AP World Vocab.

Ban Zhao

-historian and author of Lesson for Women -counseled women to serve men and advocated for education for girl to begin at age 7

ideology/transnational ideologies

-ideas/ideals -capitalism, socialism, communism

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

bronze

because of the advancements in metallurgy and tools.

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

"second wave" feminists

demanded full equality of social and economic rights

Mahayana Buddhism

"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. -teachings of new interpreters of Buddhism -"Greater Vehicle" -said Buddhists can transfer merit from one person to another

Ahmed Sukarno

(1901-1970) Leader in the struggle for Indonesian independence from the Netherlands, achieved in 1949. Indonesian military leaders, backed by the United States, thought Sukarno incapable of battling communism and removed him from power.

Six-day war

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.

Rwanda

(1995) African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi population, carried out by Hutus.

kyoto protocol

(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

Sui Dynasty

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north. -reunited china -introduced important additions to Qin/Han blueprint for empire that stayed integral to Chinese governance

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. -most powerful empire in east Asia -model for all rulers -drew on earlier Qin/Han blueprint and added other elements, like the state supporting Buddhism -represented political and cultural high point in chinese history -tang emperors combined elements of Qin/Han blueprint for empire with new measure to create a model for governance that spread to tibet, Korea, and Japan

Muhammad Ali

-Egyptian ruler -attempted to modernize his country's economy by promoting cotton cultivation and textile manufacturing and by sending young Egyptians to school in france

Mary Wollstonecraft

-English author and reformer -advocated equality of rights for women

Sir Francis Bacon

-English politician, essayist, and philosopher -argued for inductive reasoning, working from observation of natural phenomena to larger truths

Enlightenment (21)

-European philosophical movement -late 17th ad 18th century -stressed use of reason and not authority of ancient philosophers or religious leaders for descriptions of society and natural world -had greatest impact on middle class

Francisco Franco

-Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini -spanish civil war

Ottoman Empire (27)

-Feared Russia and Britain, later allied with Germany -Collapsed in the Middle East

Charles de Gaulle

-French general and statesman -led free French army in resistance to German occupation -later became president of France

Rene Decartes

-French scientist mathmatician and philosopher -developed deductive meaning of reasoning, moving from general principles to particular facts

India (29)

-Gandhi's peace movements continued - refused to support Britain's war effort

Arawak

-General name for a family of languages spoken in the 1500s over a large region spanning from modern Venezuela to Florida -Also refers to speakers of these languages

Kaiser Wilhelm

-German emperor -his foreign policy and military buildup changed balance of European power -laid foundations of Triple Alliance and Triple Entente -wanted more aggressive foreign policy -his naval buildup caused Britain to make commitments which led to a split Europe

Catherine the Great

-German princess who married into the Romanov family and became empress of Russia -brought Western European cultural and intellectual influences to the Russian elite -her troops crushed major peasant uprising (serfs)

siege/ battle of Leningrad

-German siege of the soviet city of Leningrad that left the city without food or fuel resulting in over a million deaths

Martin Luther

-German theologian -in 1517 launched protestant reformation in reaction to corruption in Catholic Church -his followers rejected priestly hierarchy of catholicism -emphasized believers should look for the truth in the Bible -argued that salvation couldn't be bought

Triple Alliance

-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later switches) -formed by series of treaties

ahimsa

-Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life -practiced by Mohandas Gandhi

Germany (29)

-Hitler and Nazis -part of axis powers along with Italy and Japan -Siege of Leningrad where Germans sieged soviet city -lost momentum in battle of Leningrad when they were stopped by soviets -ended up surrendering

Imperial metropoles

-Home country, a base for imperialism - countries using things or immigrating to places that colonized them

quipu

-Inca system of record keeping that used knots on string to record the population -no one understands them so no one knows the population of whatever they were measuring

sepoys

-Indian soldiers europeans employed and trained

Japan (28)

-Invasion of Manchuria- invaded northeastern china which allowed for its further militarization -launched several attacks on nationalist china, rape on Nanjing

umma

-Islamic believers that submitted to God and accepted Muhammad as his messenger

Giuseppe Garibaldi

-Italian nationalist revolutionary -unified italy in 1860 by conquering sicily and naples -advocated italian republic, new country became constitutional monarchy

Rape of Nanjing

-Japanese slaughtered Chinese civilians with gang rape and mutilation of children to spread terror

Tupac Amaru II

-Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera -descendent of last Inca ruler -led large scale rebellion in the andes against Spanish rule -was defeated and executed

Louis XVI

-King of France -inability to inadequately reform the French fiscal system, led to French Revolution -showed reluctance to rule as a constitutional monarch, was arrested and beheaded by republican revolutionaries

caudillo

-Latin American military men -gained power through violence during and after early 19th century

Mustafa 'Ataturk' Kemal

-Leader of Turkish nationalists who overthrew the last Ottoman sultan -fought for integrity of their homeland -forced halide edib into exile -died in 1939

Mohandas/Mahatma Gandhi

-Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. -turned Indian national congress into national voice of India

May 4th Movement

-May 4, 1919 -Chinese University students demonstrated in Tiananmen Square in Beijing -appealed to government to restore Chinese dignity in face of Japanese aggression -led to strikes, mass meetings, boycott on Japanese goods

paper money

-Money that could be used instead of bronze coins; issued around 1000 by the Song dynasty, the first government in world history to do so -contributed to economic growth of cultural revolution

shamans

-Mongol religious specialists who contacted deities by burning bones and interpreting the cracks to determine the gods' wills

Ali

-Muhammad's cousin -Muhammad raised him since childhood -one of his earliest followers

Ali (17)

-Muhammad's son in law -his son's name is hussein -was killed

Khadija

-Muhammad's wife -one of Muhammad's earliest followers

Muhammad

-Muslims believed he was the last prophet to receive God's revelations directly from the angel Gabriel. The 1st leader of the Muslim Community

Declaration of the Rights of Man

-National Assembly -men are equal in rights, have unalienable rights, can run for government positions, and everyone will be equally taxed -freedom of thought and religion, payments to Catholic Church were removed

Maori (21)

-New Zealand -had family connection with Tahitians

Song Dynasty (12)

-Next significant Dynasty after the Tang. They overcame all the rivals but one, the nomadic Liao Dynasty in Manchuria. -They payed tribute to the Liao to keep them from raiding Chinese borders. -They had little military strength because the military commanders were under the leadership of the Confucian Scholars. -They initiated significant economic growth through paper making and gunpowder, although they were losing territory and power during this culturally rich time -ruled a united china from northern capital of Kaifeng from 960-1126 and only southern half of empire from 1127-1276 -kept old political structure -had 6 ministries that reported to officer of the emperor

Jurchen (Jin)

-Nomads in northern China who conquered parts of northern China and ruled their own empire -followed collapse of Tang Dynasty -formed alliance with song -forest-dwelling fishing people based in Manchuria that were skilled horsemen -had their own language -founded jin dynasty and defeated songs

armistice

-November 11, 1918 -Germany agreed to it and ended the war

westernization/modernization

-Other parts of the world adopting western culture or technology or using western style in their country

Silk Routes

-Overland routes through Central Asia connecting China and India, as well as the sea routes around Southeast Asia, along which were transmitted teachings, technologies, and languages -used by merchants, pilgrims, soldiers, and refugees fleeing from dangerous areas

Dahomey

-african kingdom in present day southern Benin -reached height of influence in 18th century -leaders sought regional power by voiding for slaves in other kingdoms and selling them for firearms and European goods

Spain/Spanish (Peru, Mexico)

-after defeating Aztecs and incas, they set up highly centralized government that relied on close cooperation between crown and church -strict hierarchy: officials from Spain and locally born spaniards on top, people of mixed descent in the middle, Indian and African slaves at the bottom -was most powerful European colonial venture in the americas in early 1600s and was a rising maritime force

Mexico (25)

-after gaining independence from spain, government fell into hands of ineffective soldier-politicians -texas was problematic -abolished slavery and made importation of slaves illegal

1st Chinese Revolution

-after the boxer rebellion china was in need of new government -chinese communist party

Columbian Exchange

-all the plants, animals, goods, and diseases that crossed the Atlantic, and sometimes the pacific after 1492 -brought smallpox and syphillus to americas

kana

-alphabet developed in 9th century that allowed Japanese to write pronunciation of words in Japanese

criollos/creoles

-american born spaniards

creoles/criolles (18)

-american born spaniards -became a social and economic elite by seizing amerindian land and exploiting amerindian labor

Tibetan Empire

-among the first to adopt tang model of governance -lies within people's republic of china -located between kunlun mountains and Himalayan mountains -took advantage of tang weakness and briefly invaded chang'an capital -demonstrates utility of sui/tang model of governance for people in early stages of state formation

Amritsar Massacre

-an incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians -increased India want of independence and anti-colonial nationalism

quechua

-an indigenous American language -most prolific, still spoken by people in Andean mountains -was banned by Spanish in colonial times but survived and is now official language of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru

epitaph

-an inscription on a tombstone or burial place -biographies placed on their tombs

League of Nations

-an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations -wilsons plan for the allies -assembly of sovereign states intended to provide diplomatic forum in hopes to avoid future conflict

Sufis

-an islamic mystic who taught that the individual could experience God directly without the intercession of others -believed to have divine grace

Muslim League

-an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Chavin (Andean South America)

-andean complex society -in modern day peru -best known for its temples and large stone sculptures of animals -north of caral

Inca Empire

-andean empire founded in 1438 by Pachakuti -ruled over peak population of 10-12 million -integrated their cultures with the places they conquered, worshipped deities, didnt have orderly system of succession

manila galleons

-annual shipment of silver from Mexico with additional supplies flowing eastward from Europe through the mediterranean -flow of silver between americas and Asia laid foundation of global economy connecting Atlantic and pacific economies with the Indian Ocean

Hungary (30)

-anticommunist -Hungarian Uprising led to Soviet Invasion

Christopher Columbus

-approached Spanish and Portuguese monarchs for funds for a voyage to the Indes by sailing west from canary island -received 2 titles: admiral of the ocean sea and viceroy -discovered America by accident

Sunni

-argue that Prophet's successors, or caliphs, should be chosen freely from Muhammad's close companions

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

-argued the only legitimate state expressed the general will of the people -envisioned form of direct democracy practiced by enlightened citizens -rejected checks on government power

Mexican Revolution

-armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform -moderates vs. radicals -stability only reached 20 years later

stratified

-arranged in layers -hierarchy

Indo-Europeans

-arrived in modern-day Iran around 1000 BCE -largely nomads -didn't plant crops but moved their sheets and camels to different pastures seeking fresh grass

Haitian Revolution

-at first the central issue was between whites that dominated the plantation economy and mixed race men and women -moved through several stages -made opening for slave uprising

genocide

-attempt to destroy entire people and their culture

equal-field system

-basis of Tang Dynasty tax system as prescribed in the tang code -divided households into nine ranks on basis of wealth -officials allocated each householder a certain amount of land

indentured laborers/servitude

-bc landowners couldnt keep former slaves as poorly paid workers -in caribbean, cames mostly from british india -in cuba, more than 100000 chinese workers came to supplement slave labor

France (23)

-became a republic where people were sovereign -second empire was period of stability, prosperity, government investment in infrastructure and support for industry, and expanding french power

Russia Empire

-became major European power -dominated Baltic Sea region after Peter the great's army defeated the Swedes -has extensive amount of power around the world

Atahualpa

-became ruler by defeating his older half-brother -intially received the Spanish peacefully, but then spaniards unexpectantly attacked

guillotine

-became symbol of the French Revolution -the condemned had their heads removed by quick fall of a sharp, heavy blade

desaparecidos

-because thousands of students were killed and soldiers took control -"disappeared ones"

Third Estate

-before the French Revolution, order of French society that included common people, most delegates were middle-class professionals -inspired by American Revolution and demanded fundamental reforms like creating a legislative body

Persian Gulf War

-began after US bombing of Baghdad and an international coalition led by US expelled Iraqi forces from kuwait -coalition evacuated iraq and Saddam hussien remained in power

Christianity

-began as faith professed by small group of jews in judea -spread through mediterranean

(American) Civil War

-began because 11 states seceded from the union and formed the confederate states of america -technological changes made modern warfare more deadly -north had superior resources and confederate had less useful resources

English Civil War

-began when Charles I arrested parliamentary leader for treason, then fled

World War I

-began with murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand -began in Europe spread through world because of alliance and colonies -ended with blame on Germany -officially ended with treaty of versailles

Belgian Congo/Zaire

-belgian gov made tightly centralized colonial administration -Congo got caught up in nationalist excitement, so Belgians made hasty plans for independence -did not want a weak Congolese gov to be susceptible for neocolonial control

King Leopold II

-belgium -ignited the "scramble for africa" -claimed the large area of central africa he called the congo free state -his agents ruthlessly exploited congolese rubber and caused millions ofdeaths

Shi'ite

-believed that when muhammad died, religious and political authority should have passed through his son in law Ali to Ali's son Hussein

egalitarian

-believing in the social and economic equality of all people

oba

-benins rulers -associated with great spiritual powers

eastern front

-between German and Russian forces -main battle line -low morale plagued poorly equipped Russian army in the face of superior German tech

Tiwanaku

-biggest Andean political center -south of lake Titicaca -rulers exercised political control over modern day Bolivia, Argentina, northern Chile, and southern Peru -raised-field system, irrigation channels

guano

-bird droppings -made excellent fertilizer, was in high global demand -indentured servants coming out of taiping rebellion were desperate and worked to shovel it

Battle of Omdurman

-bloodiest battle between european and african forces during the entire period

bombing of Nagasaki

-bombed along with Nagasaki, which eventually led to the end of war with Japan

Quran

-book that muslims believe to be the direct word of God that was revealed to Muhammad

France (22)

-bourgeoisie detested inherited privileges of king and nobility -small minority of believed that people should be sovereign -bad harvests in 1780s produced hardships and hunger -overcrowding and unemployment fueled revolutionary fire

Hannibal

-brilliant military strategist who led Carthage's armies over the alps into Italy during 2nd punic war -lost to rome

Cecil Rhodes

-british entrepreneur, mining magnate, head of british south african company, and prime minister of cape colony -played major role in expansion of british territory in southern africa

Winston Churchill

-british prime minister during WWII -rallied his people to stand firm during the war's early days -anticommunist -made term iron curtain for Stalin's domination of eastern europe

New Zealand

-british settlers faced tougher resistance from polynesian-speaking maori people -treaty created framework for british-maori coexistence,but war broke out and british won, gaining all the land

Seven Years' War/French and Indian War (22)

-british won -pitted Britain against France around the world, opened expansion opportunities for the British

British (22)

-colonized America -won the 7 years war -imposed new taxes on the colonies to pay for their own debt, which were resented by the colonists

George Washington

-commander of continental army in American war of Independence from Britain. first president of the USA -served as officer during the British military campaigns

North Korea (32)

-communist government openly tested bombs and began to develop a nuclear arsenal -Kim Jong-Il --> Kim Jong-Yun who provoked conflict with South Korea

nation-states

-communities where people form governments within nations

Tsar Nicholas II

-conceded series of reforms including duma, a representative assembly -retained dominance over military -abdicated February 1917

Berlin Conference

-conference organized by german chancellor Otto von Bismarck -representatives of major european states divided africa for themselves

Congress of Vienna

-conference where balance of power among European states was restored after defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte

trans-saharan trade routes

-connected Mali with northern africa -a network of overland trade exchanging salt and gold from sub-saharan Africa for cloth, pottery, and glass trinkets from the Mediterranean

middle class

-consumers who played key role in expansion of industrial markets

movable type (15)

-contributed greatly to humanist movement because books were cheaper -used to print the 1st European Bible before 1454 -worked best for alphabetic languages like latin

Portugal (Brazil)

-controlled Brazil -overseas efforts focused on Indian Ocean -settlement initially limited to the coast -sought slaves, gold, and exotic goods

China/People's Republic of China (30)

-controlled by communists -Mao Zedong -against Guomindang, the Nationalist Party -made the Great Leap Forward which was similar to Stalin's 5 year plans

Matteo Ricci

-converted few to christianity while he was a missionary -saw china positively and said china was more populous, more prosperous, and more stable than Europe -italian jesuit missionary who traveled to china in the 16th century -tried unsuccessfully to join christianity and confucianism and to convert ming scholar-officials

maize

-corn -people of teotiuacan figured out how to make a domesticated variety of it -spread throughout mesoamerica then north to Canada and south to the tip of South America -doesnt require much tending -its systematic cultivation made it possible to support larger populations

Sultan Suleyman (the Magnificent)

-credited with the development of literature, art, architecture, and law, and for inclusive policies toward religious minorities -strong military leader who extended the ottoman empire while maintaining economic and political stability

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

-daimyo lord who aspired to unify Japan under his own rule -his attempts to conquer kore and china failed -also wanted to conquer ming empire

Ashikaga Japan

-decentralized political power -emperor had no real power

truman doctrine

-declaration by president Truman -said US would aid anyone threatened by communism -embodied concept of containment

CIA

-dedicated to collecting foreign intelligence for US

Myceneans

-defeated Minoans -used Linear B script, a dialect of greeks -little is known

Mamluk/Mamelukes

-defeated remnants of hulegu's army in syria -fought for islam against mongols -gave mongols their first defeat

East Germany (30)

-demonstrations demanded better wages and working conditions -fled to west Germany for that reason -East Germans built Berlin Wall also for that reason

Russian Empire

-expanded and moved westward toward Sweden and Poland, eastward into Siberia, and southward toward edges of ottoman and Safavid power -influenced by Russian Orthodox Church

Siam

-faced dangerof absorption into european empires -secured ancient kingdoms sovereignty -used internal reform and diplomatic engagement to deal with threats of new imperialism -observed china during opium wars

Join Maynard Keynes

-favored fiscal economic policies to benefit domestic economy

Indochina

-federation created by french after conquering vietnam, cambodia, and laos -an administrative convenience -societies that made up federation had little convenience

Olympe de Gouges

-female author -wrote declaration of the rights of women

Cuba (30)

-fidel Castro led cuban revolution -used Soviet support -Cuban Missile Crisis between SU and US -leaders faced with counterrevolution set aside democratic liberties and equated dissent with treason

nolloywood

-film industry in Nigeria

Ghana

-first empire in western Sudan -prospered between 700 and 1000 -first kingdom to take advantage of its location at an important mode of trade -started as small settlement

Ethiopia (26)

-first met modern european firepower when british relief column was sent to rescue several british subjects held hostage by their king -african army was crushed, king killed himself, left country defenseless, british withdrew -scramble for africa had not begun -had decentralized political structure where rural lored commanded their own armies and were as powerful as the emperor

Mississippian (Cahokia)

-first northern people to build large urban centers in the Mississippi River valley -central US -followed Maya plan -largest surviving mound in cahokia

Mughal Empire

-first of the old land-based asian empires to be overtaken by European imperialism

Boris Yeltsin

-first president of Russian federation -rallied people of Moscow to defend their government during the attempted communist takeover -his presidency was marred by scandals and war in Chechnya

(Nicolaus) Copernicus

-first proposed heliocentric theory -said the sun was the center of the solar system

Zheng He's Travels

-fleet of chinese junks under leadership of eunuch admiral Zheng He -traveled on well-established hajj routes from china to Southeast Asia, India, islamic world, and East Africa from 1405-1433 -didnt explore but wanted to display might of emperor -engaged in trade

Atlantic Plantation system

-focal point in the new set of interchanges among Africa, Europe, and the Americas that peaked in 18th century -utilized African slave labor to produce large quantities of agricultural products, usually sugar, for international markets

nationalism

-focuses on group rights -us vs. them mindset -prone to restrict rights on minorities

liberalism

-focuses on individual rights -protects individual rights no matter the ethnic background

Lutheran

-followers of Martin Luther in protestant reformation

Armenians

-followers of ancient orthodox christian church -lived across a wide eurasian arc including Russian and ottoman land -had distinct neighborhoods in Constantinople, Jerusalem, etc -skilled in crafts and commerce -allowed to build churches and look after their own community affairs in Isfahan

self-determination

-for Africans and arabs -only received token attention -ideal that inspired new generation of African nationalists

Trail of Tears

-forced cherokee march west -killed more than 4000

'factories'

-fortified outposts of dutch, British, and east India companies where they lived and kept their trade goods

Seven Years' War/French and Indian War (19)

-fought simultaneously in Europe, West Indes, North America, and South Asia -shifted the balance of power between Britain and France in favor British, making their influence paramount in India and Canada

France (17)

-found path to political stability through absolute monarchy

Britain/England

-found path to political stability with constitutional balance of power between king and parliament

Siberia

-found when Russian traders were on a quest for animal furs

Pachakuti/Pachacuti

-founded Andean empire of incas -1st great Inca ruler, seized throne from his brother, and led incas to conquer neighboring lands

Zulu

-founded and ruled by shaka -conquered peoples were merged into society -turned small chiefdom into mighty nation -military tactics inspired other nations

France (Quebec)

-founded by Samuel de Champlain as capital of New France -became hub for French fur trade and center where French settlement in the americas first began to expand

Dutch East India companies

-founded in 1602 in Amsterdam -merchant company chartered to exercise monopoly on dutch trade in asia -effective ruler of dutch colonial possessions in east Indies -greatest of stock joint companies -largest commercial enterprise of 17th century

Islam

-founded on belief that angel Gabriel spoke to Muhammad -means "submission" or "surrender" -monotheistic -circumcision

Samuel de Champlain

-founded the colony of New France with its capital at Quebec in 1608

Shaka (Zulu)

-founder and ruler of the zulu empire -zulu military tactics revolutionized warfare in southern africa -violently absorbed surrounding societies into his empire through mfecane (crushing) -formal standing army of soldiers from different clands and emphasized their loyalty to them

Sundiata

-founder of Mali empire -son of local ruler -overthrew Sosso king and unified different peoples of the region

Chinggis Khan/ Temujin

-founder of the Mongol Empire -united the different peoples in modern-day Mongolia in 1206 -originally named temujin

Cyrus (the Great)

-founder of the achaemenid dynasty in Iran -native press -staffed his administration with many Persians and Medes which was the tribe he defeated

Sun Yat-sen (Yixian)

-founding father of republic of china after revolution of 1911 -established guomindang, or nationalist party -envisioned a modernized china with stable liberal legal system, and just distribution of resources

Saint Domingue/Haiti

-france's richest overseas possession -occupis western half of Hispaniola -accounted for third of French trade, had growing revolution

gens de couleur

-free men and women of mixed race -equaled the whites in number -artisans and small farmers, some were more prosperous and owned slaves, most were literate

Suez Canal

-french-designed canal -built between mediterrean and the red sea -greatly shortened shipping times between europe and asia -dominated by european economic interests

English/British

-frustrated by structure of Chinese trade -greatest maritime commercial power of the time but had lack of open access to vast Chinese market -wanted to establish formal diplomatic relations

syncretism/syncretic

-fusion of cultural elements from more than one tradition -common in colonial Latin America with amerindians and africans blending their existing beliefs and rituals with catholicism

Ogedei

-genghis khan's 3rd son -governed all 4 sections of the mongol's realm -after he died they couldn't find a new ruler, so mongols couldn't conquer Western Europe

Maji Maji Revolt

-german east africa -led by religious prophet -attempted to forge alliance among small chiefdoms -referenced sacred pool to attract pilgrims from a wide area -showed how africa's willingness to fight would force europeans to moderate their policies

neoliberalism

-global economic regime -renewed emphasis on free-market policies that accompanied globalization at the end of the Cold War

India (32)

-globally prominent high-tech and telecommunications sectors -world's largest film industry -large influential expatriate communities globally -corruption, slums, no access to clean water and basic sanitation

Isabella and Ferdinand

-got married and unified 2 major kingdoms of Spain -monarchs

totalitarian state/totalitarianism

-government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens' lives

sima qian

-grand historian -author of records of the grand historian -history of china from ancient legendary times to 1st century BCE -during Han dynasty

Socrates

-great philosopher who believed that virtue was the highest good -developed method of instruction used today where teachers ask questions without immediately revealing the answers -taught plato

Igbo

-in Niger Delta region of west africa -productive community where yam-based agriculture supported a dense population -men and women received titles and authority based on achievement

nirvana

-in Sanskrit it means extinction -in buddhism it means those who followed eightfold path and understood the noble truth would gain true understanding

metis

-in colonial New France -the offspring of a European and amerindian union -mixed-race children that learned both French and indigenous languages -served as cultural and commercial intermediaries between First Nations and European societies

mihrab

-in one of six mosques on the island -a niche in the wall facing Mecca where the teacher led prayers

Burma

-incorporated into british empire in stages -reformist king attempted to modernize under indigenous rule

New Imperialism/Imperialism

-increase in european imperial activity -during late 19th century -caused mostly by increased competition between industrial states for raw materials and markets and by rise of unified germany as a threat to the british empire

Maya

-indigenous people living in modern day Yucatan, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala -their complex society reached its peak during the classic period when they used a fully developed written language -unaided by wheel, plow, draft animals, or metal tools

nomad

-indo-european migrants -people who migrate seasonally to find grass for their animals -herd animals full instead of farming

Paul (Saul)

-influential early christian leader -traveled widely in modern-day turkey, Cyprus, and Greece to teach early christianity -Jesus appeared to him in a vision and his name was changed to saul

Wang Yangming

-infuential with Neo-confucian philosophy -stressed self-reflection, said everyone possessed innate knowledge

Protestant Reformation

-initiated by Martin Luther when he began to lead his own religious services after being excommunicated -shook Catholic Church out of its complacency

humanism

-intellectual movement began around 1350 in Italy by scholars who opposed scholasticism -emphasized study of humanities, including logic, grammar, arithmetic, and music and new fields like language, history, literature, and philosophy -this movement made multilingual versions of the Bible

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

-international organization of oil-producing nations -created to set quotas in attempt to influence prices -their policies led to rise in oil prices -because of tensions in middle east, they declared boycott on oil exports to US in order to get them to aid the jewish state's military

Dutch/ the Netherlands

-intially focused on Indian Ocean trade -seized control of northeastern coast of Brazil as part of their global offensive against catholic empires spain and Portugal -helped growth of sugar plantations -founded colony of new Netherlands and traded up Hudson River valley before giving it up to English

Filipino/Philippines

-involve in spanish-american war -spain had been in power since 1571 -resistance to spanish authority led to independence revolt, spanish handed territory to US, revolutionaries struggled for independence

Zoroastrianism

-iranian religion named for Zarathustra -taught that good deities and evil demons, who are always in conflict, populate the spirit world

sharia

-islamic law - all the rules that muslims were supposed to follow -compiled on the basis of the Quran, Hadith, and earlier legal decisions

Dehli Sultanate

-islamic state led by former mamluk slaves originally from Afghanistan who governed north India from their capital at dehli -at their height, in the early 1300s, they controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent -faced many internal conflicts over who would be the new sultan

Hawai'i

-islands annexed by US when they claimed direct territorial stake

Seclusion Edicts/Sakoku

-issued by Tokugawa shoguns -outlawed christianity and limited Japanese contact with europeans -single annual dutch trade mission was allowed with assumption that nothing christian would enter

Galileo (Galilei)

-italian scientist who provided evidence to support heliocentric theory, challenging church doctrine and authority of Aristotle -forced to recant his position by the inquisition -his theres were vindicated during the scientific revolution

United States (22)

-its founding was powerful testament to principles of Enlightenment -rebels against British created a declaration of independence and constitution

Brazil (22)

-its independence was managed by social and economic elites -deeply conservative

Umayyad Caliphate

-its power was seized by Abbasid dynasty in 750 -where the caliphs came from

zionism

-jewish nationalists who wanted to establish their own state on site of ancient Hebrew kingdoms -late 19th century -alarmed at persistent anti-semitism -wanted the state because they believed it was necessary to represent jewish interests in the world and give jews a place of refuge -advocated for jewish emigration to Ottoman Empire

Jesus of Nazareth

-jewish preacher believed to be the messiah by christians -the figure who would bring salvation and, through atonement, eternal life to those that believe and accept him -born to jewish family in Bethlehem -urged people to repent and get baptized

Sudan

-jihad state/territory

China (29)

-joined United Nations after WWII ended along with Britain, France, Soviet Union, and the US

cultivation

-just preparing crops by planting them -not tending to the crops completely throughout but harvesting them in its season

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

-killed by Serbian nationalist in the Balkan city of Sarajevo -heir to the Austrian throne -one the possible causes of WWI because it sparked feuds which led to the war across Europe

Chulalongkorn

-king of siam -modernized his country through legal and constitutional reforms -ensured siams continued independence through successfull diplomacy while neighboring societies were absorbed into european empires -protected private property, abolished slavery and debt peonage -expanded access to education, and encouraged introduction of telegraphs and railroads

Mali

-kingdom founded ca. 1230 by Sundiata in West Africa -generated revenue by taxing the caravans of Trans-Saharan trade -occupied much of West Africa south of Sahara Desert -taxed Trans-Saharan trade to become powerful

Louis XIV

-known as the "Sun King" -epitomized royal absolution and established firm control over the french state -aggressively pursued military domination of europe while patronizing french arts from his court at versailles

Silla Kingdom

-koren kingdom that adopted buddhism and united with the Tang Dynasty inn 660 to defeat the koguryo and paeleche kingdoms -unified Korea for the first time in 668

Khoisan

-lacked metal weapons and resistance to diseases such as smallpox

Pedro Alvares Cabral

-landed in Brazil in 1500

sanskrit

-language belonging to the Indo-European language family -spoken by indo-aryans migrants to north india -contains core words related to english

Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement

-large cattle die-off in africa caused by european disease -some xhosa accepted prophesies that people could cleanse themselves and kill remaining cattle to make ancestors return and bring people and prosperity -resulted in famine and xhosa subjection to british

Great Zimbabwe

-large city in Zimbabwe surrounded by smaller outlying settlements -all distinguished by stone enclosures called "zimbabwe" in the local Shona language -the location of the largest stone structure built in sub-Saharan Africa before 1500 (elliptical building)

haciendas

-large estates characteristic of colonial agriculture in Latin America -where market-based agriculture took place, owners focused on meeting increasing demand, had almost total control over their estates and its residents

Ashkenazim (Jews)

-largest group in jewish dispersal -spoke German-derived language of yiddish and lived in central and Eastern Europe -vulnerable and insecure -faced deep prejudice including property theft and violence from their christian neighbors

Athens

-largest of over 100 different greek city-states -only ones to have a democracy where all free male citizens could participate equally -military power, cultural center renowned for drama, art, and philosophy

Male Revolt (Muslim Uprising)

-largest urban slave uprising in history of americas -salvador de bahía

Mansa Musa

-later ruler of Mali and had support for islam -one of Sundiata's wealthiest successors

democracy

-lawmaking body -expresses voice of citizens

Toussaint L'Ouverture

-leader of Haitian revolution -haiti gained independence and abolished slavery under his leadership -became first black ruled republic in the americas -died in exile in France

Emiliano Zapata

-leader of a popular uprising during the Mexican Revolution -mobilized the poor in southern and central mexico to demand "justice, land, and liberty"

Mehmed II/The Conquerer

-leader of the ottomans who conquered constantinoplein 1453 -patronized scholars from different countries -led troops to Hagia Sophia in 4th crusades

Huns/Germanic/Vandals

-leaders of a germanic-speaking force that attacked North Africa in 430 and sacked Rome for 2 weeks in 455

Nelson Mandela

-led African national congress -first organized the "defiance campaign," then turned to sabotage campaign -he was arrested and received a life sentence

Mao Zedong

-led Chinese communist party -believed peasants would lead way to socialism -allied with peasants

Mikhail Gorbachev

-led Soviet Union from 1985-1991 -introduced openness to soviet politics and restructuring to soviet economy -at fault for the collapse of the Soviet Union

Vladimir Lenin

-led bolsheviks -opposed the Mensheviks -radical -"revolutionary vanguard" -dictatorship not democracy -believed small groups of industrial workers could take power for working class

Italy (28)

-led by Benito Mussolini -extreme nationalism -split Poland with Germany because they feared Hitler

South Africa, Ghana/ Gold Coast

-led by Kwame Nkrumah -became independent because of Nkrumah -became more aware and more dissatisfied with their colonial status

Francisco Pizarro

-led by Spanish forces in 1532 -captured Atahualpa

Bolsheviks

-led by V.I. Lenin -fought not just to control one country, but to change destiny of humanity -opposed Mensheviks

Ghost Dance Movement

-led by mystic named wovoka, whose followers believed this dance would eventually make the invaders disappear and allow antives to live in peace and prosperity -US gov believed it was subversive and arrested sitting bull even though he wasnt actually the leader

Maximilien Robespierre

-led radical republican faction the Jacobins -influenced by Jean Jacques-Rousseau

paterfamilias

-legal head of the extended family in Rome -made all decisions and only one could own property -men

Ibn Battuta

-legal scholar -world traveler -from Tangier, Morocco -traveled throughout the islamic world between 1325 & 1354 and wrote The Travels -first traveler to leave an eyewitness description of Africa south of the Sahara desert

Indian Removal Act

-legislation that led to dispossession of amerindian peoples in southeastern united states -thousands of cherokee died when forcibly marched to oklahoma on trail of tears

new economic policy

-lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry -1921-1924 -policy reversed by Stalin

Mexican Revolution (25)

-liberals followed la reforma and suceeded conservatives eventually restored stability

(Unification of) Italy

-liberals wanted new political order based on ties of language, culture, and history -needed to overcome regional differences and division between austrain north and catholic south -conservatives wanted to stifle reforms -wanted cultural and political renewal -conservative leaders took over and founded the country as constitutional monarchy with limited electorate and somewhat weak legislature and made unified country a great power

satraps/satrapies

-local governor -3rd achaemenid ruled divided his emperor into provinces called satrapies that were each administered by a governor -officials under this were recruited locally -collected taxes -hallmark of Persian system

Kaaba

-located in Mecca -one of the most revered objects that represented a deity worshiped by Arabs -large black rock in cube-shaped shrine

Le Dynasty (Vietnam)

-longest ruling Vietnamese dynasty -drawing on confucian principles, its rulers increased the size and strength of the Vietnamese state and promoted agricultural productivity

Maratha kingdoms/Marathas

-loosely bound, west-central Indian confederacy -established authority from Mughal rule in 18th century and challenged British in 19th century -used guerrilla tactics to fight off Mughal armies

daimyo

-lords who ruled their own rural domains -each had army of samurai

technological stagnation

-low amounts of technological advancement

fourteen points

-made by Wilson to end WWI -said allied success in the war would lead to spread of peace and democracy -no one was happy about it

survey

-made precise triangulations between 2 other points and first known location -transformed unknowable "hindustan" of earlier maps to precisely ordered "India", coherent region

Jainism

-mahavira -indian religion founded same time as buddhism -right faith, right knowledge, right conduct, not harming living things

Kenya

-main nationalist leader was Jomo Kenyatta -rebels did not want to wait for British negotiations and became more violent -later became independent and Jomo Kenyatta became its first prime minister

city-state (polis)

-mainland Greece -the islands of aegean and the eastern mediterranean and the aegean coast of turkey -residents farmed intensively, diversification of labor -each one was small, had its own courts, law code, and army

abolitionist/abolition/abolitionist cause/movement

-man or woman who advocated an end to the practice of slavery -in late 18th century the movement grew in England -largely religiously inspired

Tiananmen Massacre

-massacre in public square in Beijing where students and workers demanded freedom and democracy -chinese military. was ordered by communist party to clear the square with tanks and gunfire

Huron

-matriarchal, Iroquoian speaking amerindian group in St. Lawrence region -devastated by smallpox brought by French fur traders and missionaries in mid-17th century

Yucatan Rebellion

-maya uprising on mexico's yucatan peninsula -challenged authority of the mexican government and local landowners -some maya communities defended their sovereignty to the 1890s

(Octavian) Augustus Caesar

-means "reverend" -a name that Octavian received from the senate when he became princeps (first citizen) of Rome -wanted to establish long-lasting regime -transferred power to tax and control armies to princeps -never figured out his successor

caliph

-means "successor" -exercized political authority -before 945, it was the successor to Muhammad and was supreme political and religious leader of Islamic world -After 945, it had no political power but was still religious leader of all Muslims

varna

-means color in Sanskrit -4 major social groups of ancient Indian society -ranked by purity (wealth) -brahmin priests --> warriors --> farmers and merchants --> dependent laborers

Nelson Mandela (31)

-member of African National Congress, campaigned for racial justice and democracy -tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison because South Africa banned the ANC -later released from prison, won Nobel peace prize, and became the country's first democratically voted president

French Revolution

-men in power vs. relatively wealthy and well-educated delegates -sparked by enlightenment ideas

Cossacks

-mercenary soldiers -horsemen of the steppes who helped Russian rulers protect and extend their frontier into Central Asia and Siberia -code of honor based on marksmanship, horsemanship, and group spirit -first hired by private traders extending fur-trapping frontier

Father Miguel de Hidalgo (y Costilla)

-mexican priest -launched first stage of Mexican war for independence -appealed to Indians and mestizos -viewed with suspicion by Mexican criollos -captured and executed in 1811

Bantu (19)

-migrants from the west brought knowledge of grain agriculture and invented sophisticated technology

Sikhism (20)

-new religion -emphasized equality before God -rejected caste system and polytheism of hinduism while incorporating elements of hindu belief and ritual -became militant

Scientific Revolution

-new technological advances inspired by enlightenment ideas

Xiongu

-nomadic people north of china -military strength derived from brilliant horsemanship -regularly defeated the Hans in battle until their federation broke apart

Manchus

-nomads -lived on steppe to northeast china beyond the Great Wall -some took up agriculture and society was influenced by literature and confucian philosophy -emulated Chinese-style governance while maintaining their own language and nomadic traditions

mamluk

-non-Muslim slaves purchased by Islamic states in Afghanistan, North Africa, Spain, and Egypt and forced to convert to Islam before serving as warriors -in 1250 staged a takeover and founded Mamluk dynasty

Greece

-not single-greek speaking entity -greek people saw themselves as citizens of the city-state in which they live

First Emperor/Qin Shihiangdi/Shi Huang Di

-of Qin dynasty -united china for the first time -implemented blueprint for empire that helped keep china together -eliminated regional differences by creating single body of law and standardizing weights and measures -implemented Shang yang's blueprint for ruling as regional ruler and an emperor

mestizo (18)

-offspring of amerindian and Spanish union -cultural and biologic blending became characteristic of Mexican society

