOT FOUND ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. 42. The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power (B) Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict (C) Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority (D) Attempts by imperial states to control population growth

C) Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority