AP World Period 1-6 Review

What labor adjustments did humans make in order to facilitate the Neolithic Revolution?

Increased reliance on female labor Had to produce more crops to make up for the energy used for farming

How did public literacy as well as literary and artistic forms of expression develop during this period?

Literacy increased as there were more schools to give people basic education for the work force. Literacy rates would climb at an even higher rate during industrialization as mandatory education was created.

What technological innovations are associated with the growth of agriculture?

Preservation of food surplus, created granaries and store houses Irrigation City planning Domestication/animal husbandry

How well did post-classical societies know and understand each other?

And first, the only knowledge that returned with traders was that of name and vague descriptions of the geography and people. Much mysticism evolved about the other lands. Gradually, as travel became more common, the culture and practices of other peoples became more understood. Explorers wrote books, drew maps, and retold experiences for their native people. Over time, people became more bilingual with the languages of trading partners.

What are the theories that interpret this evidence?

Anthropologists infer through analogy between modern hunter-forager societies.

How did the global nature of culture affect sports, music, fashions, and the arts?

o The increase of an international culture led to the establishment of the Olympics which brought together nations in sports competitions o The Beatles became a worldwide sensation, which led to globalization of music o Modernism, cubism, futurism and postmodernism became art movements that were accepted by global community

What pre-existing labor systems continued through the post-classical era?

Slaves had been used widely in the Roman and Greek Empire and slavery continued in the Muslim Empire. In India, the Caste system of labor classification continued.

What new technologies, governmental policies, and merchant activities accompanied these developments?

The development of the compass and plotted wind patterns gave travelers better sailing abilities and confidence to make longer routes. Ship improvements came, too. Multiple masts, larger sails, better rudders, and thicker hulls all gave the ships more sailing power and greater storage. On land, continuous animal breeding and the horseshoe made land treks faster. Governments also invested in exploratory expeditions to develop shorter routes to desired nations. China sought out other nations, and many European states searched for a shorter route to the East. They also funded trade organizations, developed trade infrastructure, and supported production activities. Politically, they established relations for trade and fought for trade routes with aggressive nations. Merchants exploded in population size and also carried with them the cultures of the world. Languages, art, technologies, and religions were all spread by the merchants in this time.

What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires?

* Empires offered incentives to natives (westernization, culture, protection) in exchange for their compliance * They occupied powerful roles in court and office (eg. China in Thailand) * They used military force to stabilize the empire * Indirect rule (eg. In Africa Britain ruled through the natives) * Adopting business imperialism provided a stable source of income (through the acquisition of raw materials/cash crops) which could be used to further government efforts to expand their empires

Which states increased their influence and control over their pre-existing colonies, and which saw their influence decrease?

* Great Britain increased its control over India * Spain lost control of its colonies in Latin America, as their colonies successfully fought for independence * Great Britain also lost control of its American colonies * China increased control over their empire (Manchuria, Taiwan, Vietnam, etc.) * Persia and the ottoman empires control weakened (Balkans, Romania)

How did imperialism affect Europe's influence around the world?

* Increases due to the greater presence of European colonies throughout the world * Spread of westernization (the West started to out produce China and Japan) * European culture (language, religion, etc.) spread

How did imperialism help, hurt, or change various states?

* Overall, African countries/nations were impaired by the intervention of imperialistic European nations oThe African population was largely decimated due to an increase in disease, plague, and violence o Natives were exploited for unfair labor practices (not necessarily slavery) and raw materials were plundered by the Europeans * The court of colonized nations began to resemble that of Europe (for example the court of Sultan of Kedah resembled European practices) oTrial by jury replaced supernatural practices * Countries in South America, the Caribbean, and Latin America became predominately Spanish/Portuguese * Countries in Southeast Asia (ex. Philippines) became predominately Christian/Catholic *American colonies experienced a boom in population growth (due to British rule), which accelerated settlement and industrialization in the region

How did imperialists justify imperialism?

* Social Darwinism *The belief that they were aiding natives through religious conversion and westernization o Believed it was "god's duty" * Promise of new wealth achieved through greater access to raw materials

How did anti-imperialism affect the Ottoman Empire's territories?

*Resistance of colonies led to the formation of independent states o Ex. Balkans, Greece, Egypt

What were the effects of nationalism on various peoples and regions?

*Nationalism started revolutions to gain independence from mother country o The Jamaica letter was an appeal to England to support Latin America in their fight for independence against Span o Anti-imperialism in the Ottoman Empire also thrived off of nationalism and helped to create new territories * Increased racism against natives

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the scale of businesses and overall economic activity?

-"Trusts" and big businesses became more prevalent -Monopolies overtook the market which made it more difficult for smaller businesses to survive -Businesses grew to a national scale -Money was concentrated with the rich

What pre-requisite conditions made these changes possible?

-Advancements in maritime technology (such as compass, ships, sails, etc.) -Discovery of the New World -Initial monetary investments in plantations/exploration -Source of labor (slaves, indentured servants) -Initiative to attain more raw materials through expansion

How and why did some governments reform their practices because of the Industrial Revolution?

-As big businesses grew there became a need to mediate between employers and workers. -Initially, the US government favored big businesses in the court. Later, however, the government was somewhat against big business and several anti-monopoly acts were passed (e.g. Sherman Anti-Trust) -The US government had to also deal with protesters (particularly those working under factory conditions). -Some governments, such as China, actively pursued industrial activities to strengthen the state (i.e., self-strengthening) by adopting western technology (which was considered to be shameful in the past). They did not, however, truly became an industrial nation as their "self-strengthening" was a reaction to the recent rise of Western dominance.

What financial institutions facilitated industrial production?

-Banks loaned money to entrepreneurs -Governments (particularly the U.S) funded industrial developments such as railroads or canals which aided in transportation of raw materials and exports

How were ethnic and religious minorities treated in various empires?

-Blacks were considered inferior in the Americas as they were slaves. This means that they were exploited as a labor force and had less rights. -Native Americans were considered to be savages by the Europeans, which led to conflicts between the two. -Cults in Mexico convulsed the Church. Missionaries attempted to convert the cults through peaceful and violent methods

What new governmental institutions emerged as a result of the 20th century conflicts?

-Global: -United Nations -League of Nations -European Union -World Trade Organization -World Health Organization -UNESCO -UNICEF -National: -USA: "The New Deal", NASA, various conservation administrations -Russia: dissolution of USSR and formation of Russia Federation

How did governments respond to the tremendous economic changes of the Industrial Revolution?

-In US, presidents/federal government did nothing to stop the overgrowth of big business -In US, the government banned slavery due to shift to industrial economy -In Japan, the government became more involved with business. -Developed more massive armies due to increase of wealth -Competition between industrial nations, which resulted in more conflicts

How did the Industrial Revolution affect social and demographic characteristics?

-In industrial nations, cities were population centers -Initially, mortality rates/instances of illnesses increased to the unsanitary conditions of factories and cities -famines and food shortages were common as food had to be brought into cities -population increased dramatically

How did Industrialization affect seemingly unrelated fields like social structures, culture, the economy?

-Industrialization solidified the positions of the upper and lower class - factory workers did not earn enough to better their social standings and factory owners became very wealthy. There were some exceptions such as successful entrepreneurs (such as Carnegie) but they were rare. -"Streets were paved with gold" - Immigrants came to America looking for opportunities to better their social status and financial standings -Women and children became important in bringing money for the family and as a labor source. -Steel and oil industries fueled the growth of the American economy.

What role did monetary and precious metals play in the Industrial Revolution?

-Iron became an essential material for steel production -Silver, gold, and copper were exported faster due to the introduction of faster transportation (steam power and railroad) -Important raw materials, so there was an increase in exports in these materials -Gold and silver became important in developing economies (to back up paper money), so they were important exports

How did rulers finance their territorial expansion?

-Joint-stock company: the costs were divided amongst shareholders -ex. Dutch East India Company -paid for by government

How did Europeans go about creating new global empires and trade networks?

-Maritime trade routes (i.e. the discovery of the easterly winds that connect the New World to Asia) -advancements in technology (i.e. better stream-lined ship design) -creation of joint-stock companies which we used to finance such explorations

How did art and culture develop to 600 CE?

-Religion (ex. Sculptures of gods...) -based on worldly needs and events (ex. Paintings of travel along the Silk Road)

How did industrialists legitimize the economic changes of the Industrial Rev?

-Social Darwinism - the big businesses deserved to survive since they were better equipped in terms of money and other investments than the smaller businesses. This also reflected their views of themselves in relation to the lower class. -"Gospel of Wealth" - God gave the rich the duty to help the poor by providing opportunities but not through charity so the poor would have to work for their own well-beings. -"Self-strengthening"- they believed that their work would develop the nation as a whole

What were the important developments in transportation during the Ind. Rev?

-Steam power/ coal - powered ships and trains reliably -Railroads/trains - enabled products/ideas to be quickly transmitted to other regions of the continent

What "fueled" (both literally and metaphorically) the Industrial Revolution?

-competition -labor, raw materials -Same as the last question

How did different societies' architectural styles develop?

-environment factors -natural resources available for building -wealth -religion

What obstacles to empire-building did empires confront, and how did they respond to these challenges?

-hostile natives- usually dealt with by force -changing climates -disease-natural selection -competing empires-attempted to find more natural resources and grow more cash crops

What combination of factors were necessary to begin the Industrial Revolution?

-labor sources from immigrants, women, and children -growth of cities (shifted from rural areas) -initial investments from entrepreneurs -new technology -reliable sources of raw materials (ex. Cotton for textiles, iron for steel) -a need for the product

How did humans relate to their deceased ancestors?

-reincarnation/nirvana: ancestors were with either among them or were in the state of nirvana -decorated tombs -passed oral traditions from generation to generation

How did factories change the nature of labor itself?

-shift from agricultural labor to industrial labor -jobs became less diversified (e.g. a laborer would always do the same task in a factory) -more women and children in the workforce -decreased sanitary/ safety conditions, frequent abuse to the workers in the workplace -sometimes unfair practices were enacted (very low wages, long hours) -usually based on a strict time schedule

How did the role of Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe develop in this new -world-wide political order?

-the Americas became the site of new colonies of the Spanish and British Empires -Asia-In the seventeenth century Chinese and Japanese citizens participated in the growing opportunities as colonists. Site of European trading empires. -Europe- Great Britain and Spanish civilizations had empires. Portugal and the Netherlands had more of a trading empire in Southeast Asia.,

What were the major notable transoceanic voyages between 1450-1750 CE?

1492: Christopher Columbus discovered the Caribbean on a Spanish funded voyage. Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa into the Indian Ocean.

What is a 'civilization,' and what are the defining characteristics of a civilization?

A civilization is a group of people that share a common leadership, culture or social structure.

What is a "state?" Who ruled the early states, and which segments of society usually supported the ruler?

A state is a group of governing bodies that come together to regulate food production and distribution. Early states were led by either military or religious leaders. Rulers were said to have connections to the spiritual world and be able to control nature.

Who did some gender roles and family structures change in the post-classical era?

Although the new state religions declared spiritual equality for women, they were not always treated equally. In Islam, women had no active role in religion or government.

What diseases and pathogens also spread via post-classical trade networks?

Among the many diseases that were spread, the most notable was the Bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death. Spread from Asia via rats along the Silk Road and coastal routes, it ravaged millions in Europe. Other, less deadly diseases spread as well. Anytime a foreign disease entered a population without thousands of years of built-up tolerance, there would be a good chance for an epidemic.

What is an "empire," and what were empires' common characteristics during the Classical Era?

An empire is a large collection of peoples across a broad geographic range that lives under a common rule. Common characteristics included long trade routes across land and coastline, levied taxes on subjected peoples, enforced religion, threats from attacking barbarians, a system of central and local governments to maintain order, and armies to defend borders and maintain peace.

What roles did cities play in their societies during the post-classical era?

Areas with high productivity who took part in trade were able to prosper and expand.

Why did some post-classical urban areas prosper and grow?

Areas with high productivity who took part in trade were able to prosper and expand.

How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions?

Art, literature, music, and culture were spread by merchants between the world's states, but they were usually not passed beyond the elite intellectuals and royalty of societies. For the most part, each state's culture continued evolving independently. Europe went through the medieval period, Gothic architecture, and Baroque music, all with little influence from Asia. In China, the Tan, Song, and Ming dynasties developed their own cultures with little help from Europe.

How did labor systems develop between 1450-1750?

As imperialism picked up speed there was a growing need for labor. Europe began to exploit what they thought of as the "inferior" races. Forced labor included natives and African Americans.

What was the relationship between imperialism and military technology?

As military technology increased imperialism as a result increased and also vice-versa. For example machine guns and rapid-firing rifles made imperialism possible.

What were the biological effects of post-classical trade?

As reproduction became prevalent across continents, through marriage, mistresses, and rape, the once-isolated gene pools became mixed. Traits were exchanged, crossed, and spread to new regions. Immunity and predisposition to certain diseases were shared across populations. One famous example is Genghis Khan, who's DNA can be found in millions of European men today.

What effects did pastoralism & agriculture have on the food supply?

At first the food supply was unreliable due to a lot of energy devoted to crop production The food supply slowly became more reliable and created surplus In certain regions of the world, food options were limited

What were the linguistic effects of migration in the post-classical era?

At first, language differences hindered the development of permanent trade relations between cultures. However, the increasing frequency of merchants gradually disseminated languages along the trade routes. Many people became bilingual or trilingual. More Africans and Asians learned the European language than vice versa. For example, Swahili emerged as a hybrid of Arabic and Bantu.

What effects did American food crops have on the diet of Afro-Eurasians?

Because Native Americans did not rely on meat as much as Afro-Eurasians, their plants were much more efficient in terms of calories. Because of this, when Europeans brought home foods such as potatoes and maize, there was a population boom as people started to take in more calories due to the increased efficiency of the crops they consumed.

Describe European merchants overall trade role c. 1450-1750.

Because many of the resources in the Indian Ocean trade network were difficult to produce or could not be found in Europe, European merchants had to pay in bullion in order to get what they wanted. This led to an outflow in cash for European governments and made the economy more unstable. Europeans, to compensate for this, tried to colonize parts of the world, as a means to produce their own resources and be able to compete with countries in the Indian Ocean and Silk Road networks.

How did social and gender identities develop pre-600 BCE?

Broadly speaking, women were inferior to men in society. This status extended to everyday freedom, hierarchical opportunity, legal rights, and property ownership. Still, there were a fair amount of expectations. In early foraging and farming groups, men and women did different tasks, but both were valued in the society for their contributions. As rulers commanded civilizations, kings' wives, advisers, and harem members could influence the decisions.

Where did the "universal" religions of Buddhism, Christianity & Islam spread?

Buddhism did not spread much after the Silk Road era. Islam continued to spread to parts of the world, but its main expansion occurred during the post Classical era. Christianity spread mostly during the Columbian exchange as European governments spread into new territories for trade and imperialism.

Describe the degree of global 'interconnection' after 1500 CE compared to before 1500.

By the year 1500, many discoveries in Europe allowed them to travel further, connecting them to the Indian Ocean trade routes as well as to the new world. This was a major increase in global 'interconnectedness,' as these regions had been previously relatively isolated.

What techniques did Classical empires create to administer their territories?

China developed the best communication lines throughout the kingdom - messages could be easily sent and received. Rome built the greatest infrastructure, consisting of roads, aqueducts, and cities. All three empires relied on violence and military threat to maintain order to some degree, Persia most notably. Standardized taxes were levied on citizens to raise revenue.

What other religious and cultural traditions were common by 600 CE?

Christianity: · Christian societies were regulated by having houses of work, study, and prayer. Hinduism: · Enforced traditions, such as the sanctity of cows and the belief that a widow should be burned on her husband's funeral pyre (sati) Muslim: · Women's rights included initiating divorce, owning property, and conducting their own business · Fasting and meditation · Once Muhammad died, a split occurred between the Islamic communities regarding the successor of his throne. The Sunni believed that any member of his tribe could take office, while the Shia believed it should by Ali or a decendant Buddhism: · Fasting and meditation · Respect towards all living creatures

What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?

Coal, iron, cotton, food (wheat or livestock for butchering purposes), labor, wood

What effect did Columbus' travels have on Europeans?

Columbus' travels led to the first lasting connection between the Americas and the Eastern World.

How did humans' reliance on the natural world influence religion?

Communities questioned the cause of natural disasters and natural phenomenon. People looked towards religion to provide the answers to these questions. In Ancient Greece, mythology was developed as a means of explaining such things as the origin of the world and seasons. These people offered meals to these gods as worship and partook in religious ceremonies and rituals involving the twelve deities. In Christianity (and other religions), rulers bent the principles of their religion for their own agendas which can include justifying wars and conquering territories. In Judaism, religion was based off of worldly needs such as prosperity and successes.

What were the social effects of the increased food supply caused by increase of agriculture?

Created class distinctions, the people with more land and therefore more food were on the higher end of the social hierarchy Increased population More leisure time Feasting increased loyalty to leadership

What forms of writing developed in ancient civilizations?

Cuneiform developed in Mesopotamia, and it consisted of lines and dashes rather than an alphabet. Egypt had its famous hieroglyphs, many of which still survive today. The Phoenician alphabet originated on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. This simplified the language down to a small set of letters and spread literacy to a somewhat larger portion of the populace. Many other independent languages or dialects of widespread ones arose as well, though much less remains given their limited usage.

How did the new global connections affect the peoples of Oceania and Polynesia?

Due to the discovery of these islands by European powers, many were subject to imperial rule. With Europeans came disease, and due to the lack of economic opportunity in the Polynesian Islands, they were not pursued with great interest. Christianity and slavery for South American plantations was also forced upon the Polynesians.

How did societies in the Americas reflect the post-1450 economic order?

Due to the insurgence of slaves and immigrants, new societies and social standings developed in the Americas according to race. Native American societies withered as European elites continued to conquer their land and exploit their natural resources. At the same time, European conquest enabled new leaders to arise in the Americas, such as powerful Native Americans.

In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization.

Due to the nomadic nature of early people, societies were beginning to limit their families by regulating who could mate with whom because large families were unsuitable for their pastoral lifestyle. As nomadic societies began fighting over land and resources, the role of men became enhanced as they not only fought over land but also over mating partners. At the same time, due to this, women were also becoming more valuable in society as more men were being sent off to war. On the whole, male domination was becoming the norm in society. It could have been due to several things including hunting and food distribution, which only males would do. This also created a type of work specialization, since women were almost forced to gather while men hunted. As societies slowly began to focus more on agriculture rather than hunting and gathering, social classes began to develop and solidify, which can be seen through the inequalities in burials during this time. Lower classes often has simple burials with very little in the way of ornamentation while the elites and higher classes had elaborate burials with jewels, carvings and other "expensive" pieces.

How did pre-existing political and economic elites react to these changes?

Due to the rise of aristocracy, power shifted from the important members of social groups to smaller family units who were wealthy and well-connected. Therefore, these important members lost their social status.

How did the earliest humans' society help them procure enough supplies to survive?

Each band of hunter-foragers had specific duties assigned to a group of people to make what they needed for survival. However, exchanges in items and ideas between these groups were common.

What architectural forms did early civilizations produce?

Early architectural forms included grain houses to distribute food and religious buildings used in ceremonies. Rulers created lavish palaces for themselves.

What "new" markets did industrialized states look for/create for their exports?

Easily exploitable natives (such as those in imperial colonies) who can monopolized by their products

What were the economic and social effects of the Atlantic trading system?

Economically, the trade system provided cheap labor and created new markets in the newly formed colonies of the New World. In Africa, the loss of population and slave trade stunted the long term economic growth of African governments. Socially, racism grew as people began to see some Africans as less than people as a means to justify enslaving them.

How did rulers make sure that their governments were well run?

Empires appointed rulers of their own descent to run the colonies. When empires felt that their power was in jeopardy of being overthrown they used violence to decimate the opponents. For example, in the Americas the local government destroyed the rebellious indentured servants in their fight for power, known as Bacon's rebellion.

What unique social and economic characteristics existed in empires?

Empires contained a wide variation in social and economic levels. In Rome, members of the senate had a higher social position than average citizens and there were varied levels of citizenship. There were also slaves. In China, classes ranged from upperclass nobles and scholars to farmers and artisans to the less respected merchants. Persian classes included kings and nobles of various regions, high class military leaders and clergy, then artisans, tradesmen, and peasants .

What social classes and occupations were common in empires?

Empires had a single ruler called an emperor. Since empires were spread over so much area, they also needed governors for each region. There was also a large number of people employed in keeping the empire going including local and military officials. Other occupations included farmers and artisans. Social class was often determined by which area of the empire you were from, especially where empires spanned multiple cultures.

How did empires attempt to administer the new widespread nature of their territories?

European powers tended to install officials in the areas that they ruled who were of European descent. For example the Spanish appointed creoles to political offices in Latin America and some parts of South America. '

What plants/animals were deliberately transferred across the Atlantic as part of the Columbian Exchange?

Europeans brought many animals from their homeland to the Americas in order to make their lives easier. Examples of animals that the Europeans deliberately brought over include: horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Animals brought to the Old World from America include turkeys, llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs.

Where did factories start, and where/how did the factory system spread?

Factories were introduced in Britain, specifically factories that specialized in textile and iron production. The factory system spread to other regions of Europe and to America. The concept of factories spread to regions that had raw materials available to them. There was also an increasing need (due to rapid population growths and increasing global trade) for certain products, so factories, places that can produce those products reliably and quickly, were necessary to meet that demand.

What external weaknesses contributed to the end of Classical Empires?

For the Romans, Germanic tribes' jealousy of their wealth led to invasions that the Romans could not fend off due to preoccupation with wars against the Persians. The Han faced steppelanders from the west were absorbed into the Han dynasty, which resulted in the weakening of the Han dynasty. Persians were taken down by a unified Greece that banded together when Persia invaded to take over trade in the region. Eventually, Alexander the Great conquered Persia.

What factors encouraged commercial growth in the post-classical era?

Governments' support for industry and the organization of production and labor all made states' economies more efficient. Stable populations and agricultural surpluses allowed people focus more on economic production rather than mere survival. Silver and gold loads that some countries found provided further capital for financing raw materials and material production.

What institutions did merchants create to foster both trade and cultural diffusion in the post-classical era?

Guilds were the primary establishments of merchants to foster trade diffusion throughout Eurasia and Africa. These groups regulated manufacturing quality, labor, prices, and government support for their members. The primary guild was the Hanseatic League of northern Europe from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries. Moreover, the banking industry flourished, particularly in Italian city states. Marking the beginning of modern capitalism, powerful families like the Medicis financed investment, exploration, and trade for merchants. Lastly, the foundation of Catholic institutions and universities with the aid of merchants facilitated the exchange of language, culture, and religion to and from their homelands.

Where did humans first appear on Earth, and what were their society, technology, and culture?

Humans first appeared on Earth during the Paleolithic Era, in the steppes and savannah of Africa, before migrating to Eurasia, the Americas, and Australia. These humans were hunter-foragers, changing their tools and culture to adapt to their surroundings.

What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans and the planet?

Humans first appeared on Earth during the Paleolithic Era. The evidence of burial grounds, as well as stone tools and other items explains this. They show a general migration path from Africa outwards. These tools show that the groups were hunter-foragers and nomadic.

What function did imperial cities perform?

Imperial cities were centers of trade and government. In cities, especially those placed on key trading routes, many merchants could come together and exchange goods. Rulers also positioned themselves in cities, where they could display their power.

Describe the gender and family structures of Classical Era empires.

In China, family structures were based on Confucianism, which was based on relationships within a family. Typically fathers were at the top of the family, their sons were second, mothers were third and the son's wives were the lowest in the family. For the most part, men dominated in the family structure in China. In China, loyalty to the family was considered to be very important. In Persia and Rome, gender played a greater role than family structure. Men performed jobs and left the home to earn wages. Women stayed home and took care of family and chores. Women married at a young age, some in their teens to men who were in their twenties.

How did social and labor systems develop during the post-classical era?

In China, the forced laborers became free peasants who provided most of the labor for the empire.

How was peasant labor affected between 1450-1750?

In regards to the end of industrialization, peasant labor shifted from farms to factories. In the Americas, indentured servants began to decrease as more slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. Also, in Europe here was a shift in the control of peasant labor. Tighter control and less freedom for the laborers emerged.

How did social and gender hierarchies develop in the post-classical era?

In the Byzantine Empire, women often held important government positions but were still considered inferior to men. In China, women were considered subordinate to their husbands and were involved in household chores and silk production. During this period, women did gain more independence. In many societies, the social order became a feudal system with lords and laboring peasants.

What new labor forms developed in the post-classical era?

In the Ottoman Empire, the use of Janissaries began, Christian children recruited to become soldiers. In Egypt, the mamluks were a class of slave soldiers.

How did trade networks in the post-Classical Era compare to the Classical Era?

In the classical era and before, trade mainly existed within the empires. Greek, Roman, Persian, and Indian states grew agricultural produce and created other material goods that were traded throughout the city states and regions of the empire. This was usually accomplished through caravans, carts, crude roads, raw manpower, and ships on seas and rivers when available. This contained the goods within cultures and prevented interactions between neighboring people. In the post-Classical Era, the Silk Road opened up to connect the East and West with a superhighway for production and cultural exchange. Moreover, new ocean and sea routes were established as technology improved and wind patterns were charted. Overall, trade networks became farther-reaching, faster, and larger.

How did the Industrial Revolution influence world trade overall?

It created new markets, demand was met by increased production, the importation of raw materials became more prevalent. New technology such as railroads and steam power lowered transit time (therefore, exportation of perishable food products became possible) Overall, global trade increased.

How did the post-1450 economic order affect the social, economic, and political elites?

It directly benefited the merchant class due to the increase in trade. The gap between the powerful elite (plantation owners) and the indentured servants and slaves increased as well as the rich became richer but the lower class did not change in economic status. 2

What pre-600 BCE religions strongly influenced later eras?

Judaism, Buddhism, Jainism, Taoism, Confucianism, Legalism, and Guardianism.

How did imperial governments let their population know that the government was "in charge?"

Many imperial governments asserted their power by claiming to have divine connections. In most empires,one common religion was enforced. While governments allowed citizens to keep their respective religion, minorities were often taxed and vulnerable to religious persecution. They also taxed citizens and their conquered territories reminding them that they were the subjects of the government.

What were the unintentional biological effects of the Columbian Exchange?

Many invasive species of plants and animals came into the New World and as a result took out many native species because in the New World they had no natural predators. Also, many diseases, which the Native Americans were not immune to, the Europeans brought over. As a result, many Native Americans died. Native Americans spread syphilis to Europeans.

What were the earliest humans' religious beliefs and practices?

Many of the earliest beliefs were in spirits, no real concept of gods. The beliefs were animistic in nature.

What new political methods were created in order to rule the larger empires in the Classical Era?

Many times, a central ruler would command from a capital city, leaving localized rulers to direct smaller regions or towns. This sometimes led to insubordination and small rebellions. Dynasties were set up to create successive lines of imperial rule, as seen in Chinese families, the Roman emperors, and Persian kings. In Rome, there was also an influential senate and imperial advisory counsel.

What were the effects of migration in the post-classical era?

Migration tended to follow the paths that merchants took. Non-trading societies followed and populated the city states that sprang up in the colonies and regions of economic interest. Communities also mirrored the major land routes and coastal routes that merchants used, as to offer stations for stopping on the long journey.

Where did those developments originate?

Most of these innovations originated in Asia but were adopted and spread by the Muslim Empire, eventually reaching Europe.

Why and where did Muslim trade networks change in the post-classical era?

Muslim trade networks embraced the emerging routes along the Silk and Sand Roads. The once isolated religious state in Arabia spread its culture, beliefs, language, and goods to Africa and Asia. Millions were converted along the trade routes to Islam, including many kings and city states in Africa. The belief system had broad but simple appeal to the many searching for religion in the vacuum after the Roman Empire and Gupta India Empire. The Muslim sailing techniques and technologies both furthered the state's expansion to new territories and made the culture popular among European's eager to use the knowledge themselves. Sufis, too, traveled along the established trade routes to disseminate the ideals of Islam through convincing rituals and dances.

What new forms of governance emerged in the post-classical era?

New empires were centered around major rising religions. Religion affected the values of the government and served as a unifying force among the people. Examples include Christianity in the Byzantine Empire, the Muslim world unified under the caliph, and Buddhism in China.

How & where did governmental diffusion occur in the post-classical era?

New governments drew on older traditions. For example, the Muslim empire followed some Persian tradition. Mongol leadership also diffused across Asia under the conquest of Genghis Khan.

How did pre-existing land-based empires and new empires during this era compare to previous era's empires?

New land empires became arenas of global trade. There was a greater connection between empires. Technology, culture, religion, art, and political ideas were easily spread and shared across great distances. There also was more diversity in animal and plant life across the globe because of the new connections made during imperialism.

What were the environmental effects of migration in the post-classical era?

New roads cut across previously unused tracts of land. Cities and housing took up grounds once left to nature. Natural resources such as mining, fishing, and quarrying depleted and relocated certain raw materials from the Earth. New focused agriculture required deforestation, irrigation, and changes in the soil's nutrient balances.

What new innovations affected agriculture in the post-classical era?

New techniques such as irrigation and forest-clearing made more land suitable for farming. In Japan, a new heavy plow allowed for increased production.

What new foods, crops, and agricultural practices diffused in the post-classical era?

New technologies like the moldboard plow, iron plow, three-field system, and irrigation all improved crop yields. Selective planting and hybridization slowly improved the caloric production and reduced the susceptibility to diseases and weather. Notable foods include grain, sugarcane, spices, citrus fruits, Asian rice, and potatoes. Many other plants and flowers were exchanged, cross-pollinated, and put on display in gardens and botanical museums.

What role did pastoral and nomadic groups play in these trade networks?

Pastoral groups, if unable to remain isolated, became organized and run by larger trade groups as a part of the empires. Their land was organized and bettering farming techniques were used to grow more food for trade purposes, beyond the normal nourishment of the village or city. Nomadic groups sometimes became merchants themselves, due to their mobile cultural and familiarity with the routes. Other times, they provided stations along routes for travelers to stop and get supplies. For example, they would station themselves at intervals along the Silk Road in Eurasia and the Sand Road in Africa.

Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution?

Pastoralism persisted in areas that could not sustain long-term agricultural pursuits, such as areas with unfavorable climates and unreliable sources of pastures, food sources, and water.

How did religions help strengthen political, economic, and cultural ties within societies?

Political: · Leaders who adopted religions were able to use certain codes of that religion to advance their personal agendas, such as justifying wars · Religion had a role in determining status in a society. A Pagan in a Christian civilization would be of lower status. Economic: · A person who adopted the civilizations main religion had economic benefits, such as not having religious taxes. People who didn't convert to the civilizations religion were discriminated against in the form of taxes · Establishing places of worship in undeveloped territory increases the chance for colonization Cultural: · A strong religion resulted in the construction of places of worship, which had architectural value, for example: the Hagia Sophia · Adopting the same religion would unite cultures, for the Roman empire and European barbarians

Why did Portugal begin longer maritime voyages ca. 1430 CE?

Portugal began exploring with long maritime voyages because they were looking for better trade routes. Portugal wanted to trade in the Indian Ocean trade network and their geographic characteristics such as a long coast line and facing out towards the Atlantic made it ideal for the Portuguese to begin longer seafaring expeditions.

How did agriculture's role change between 1450-1750?

Prior to 1492, there was minimal contact between the new world and Eurasia and Africa. Once Columbus made contact with North and South America the exchange of crops, slaves, and diseases began, known as the Columbian exchange. Agriculture became a way of exploiting underdeveloped nations. Europe used the raw materials of the America's to make themselves wealthier. Before, agriculture was primarily used as a food source for a population. Afterwards, agriculture was also used to produce commodities such as tobacco and sugar cane (meaning agriculture also became more important in global trade).

As industrial production rose, what type(s) of production declined?

Products that were made by artisans or were handmade (ex. made-by-order furniture, pottery, etc.)

How did the arts fare during this period?

They did well and continued into present times.

What role did religion play in legitimizing political rule?

Religion became a way for empires to justify their actions. These powers believed it was their duty to civilize and spread their religion to those they deemed "uncivilized". Religion was part of a greater scheme of cultural assimilation of the natives. For example, converting the Native Americans into Christians alleviated the tension between them and the British Empire, allowing for easier trade between them.

How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions?

Science and technology spread more so than art and culture. The compass, astrolabe, larger ships designs, iron smelting techniques, clocks and time, better plows, the three-field system, and many other ideas were all swapped between Europe, Asia, and Africa.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the role of science in larger society?

Scientific methods became more accepted by factory owners. New ways and techniques to better improve production started to have a scientific framework. Accepting scientific practices slowly trickled down to the lower class. It also caused a dispute between religion and reason.

What caused Classical Empires to decline, collapse, or transform into something else?

Several factors combined to lead to the fall of the Classical Empires. External forces, like the Germanic tribes and steppelanders outside of the Han dynasty, were jealous of Classical Empire wealth. This led them to invade these empires, which were weakened by being so spread out, to gain the benefits of being a Roman, Persian or Hani. Empires also declined due to moral decline, as empires grew comfortable with their lives of luxury. This created weakness that could not hold up against outside forces. The Classical Empires also deviated from their core beliefs from when they were growing. For example, Roman soldiers lost pride in fighting for Rome, and only cared about money, resulting in weaker defenses from external forces.

What are the similarities & differences between colonialism and imperialism?

Similarities: Both involve the acquisition of land, the control of another nation Differences: · Colonialism: This refers to the immigration of people to a new territory who still abide by the laws and customs of the mother country. Colonies tend to be more permanent than imperial satellite nations. · Imperialism: Focused more on monetary goals rather than permanent settlement. Primary workforce comes from natives of that territory rather than immigrants/settlers from the mother country.

How did slavery within Africa compare to the pre-1450 era?

Slavery within Africa increased to match demands of the slave trade. Cities also grew along the eastern border of Africa. These towns became hubs of the salve trade. Slavery enabled towns to grow in Africa. Slavery became a source of income for African towns.

What were the environmental and social weaknesses of Classical Empires?

Social weaknesses are the moral declines that Classical Empires went through. This includes Roman emperors that became materialistic and increased tax pressure on the poor while the rich evaded taxes. Environmental causes for the decline of the Classical Empires included the external forces that resulted from lack of inclusiveness and over extension on the part of the empires. This made the empires harder to defend and more money had to be put towards excluding outsiders. This hurt the economy and helped create even more weaknesses in the Classical Empires.

What were the environmental effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

Soil was overused. Deforestation occurred to make more land available for agriculture Overgrazing Animals became more suited to human needs due to animal husbandry

How did workers respond to the Ind. Rev., and how did their vision of society compare to industrialists'?

Some accepted their status (ex. believed in Rags to Riches) but most protested against the unfair work practices enacted by big businesses. The protests led to worker unions, the later establishment of anti-trust organizations/constitutional acts.

What technical developments made transoceanic European travel & trade possible?

Some navigation innovations included the astrolabe to determine latitude and the use of the compass to determine directions. A major development in the ships used was the triangular sail. Triangular sails allowed sailors to sail into the wind, encouraging voyages further and further from home.

How "big" were the pre-600 BCE trading regions?

Some notable trading regions included trade up and down the Nile, trade through Mesopotamia (a pivot point between Mediterranean, Egypt and the Indus Valley), and trade throughout the Mediterranean via the Phoenicians.

Why did some post-classical urban areas decline?

Some urban areas were weakened by enemy invasion or deadly plagues. Decreases in agricultural production also caused some areas to decline.

What technological and cultural exchanges did states encourage in the post-classical era?

States exchanged knowledge of mathematics and inventions like paper for writing. They also exchanged religious ideas.

What new technologies enabled the growth of inter-regional trade networks?

Technologies like the compass, sextant, knowledge of winds, better cartography, larger and sturdier ships, multiple masts, and cartography all aided travelers and merchants at sea. Better plows and better agricultural understanding such as the three-field system increased food production and thus populations. Lastly, continuously improving production capabilities in pottery, jewels, clothing, and paper all gave a greater desire to trade.

How did textile and porcelain production develop in the post-classical era?

Textiles were a main product of India and silk and porcelain were important exports in China. Production was high during this period for prosperous Indian Ocean trade. In China, production entered a pre-industrial era, with porcelain, silk, and steel overseen by the state.

How did the Atlantic slave trade affect both African societies and the economy of the Americas?

The Americas benefited from the slave trade because the increase in labor allowed for an increase in productivity. This also helped the economies of European nations because they reaped the benefits of the American colonies.

What foods were transferred to new geographic regions as part of the Columbian Exchange, and what were labor systems made this transfer possible?

The Americas gave potatoes, beans, squash and maize to Europeans. Europeans brought wheat, rice, bananas, and grapes. Coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became cash crops in the newly colonized Latin America.

How did state formations develop in the post-classical era?

The Byzantine Empire developed out of the remains of the Roman Empire, maintaining the legacy associated with Rome but with a changing culture, including the adoption of Christianity, and shifting from Latin to Greek. The Muslim world was united under the Caliph.

How and why did crops migrate during the post-classical era?

The Chinese began to use Vietnamese rice because it was easier to cultivate.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect religion(s)?

The Columbian exchange helped make Christianity a more global religion. Because Europe forcibly spread Christianity to North and South America, Christianity was able to box out Islam and other religions in the New World.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect the spread of religions?

The Europeans came to America with three intentions, gold, God and glory. The Europeans spread Christianity to Native Americans and did not adapt Native American beliefs. The Columbian Exchange's main effect on the spread of religion was that it brought Christianity to the New World.

How did the global trade network after 1500 CE affect the pre-existing regional trade networks? (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, trans-Saharan, Silk Routes)

The European presence in the Indian Ocean trade did not greatly influ ence the other participants. There was very little European involvement compared to the existing trade and the Europeans did not provide any new or valuable products to the trade system.

How did states in the Americas develop in the post-classical era?

The Mayans had a system based on monumental building, wars, and ritual blood-letting. Many city-states existed. The Incas and Aztecs developed long-distance trading networks.

How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human societies economically & socially?

The Neolithic Revolution began the era of permanent societies. · Due to the closed nature of society, the demographic of farmers was less diverse than of the demographic of herders as they mostly mated within their population · Gender roles became more prevalent · The reliance on the limited amount of land they had gave way to political organization · Less variety in terms of food which affected the overall health of the farming society's citizens · Political organization caused social organization which was divided by amount of property and power.

What were the most influential of the Classical Era empires?

The Roman, Persian, and Chinese empires were the most influential. Other smaller empires included the Gupta empire of India and the Mayan empire of South America.

What labor systems provided the workers for Classical Empires?

The Romans provided workers by enslaving the people they conquered. Although it was outlawed by Cyrus the Great in Persia, it was still present there as a source of labor. The Han dynasty also utilized slavery as a source of labor.

What role did silver play in facilitating a truly global scale of trade?

The Spanish found silver in Argentina as a result of their exploration. The Chinese used silver to facilitate trade in their economy as it was part of their currency. Because Spain had so much silver, and China had products to offer Spain in exchange, trade in some capacity occurred through a global network. Therefore, as Spain found and sold silver all the way through to China, silver facilitated a global network.

What new mercantilist financial means developed to facilitate global trade?

The advent of stock companies made it possible for smaller investors to provide more capital for less risk. This led to more money being transferred and as a result facilitated global trade.

What new financial and monetary means made new scale(s) of trade possible?

The creation of stock companies made it less risky to invest in exploration and colonization for rich people. With less risk, more people were likely to invest and as a result exploration grew at a much faster rate. This meant more resources for Europeans; who could now trade at a much greater scale.

Describe earliest humans' technology & tools.

The humans used fire as a main tool everywhere, from hunting and foraging, as well as for defense and warmth. The earlier human's used a variety of stone weapons for their specific environments and food they hunted.

How did trans-Eurasian trade as a whole develop during the post-Classical era?

The main axial roads ran from the Northwest in Germany and Britain to the Southeast and the Mediterranean Sea, where it connect to Africa below, the Silk Road to the East, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Smaller roads branched off in all directions. State royalty funded the establishment of these networks. Guilds were formed between among merchants for their own self-interests in protection, communication, and support. For example, the Hanseatic League formed in Northern Europe between many states and cities.