Rome

-one of many city-states on Italian peninsula -when neighboring city-states surrendered they were offered the chance to join Rome which led to growth of population and army -conquered Italian peninsula, dominated western mediterranean, and later the entire mediterranean -ended with violence and civil war in first century

Anasazi/Pueblo

-one of the 1st complex societies in North America after 700 CE -in southwest US -modern day Colorado, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico -their centers shown signs of contact with the Maya

Kongo

-one of the earliest African societies to be destabilized by the new Atlantic slave trade -west-central African kingdom whose king converted to christianity in the early 16th century -established diplomatic relations with the Portuguese -became early source of slaves for the new Atlantic slave trade

Hernan Cortes

-one of the early Spanish conquistadors -led conquest of Mexico, first came to Hispaniola then moved to cuba -made his fortune in the americas

Popul Vuh

-one of the few surviving sources in Mayan language -oral epic that featured series of ballgames between gods and humans -originally written in Mayan glyphs, recorded in Roman alphabet in 1500s -preserved part of mayan legends

Sparta

-one of the first to grant extensive rights to its citizens -descendants could be citizen-soldiers -women ran their own estates and had more freedom than women in other city-states, but still couldn't vote

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

-one of the greatest literary figures of colonial new Spain -wrote poetry, prose, and philosophy despite having been denied a university education -best known for her defense of intellectual equality of men and women

Emperor Wu/Wudi

-one of the most powerful Han emperors that came to the throne -recorded astronomical events -established imperial academy to encourage study of confucian texts

Korea/Koryo Dynasty

-only one out of Japan and Vietnam to come under direct mongol rule -mongols invaded and korean ruler surrendered

nationalism (22)

-origins found in Napoleon's campaigns -belief that individuals are bound together by ties of language, culture, and history

Xhosa

-overwhelmed by british firepower -lost rich grazing lands to colonists -divided by contact with colonial society -faced starvation because of dying cattle -turned to prophets who told them to kill remaining cattle -believed in power of ancestors and certain women

British

-parliament abolished the slave trade and shifted economic needs of European economies -took active role to stamp out the slave trade

United States (29)

-part of Allied Powers along with Britain, Soviet Union, France, Vietnam, and Philippines -beefed up Pacific commands in Philippines, froze Japanese assets in US, and cut of exports of steel and US oil which Japan depended on -bombed by Japan in pearl harbor -bombed hiroshima and nagasaki in an attempt to end WWII

USSR/Soviet Union (29)

-part of Allied powers along with Britain, US, France, Vietnam, and Philippines -Battle of Stalingrad where soviets stopped Germany and turned momentum toward the allies

China (32)

-part of BRIC, which represented fast growing economies -was leading economic player in South Africa -carried out one child policy in order to control overpopulation, and it punished families that had more than one child

Brazil

-part of BRIC, which represented rapid growing economies -President Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva -supported growth through economic liberalization -made social programs for the poor -experienced manufacturing growth and trade growth

Arabs (27)

-part of Ottoman Empire -unhappy with Turkish rule -Britain allied with them and helped them take down the Ottoman government

Austria-Hungary (27)

-part of Triple Alliance -threatened Serbia with harsh demands, which lead to Serbia joining with Russia -backed up with Germans

Great Britain (27)

-part of Triple Entente -pledged to defend neutral Belgium -used to be major trade partners with Germany, their navies attacked each other and crippled international trade

Russia/USSR/Soviet Union (27)

-part of Triple Entente -practiced communism -tsar and ministers ignored public opinion, government acted without popular mandate -poorly equipped army -peasants fought, but weren't interested -by 1917 they were demoralized and exhausted: famine and shut down factories

Great Britain (29)

-part of allied powers along with US, Soviet Union, France, Vietnam, and Philippines -Winston Churchill was the prime minister who rallied his people to stand firm during war's early days

Japan (29)

-part of axis powers along with Germany and Italy -did pearl harbor as a surprise attack which brought US into the war -captured allies best naval facility -in an attempt to end the war, US bombed Japanese cities of hiroshima and Nagasaki -ended up surrendering shortly after

Italy (29)

-part of axis powers along with Japan and germany -led my Mussolini, who fell after allied invasion from North Africa -Mussolini was captured by Italian resistance then hanged and killed

France (27)

-part of the Triple Entente -really wanted to punish Germany after the war

Voltaire

-pen name of Francois-marie Arouet -one of the most prominent enlightenment writers -used satire to critique irrationality of French society

republic

-people choosing governing officials -power to rule is entrusted to 2 elective executives who served a one-year term

Yoruba

-people of present-day western Nigeria -transformed into catholic saints -had deities of fire, thunder, and lightening

Germany (27)

-perfect example of militarism (modernized) -backed up Austrians, Ottoman empire allied with them -part of Triple Alliance -used to be trade partners with Britain but their navies attacked each other and destroyed their international trade -agreed to an armistice which ended the war -basically received all the blame

Reconstruction

-period immediately following the american civil war -where federal government took control of former confederate states and oversaw enforcement of constitutional provisions that guaranteed civil rights for freed slaves -some felt it was unconstitutional

John Locke

-philosopher -applied Bacon's inductive reasoning to study of politics -argued that stable social order is based on contract between rulers and ruled and requires safe-guarding of life, liberty, and property

utilitarianism

-philosophy used in early victorian reform -brought enlightenment belief in rationality to issues of social reform

agriculture

-planted 1st seeds and harvested resulting crops. -used domesticated animals for help

Solidarity

-polish trade union that organized opposition in communist rule -led by lech walesa, who became president of Poland as communists lost power

Tupaia

-polynesian high priest -contributed expert navigational skills to Captain James Cook's first Pacific voyage -helped Banks understand Polynesian cultural practices

Vasco da Gama

-portuguese explorer -in 1497-1498 he led the first European naval expedition to reach India by sailing around the cape of good hope -laid foundation of for Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean in 16th century

(Prince) Henry the Navigator

-portuguese prince who supported Portuguese explorations in the mediterranean, Atlantic, and along west Africa coast -wanted to convert inhabitants to christianity

dictator

-position given by roman senate before 1st century BCE -temporary commander granted full authority for limited time usually 6 months

Peter the Great

-powerful Romanov tsar -built a new Russian capital at St. Petersburg -emulated western advances in military technology -extended Russian empire further into Asia

Holy Roman Empire/Hapsburg Dynasty/Germany

-powerful ruling house that expanded from austria to spain, the netherlands, and the spanish empire, as well as throughout the german-speaking world -wanted to make pan-european catholic empire

suti/sati/suttee

-practice of widow burning on their husband's funeral pyres -thought of as religious rule

Porfirio Diaz

-president of mexico -ignored mexican civil liberties -courted foreign investment to develop infrastructure and provide stability

voudun/voudu

-priest -organized vast slave uprising -beliefs or rituals derived from west and central Africa

brahmin

-priests who performed Vedic rituals honoring their gods -paid by local rulers

Five Pillars of Islam

-primary obligation

Malacca/Melaka

-prime example of how Portuguese could profit from their superior military tech -captured in 1511 -previously ruled by muslims, home to several traders from all over the Indian Ocean world

Canada/Confederation of Canada

-product of slow evolution and not revolutionary transformation -possessed strong national identity even while affiliating with the british empire -capital at toronto -fast-growing region where cheap land attracted english, irish, and scottish immigrants -confederation of former british colonies united under a single federal constitution -dominion within british empire -foreign colonies controlled by britian

Jean (John) Calvin

-protestant leader whose followers emphasized individual scriptural study and the absolute sovereignty of God

Oliver Cromwell

-puritan leader -organized opposition the kings forces -became Lord Protector of the English commonwealth and instituted series of radical reforms -After his death, monarchy was reestablished by Charles's son

Yaa Asantewa

-queen mother -called women to fight if men didnt -war was asante military defeat but caused british governors to treat asante royalty with respect and acknowledge their traditions

"one drop rule"

-racist policy toward americans of african descent -classified all individuals with any african descent as black

domestication

-raising and killing of domesticated animals to fit human needs

Atlantic slave trade/Atlantic slavery

-reached its height by mid-1700s -many africans crossed Atlantic annually to live in diverse environments, like Brazil, Virginia, and Nova Scotia to perform variety of tasks -most went to west indes for the sugar plantation -characterized by complex interconnections between Africa, America, and Europe -fostered political competition

Metis Rebellions

-rebellions by the metis of the red river valley settlement in manitoba, a group with mixed french-amerindian ancestry -resisted incorporation into canadian confederation -lours riel led them again to rebel against canadian authority

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

-rebuilt guomindang -brother of law Sun Yat-sen -helped guomindang defeat warlords and re-establish central authority -needed support from communist Russia and made alliance with communist china

NAFTA (32)

-received complaints from US, Canada, and Mexico

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

-reform movement in Catholic Church -developed in response to protestant reformation -clarified church doctrines and instituted program for better training of priests

Vedic Religion

-religious belief system of indo-europeans -animal sacrifice and elaborate ceremonies to ensure all natural world transitions proceed smoothly

five-year plans

-reorganize soviet industry/agriculture to catch up with west -unrealistic, state took farm's proceeds -anyone that opposed was killed

tetarchs

-replaced the principate -4 different empires -diocletian divided Roman Empire into eastern and western halves and named a senior and junior emperor to govern each half

duma

-representative assembly

"total war"

-requires complete mobilization of national resources and engaging masses of civilians -government used unprecedented powers to regulate social, political, and economic life -strained social and political systems -required access to global resources

Minoan

-residents of mediterranean island or Crete -lavish palaces, well-built roads, bronze metallurgy, and Linear A writing system -conquered by Mycenaeans

filial piety

-respect shown by children for their parents and elders -cornerstone for confucian teaching

Josef Stalin

-reversed "new economic policy" -exploited divisions within central committee to make himself safe and neutral choice for leadership -made his 5-year plans

Asante Kingdom/Ashanti

-rising state in 18th century west Africa in rainforest region of modern Ghana -wars of expansion produced prisoners often sold into Atlantic slave circuit

kowtow

-ritual of full prostration before the emperor

Constantine

-roman emperor who issued the edict of Milan which was the first imperial ruling to allow the practice of christianity -shifted the capital from Rome to the new city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) -son of Diocletian

Pax Romana

-roman peace -entire mediterranean region benefitted from the centuries of stability -people easily moved across the empire and became integrated

patrician

-rome's most prominent and wealthiest families -owned large landholdings and formed privileged social group -chose the king's successor

Julius Caesar

-rome's most successful military commander in 1st century BCE -named dictator by senate -his death did not end Rome's civil war

Etruscans

-rome's northern neighbor -modified greek alphabet to write their own alphabet

Hinduism

-rose after the fall of buddhism -primary religion in India

griots

-royal storytellers who served as advisors to the rulers of Mali and other West African states -griotte is female -recited past events to monarchs they advised

Koryo Dynasty

-ruled Korea from the late 9th century to 1892 -dynasty that gave its name to modern country of Korea, whose founder adopted tang governing models

Philip II

-ruled over a court in madrid, the spanish empire in the americas, and the phillippines -son of Charles V -King of Spain -considered himself a defender of catholicism by launching attacks on protestants in england and netherlands -made religious division worse

Adolf Hitler (29)

-ruler of Nazi Germany -continued to spread across Europe until the battle of Stalingrad when soviets stopped him -when he lost all hope of winning WWII he committed suicide and then Germany surrendered

Persian Empire (Achaemenids)

-ruling dynasty in Iran (550-330 BCE) -their founder was from the region of Persia in the southwest of modern-day Iran -they ruled the Persian empire and at some point governed a very large population

Parthians

-ruling dynasty of iran -defeated Seleucids and took over their territory -famous for heavy armored cavalry -posed continuous problem for roman empire

Sassanian/Sasanians/Sassanids

-ruling dynasty of iran -defeated parthians -ruled for more than 4 centuries until islamic conquest of iran -introduced non satrap royal lands and government support of zoroastrianism

quilombos/ maroon community

-runaway communities -members were born and raised in different African societies -their political and religious practices combined various African traditions and gods

maroons

-runaway slaves who lived in the mountains

Kipchak Khanate / Golden Horde

-russia -sought alliance with Mamluks -ended the unified Mongol Empire

Ivan IV

-russian ruler or tsar -centralized power in his own hands while extending Russia's frontiers -maintained large territorial buffer around core Russian lands to protect them from invasions

Shah Abbas I

-safavid ruler who created a long and stable reign -built and beautified capital city of isfahan -repelled ottoman invaders -improved economy and sought european alliances against constantinople

Mahabharata

-sanskrit epic -describes long-running feud betweens 2 clans -major theme is dharma

dharma

-sanskrit term -correct conduct according to law or custom -refers to teachings of the buddha -important concept in Hinduism

James Watt

-scottish inventor -developed the world's first powerful and cost-effective steam engine -was one of the most important contributors to britain's industrial revolution -helped launch "age of steam and iron"

monsoon

-seasonal winds -South Asia -blowing northeast in spring and early summer -blowing southwest in fall and winter -heavy rains along with the wind

viceroyalties

-seats of power of the Spanish officials representing the king in the new world -4 were made and sent to New Spain (Mexico City), Peru (Lima), New Granada (Bogota), and La Plata (Buenos Aires)

Muhammad Ahmad/the Mahdi

-seen as "guided one," whom egyptians believed was expected to appear before the end of days -he took the title in sudan and called for jihad against british-dominated egypt -declared holy war vs. egypt and brought him into conflict with britian

maroon communities (19)

-self-governing communities of escaped slaves -common in early modern Caribbean and in coastal areas of central and South America -significant ones took place in Venezuela, Guyana, and Florida

Nazca

-series of earthworks near the modern town of nazca -the people scraped away the dark surface layer of the desert in straight lines or designs of spiders, whales, and monkeys which could possibly be depictions of their gods

"Scramble for Africa"

-set off by constant warfare and instability as european governments launched wave of invasions to secure effective occupation of african territories they wanted

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Hungarian Uprising

1956 Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty

1972 treaty between the US and the Soviet Union that froze the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles and placed limits on antiballistic missiles

legalism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. -based on merit and performance

Shinto

A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

chaebol

A Korean consortia financed through government banking groups to gain a strategic advantage.

Malala Yousafzai

A Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

city-state

A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death.

Augusto Pinochet

A dictator in Chile who came to power by a military takeover promising to restore stability.

Xuanzang

A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. He became famous for his 17 year trip to India and back.

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

monarchy

A government in which power is in the hands of a single person

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Velvet Revolution

A peaceful protest by the Czech people that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia.

Ice Age

A period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets.

marshall plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Palestine Liberation Organization

A political group that claims to represent all Palestinians and to be working toward gaining an independent Palestinian nation.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition -elevation of state at expense of individual

one child policy

A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Hezbollah

A radical Shiʿite Muslim organization in Lebanon engaged in guerrilla warfare against Israel

Arab Spring

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)

9/11/01

A series of suicide attacks by al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001. 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City

surplus (2)

A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

apartheid

A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.

Angkor Wat

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.

irrigation

A way of supplying water to an area of land

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

green revolution

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.

complex society/civilization

Agriculture based economy. Specialization of labor, social classes, government by state rather than by individuals. Long distance trade; Influence over surrounding areas; Written language. Organized religion.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

multinational corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

North American Free Trade Agreement

Free trade agreement among USA, Canada & Mexico. Goal = promote economic prosperity & cooperation. Easier perhaps to achieve at regional level than global level (World Trade Organization).

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

Hammurabi

He designed a legal code in early Babylon that gave punishment based on crime and social status. Relied on the principle of lex talionis.