What were the overall effects of this change in global interconnectedness?

The main effect was the connection between Europe and Asia and between the existing world and the Americas. These connections allowed for trade, exchanges of ideas, and the formation of colonies.

How did post-classical states avoid the mistakes of classical empires in the regions where classical empires collapsed?

The main goal of post-classical states was to reestablish the strong central control that classical empires had lost through nomadic invasions.

How did the number & size of Classical empires compare to the Ancient Era?

The most influential Classical empires were fewer in number than those of the Ancient Era. The states in nearby areas gradually consolidated, by their own choice or by force, to form these large empires. Thus, the Classical empires were also much greater in size. The populations could easily reach tens of millions, compared to a few hundred thousand in smaller states. The empires also stretched across huge tracts of land while civilizations such as the River Valley civilization were constrained to areas surrounding rivers and riverbanks. Rome went across Europe to the Middle East. China spanned most of present day China.

What new social and cultural ideologies developed, and what were the consequences and reactions to these ideologies?

The rise of the superpowers saw that many raw resources were concentrated in the hands of the very powerful nations

How did the physical size of post-Classical trade networks compare to the previous era?

The routes became wider and longer. More travelers passed through than before, and the sea routes and roads spread to farther-reaching areas of the world.

What were the long-term demographic, social, political, and economic effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

The societies that were founded in the Neolithic Revolution were the foundation of the River Valley civilizations

What Classical era trade networks continued during the post-classical era, and which new cities were added during the post-Classical era?

The sea routes across the Mediterranean Sea continued to an even greater extent, along with others around European coasts. Land routes within empires were maintained as well. The most notable new routes that emerged were the trip around the tip of Africa, land routes across the Sahara to West Africa, the Silk Road, routes across the Indian Ocean and along the coast, and an emerging route West across the Pacific Ocean. New cities that were formally established include Hanoi, Kyoto, Manila, Marrakesh, Cape Town, Timbuktu, Baghdad, Sofala, Kilwa, and many colonized cities in the Americas.

What was the "2nd Industrial Revolution?"

The second industrial revolution (which occurred during the late 19th century) was based around the many scientific innovations that occurred during the time (Bessemer steel, electricity, internal combustion engine, new chemicals). The rapid increase in demand for these types of products caused the need for new methods of fast production - such as mass production and the assembly line. These changes occurred mostly in the United States and continental Europe.

How did trade networks as a whole develop in the post-classical era?

The trade networks linked centers of major economic growth and resource production. This included East China, South China, India, North Russia, the Middle East, Mali, and various European States. Smaller roads branched off from the main Silk Road and Sand Road. Sea routes also achieved these paths of trade along the coasts of Eurasia and Africa. Longer and less busy sea routes connected Europe to the Americas and other islands.

What various crops & animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution?

The trinity: maize, beans, and squash Rye, wheat, barley Potato Teff Rice Quinoa Various marine animals, snails Sheep, goats, yaks, llamas

Why did the Neolithic Revolution start ?

There are many theories regarding the origin of Neolithic societies. •need for a long-term reliable source of food to nourish a rapidly growing society •rose because people experimented with plants out of their own free time •the need for political and social organization •by accident

How did labor systems develop in the colonial Americas?

There was a need for labor force in the New World to work the tobacco and sugar cane plantations. Initially, indentured servants were sent to the New World. These servants were promised a head right of 50 acres after 7 years of service. Indentured servants became more risky because they were prone to rebellion. As a greater need for labor arose, slaves also were forced to migrate from Africa to the New World.

How were gender and family structures affected to these changes?

There was an increase in women rulers during the 16th century, For example Mary Queen of Scots of Catherine de'Medici, Regent of France. These women were often more respected s rulers during these times; however, women were still seen as their husbands property. Since aristocracy became increasingly favored by society, the family unit became more prevalent.

How did settlers' action affect the Americas environmentally?

There were many things that settlers did that forced Native Americans to change their lifestyles. One example of how settlers changed the environment is that they began to work the land more vigorously than the Native Americans. This resulted in less ecological stability and erosion of land. Europeans also brought many diseases which the Native Americans were not immune to, and as a result wiped out large amounts of the population. Settlers also forced the Native Americans in land, and as a result they became more reliant on a nomadic lifestyle in which they hunted bison.

How did the people of various empires react to their government's methods?

These people either accepted the new rulers and complied with new leadership or they resisted the new rule. Some colonies attempted to remain neutral as well.

How did civilizations develop and grow more complex before 600 BCE?

They did this by obtaining a food surplus. This would allow for specialization, which means there are people in society that are not involved in agriculture. Now it was possible to have soldiers, politicians, priests and artisans, and as a result, have a more complex society.

How did political rulers legitimize and consolidate their rule?

They appointed officials that were of their own descent, hired translators in order to negotiate with the locals, and attempted to assimilate the locals into their culture and religion.

Where did the earliest civilizations develop, and why did they develop in those locations?

They developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, modern day Pakistan, and China. These civilizations were all located near rivers that flooded regularly. This allowed for feasible farming where people did not have to work as much for food, and they could settle down and lead sedentary lives.

Why were some early states able to expand and conquering neighboring states?

They had environment that were stable enough to support a food surplus. This allowed them to specialize and make an army. This allowed them to conquer other states. Other early empire used trade and industry to expand into other areas, but this was not conquering other societies as much as it was taking them in.

What originally motivated Europeans to travel across the northern Atlantic?

They were looking for a faster way to access the Indian Ocean trade network.

What was the relationship between literature and culture?

Though literature was usually limited to a small, elite portion of the populace, it serves as a guide when understanding ancient cultures. The stories and epics combine mythical exaggerations of the people's environment, religious beliefs and fears, and values of the society. Literature was no doubt a symbol of high culture and education in the ancient civilizations.

What role did trade play in creating and maintaining empires?

Trade enabled states to gather wealth and increase in size and influence. States that produced high demand products like silk could trade them and become wealthy. Empires like Persia which controlled major trade routes could also profit by taxing goods that passed through their territory. Amassing money was important for empires to stay in control. Wealth was needed to build armies.

What previously established scale(s) of trade continued?

Trade throughout the Indian Ocean trade network continued as a high rate throughout the age of exploration.

What were the overall worldwide economic trends in the post-classical era?

Trade was increasing and expanding during the post-classical era, influenced by increasing productivity and interconnectedness.

How did religions promote a sense of unity?

When outside lands, or barbarians, were brought into a civilization the adoption of the main religion unified the people. Also, when leaders adopted a single religion a set of codes, which was based on religious principles, was enforced on the people. Religion's overall effect on a civilization's political, cultural and economic aspects strengthened the civilization's sense of unity.

How did pastoral societies resemble or differ from early agricultural societies?

Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution? Differences: •Pastoral societies were smaller and more mobile than early agricultural societies •Pastoralism focused more on hunting and gathering, while early agricultural societies depended more on the same soil... •Pastoral societies adapted far better to their environment as they could move Similarities: •Both developed animal husbandry

Where did Zheng He and the Chinese Treasure Fleets travel?

Zheng He's fleets travelled throughout the entire Indian Ocean trade network. The fleet went as far as the Arabian Peninsula, Africa, India and Southeast Asia. Some historians theorize that Zheng He may have even travelled across the Pacific Ocean to parts of America, but this has not been proven.

What are the characteristics and core teachings of Hinduism(s)?

· Believed in a caste system, which states that people's place in society is predetermined and unmovable · Brahmans, or priests of the highest caste, were considered to garner the most respect · Enforced traditions, such as the sanctity of cows and the belief that a widow should be burned on her husbands funeral pyre (sati)

What are the characteristics and core teachings of Christianity?

· Divine love · Importance of faith · Important figure = Jesus · Christianity is monotheistic · God is all-knowing · All people are sinners, which separates us from God

What are the characteristics and core teachings of Buddhism?

· Humans are inherently evil, through meditation, prayer, and unselfish behavior they can reach nirvana (true happiness) o Nirvana: ultimate extinction of all sense of self in a mystical state o If nirvana is not achieved, the soul is reborn (reincarnation) o A persons reincarnation is based upon their past actions. For example a person who is evil would be born as a lesser being, a person who is good would be born with higher status in society · Two offshoots of Buddhism: o Theravada Buddhism: Buddhism influenced by Indian moral disciplines where the soul can advance to nirvana through tiny increments, which can transcend lifetimes o Mahayana Buddhism: Buddhism influenced by Chinese principles, where the soul could reach nirvana in one single lifetime

What are the characteristics and core teachings of Confucianism?

· Man is born good. · World is morally neutral - i.e. the world does not decide on the consequences of man's actions. · Human nature is inherently good, therefore people should have political rights, such as the right to protest -however, Confucians still advocate a single ruler

What literary works influenced later eras?

· Marcus Aurelius - Meditations: Influenced Stoic philosophy · Ban Gu - Book of Han: History of China during 206 BC to 25 AD · Books of the New Testament

How and where did Christianity spread by 600 CE?

· Rulers, such as Charlemagne, converted the conquered peoples · Christianity trickled down from rulers to civilians · Christianity was spread along the silk road through the use of monasteries; however, compared to Buddhism, it was less successful · Roman Empire (especially the Holy Roman Empire), Ethiopia, Armenia, Kiev, the Franks

What are the characteristics and core teachings of Judaism?

· Secular religion that focused on worldly benefits, such as prosperity, material goods and successes. · Through a covenant with God, followers of Judaism who abided by "the Law", were promised deliverance · There were two different types of Jews: the original Jews, who believed in the promise of deliverance from God known as a covenant, and Jesus's followers, who believe that God's grace is not guaranteed and is based on God's will.

How and where did Buddhism spread by 600 CE?

· Silk Road activity (ex. Traders and missionaries) · Buddhist rulers, such as Asoka, through conquests of other civilizations, forcibly converted conquered peoples to Buddhism · Buddhism trickled down from higher levels of societies, for example Empress Wu used Buddhist clergy to gain popularity, which caused her people to convert to Buddhism · Buddhism spread to areas along the Silk Road, i.e. China, India, Tibet, Middle East, Turkey · Buddhism also spread through naval trade routes in places such as Korea, Malaysia and Japan

What are the characteristics and core teachings of Daoism?

· Similar to Buddhism in the belief of detachment from the world in order to reach immortality · Human ritual has the ability to change nature. If one can control it, there is power to be had in nature, however if one does not know enough, there can be detrimental effects · Led to the beginning of scientific methods such as observation, experimentation, description and classification · Daoist rulers should enforce morals and virtues upon his/her people

What are the main characteristics of Greco-Roman philosophy and science?

· Used logic and objective questioning to solve problems, as opposed to the use of gods and religion · The scientific method developed from Greco-Roman philosophy as a way to investigate the workings of nature · Attempted to view the universe as parts of a whole; philosophers developed the concept of atoms as building blocks of matter

How did religions affect gender roles in their respective societies?

· Women became the teachers of religion inside the home · In Buddhist cultures, nunneries were used as places of education for women as well as nurseries · In Islamic cultures, men practiced polygamy, and women's rights were often limited.

Where did the Neolithic Revolution first transform human populations?

•Asia - east of the Zagros Mountains, Middle East regions. Click here for information on Indus Valley Civilization •Americas - high Andes to Amazon River Basin •Africa - Egypt, the Nile River Valley. Click here for information on Nile River Valley civilization. •Pacific Islands - New Guinea •Europe - Northern Europe

What new social and cultural ideologies developed, and what were the consequences and reactions to these ideologies?

• Radical government ideologies: Communism, Nazism, Fascism, Anarchism oFear of these nations that support those ideologies o The United States attempt to spread democracy in an effort to stop the spread of communism • Human rights o Establishment of international organizations that promoted human rights • Accepting more scientific practices o Greater focus on education in schools o Ex. Greater understanding of genetics/DNA, human subconscious, quantum physics, linguistics, etc. • Counterculture o Increased number of protests (especially from college students) due to increased awareness of global/national issues o "Hippie" culture

How did communities of faith respond to the rapid changes in the 20th century?

• The increase in scientific practices and Darwin's Origin of Species and theories of evolution caused conflict between science and religion • The factuality of religion was put into question • In wake of the poor social conditions, some turned to faith o Gandhi led movements to achieve peace and freedom from the British hold on the Indian colony

What made these new institutions possible?

• Various conflicts: World War I and II, Cold War • Global warming • New communication technology • Willingness to cooperate

How did new international organizations affect the relationship of states and peoples around the world?

•European Union: United the countries of Europe and unified them under one currency •United Nations: Allowed for intervention of one country in to another country's affairs in an attempt to help the people who may be suffering under a country's rule •Globalization: economies as well as culture

What were the economic effects of new international organizations? Humanitarian effects?

•Promoted more trade relations between nations •Establishment of one single currency in the European Union •UNESCO helped to create global goals of erasing poverty and increasing communication across the globe •UNICEF distributed vaccines to underdeveloped African nations

How did international trade and commerce develop in the 20th century?

•The collapse of many European states after World War II called for the establishment of a united Europe, which was accomplished by the European Union. •After World War II, there was an era of superpowers, nations such as US, China, and the Soviet Union, that dominated global trade.

How did these economic developments affect the distribution of world resources?

•The rise of the superpowers saw that many raw resources were concentrated in the hands of the very powerful nations

What role did they play in the world during the 20th century?

•They enabled the world to establish standards (ie. Weapon control, limits on dangerous emissions from the Kyoto Protocol) •Attempted to settle conflicts through peaceful negotiation •Technology race