Second Persian Gulf War

The U.S. invasion in Iraq in 2003 that saw great initial success and removed Saddam Hussein from power, but faded in popularity when "Weapons of Mass Destruction" were not found

sinicization

The adoption and absorption by foreign people of Chinese language, customs, and culture.

animism

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Hadith

The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Hittites

The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy.

tutsi

The minority ethnic tribe in Rwanda who were victims of the 1994 genocide

fertility

The production of offspring within a population

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi

The ruler of Iran from 1945 to 1979, embraced western governments and philosophies until he was overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini.

metallurgy

The science and technology of metals

demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Prague Spring

The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

1968

The year that contained a series of shocks; the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy; Tet Offensive; Prague Spring; Democratic convention riot; urban riots

Red Guard

The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.

Egypt

This early empire has its home along Africa's longest river, with a detailed form of writing.

wikileaks

Unaffiliated online source that posts secret government and corporate documents. Designed to correct abusive practices and promote public dialogue and involvement

Babylonian Empire

Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.

HIV/AIDS

Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.

World War II

War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory when Germany and Japan surrendered and Mussolini was killed

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

"iron curtain"

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Wangari Maathai

Won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for "Green Belt" movement - planting trees in Kenya that provided food and fuel, and improved soil erosion and desertification.

Soweto Uprising

Youth demonstrations in South Africa that were met with police violence. -this brought a new generation of activists, inspired by Steve Biko's Black Consciousness Movement, to the forefront of resistance to apartheid

IMF

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

climate change

a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

dowry

a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife

Hyksos

a group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.

citizen/citizenship

a legal member of a political community

complex institution

a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community

Hamas

a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon

Liberation theology

a movement within the Catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

fossil fuels

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

al-Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

developing countries

a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially.

sutra

a sacred text, especially one said to record the words of the Buddha

hierarchy

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

Tibet

an Asian country under the control of China

Sogdian

an ancient Iranian civilization that at different times included territory located in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan such as: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Panjikent and Shahrisabz

empire

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

caravanserai

an inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa.

religion

belief in divine power/powers that control/influence the environment and people's lives. Rituals and services demonstrated religious beliefs.

monotheism

belief in only one god

Nubia/Kush

below Egypt; used Nile; used iron

antibiotics

compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

contras

counterrevolutionary group in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinistas

Alan Turing

created first operational electronic digital computer in the 1940s and turing machine

guilds

e

Patrice Lumumba

independence leader in the Belgian Congo and prime minister of the newly independent Republic of Congo. Was deposed and assassinated for his leftist leanings in government

Maori

indigenous people of New Zealand

propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Indian Ocean sea-lanes

lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China

General Suharto

leader of Indonesia after Sukarno, head of army, took control by force

World Bank

loans money to nations in need of a little jumpstart

hutus

majority group in rwanda;massacred tutsis

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.

nomadic

moving from place to place in order to find new resources

Algeria

nationalists wanted rights equal to white settlers and a voice in their own government -FLN launched terrorist attacks on French civilians, French military systematically tortured Algerian resistance fighters

White Huns

nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration

nonalignment/Non-Aligned Movement

not being involved with greater powers, colonies becoming independent

civilians

people who are not in the military

recession

period of reduced economic activity

proxies

permission given by stockholders to someone else to manage the stockholder's interest in the corporation.

hieroglyphs

pictures and other written symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds

militarism

preparing military for war

International Monetary Fund

provided emergency loans to nations in danger of insolvency (debt)

matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Manichaeism

religion based on the teachings of Mani to synthesize all the religions of the world.

(Union of) South Africa

self-governing dominion in british empire in 1910 -made from british colonies and boer reupublics after south african war -compromise protected british mining and boer agriculture at expense of african interests

Egypt (2)

society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead

intifada

the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987.

BRIC nations

the bloc of nations with rapid economic development: Brazil, Russia, India, and China

social stratification

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

economic liberalization

the process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces

Cuban Revolution

the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba

Pan-Africanism

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

globalization (32)

the worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders

migrate/migration

to move/travel out of their home location to a different location

chiefdoms

tribal groups that inhabited particular places but at the same time were less likely to demarcate rigid boundaries

Mecca

where Muhammad was born. A trading community in Arabian peninsula far from other urban centers

Syria (32)

- ISIS

pharaoh

A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.

Jose de San Martin

-Argentinean counterpart of Miranda and Bolivar -republican who saw the chance for complete independence -liberator -took region of Rio de la Plata

purge

-Stalin got rid of any potential threats posed against him -getting rid of anything "impure"

secular

-Non-religious

plebian

-commoners in rome

enlightenment

-higher knowledge and understanding

Vladimir Putin

elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

England/Britain

expanded in places like West Indes, South Africa, and India -governors and commercial concerns established botanical gardens to achieve "improvement" on global scale

anti-semitism

hatred of jews

Igbo Women's War

-colonial Nigerian women protested British taxation policies

American Revolution

-colonists want to declare independence from Britain rule

Anglican Church

-england -established by King Henry VIII

Josiah Wedgwood

-english ceramics manufacturer -combined use of steam power with factory organization to greatly increase the output and lower the cost of his production -supporter of abolition of slavery

John Stuart Mill

-english philosopher and economist -argued for paramount importance of individual liberty and supported greater rights for women -powerful voice of british liberalism -thought right to vote should be extended to women

Janissaries (17)

-enslaved soldier from conquered christian lands -an elite corps of slaves trained as professional soldiers in the ottoman military -were christian youths from the Balkans who were pressed into service and forced to convert to Islam -trained year round and became skilled at using gunpowder weapons -played central role in administration as well as military

United States (25)

-entered 19th century with strong constitution and lively sense of national identity -began westward expansion to gain new territory, but also created crisis involving slave territory -industrialization led to economy focused on factories, cities, and market-oriented farming in the north, with massive expansion of cotton planting from industrialized textile production in the south

United States (27)

-entered World War I in 1917 -tried staying neutral but it seemed impossible

Guonimdang (Nationalist Party)

-established by Sun Yat-sen -wanted modern china with stable legal system and just distribution of resources -so china could take rightful place among world's greatest powers -after it was rebuilt by China Kai-shek, it re-established central authority

Battle of Andowa

-ethiopian victory against italy

Iran (30)

-example of how CIA assisted authoritarian that were willing to support American interests -Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi made alliance with Eisenhower and was extremely anticommunist

repartimiento

-new legal system -gave spaniards the right to coerce amerindian labor for specific tasks

han'gul

-new phonetic script based on the Korean language -distinctive writing system still used today

shogun (16)

-supreme military leader who acted independently of the imperial court

rig veda

-collection of Sanskrit hymns -one of the most revealing sources about indo-europeans that settled in north India

Heian Japan

(794-1185 C.E.) local rulers on the island of Honshu recognized the emperor as Japan's supreme political authority, but, unlike China, Japanese emperors rarely ruled; they only acted as figure heads. Fujiwara family had the power. Two sections of rule: imperial house and ruling parties and factions. Culture of Heian was influenced by Chinese traditions.

Hebrews/Israelites

- Semitic people - Related to the Aramaeans - Lived in Israel/Judah - Dispersed in the Babylonian Captivity - Suppressed a revolt outside Syria

Teotihuacan

- largest city in the americas before 1500 -located northeast of modern day Mexico City -large population -complex society

hajj

- religious obligation of Muslims -pilgrimage to Mecca -required of all Muslims that can afford the trip -commemorates the moment when Abraham freed Ishmael before sacrificing him and sacrificed a lamb instead

'Abbasid Caliphate

- supported Islam, similar to Rome -Made islam a world religion with followers in Africa, Europe, and Asia

blitzkrieg

-"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939 -rapid mobility of tanks and mechanized infantry with massive air power

Pax Mongolica

-"Mongolian peace" -period of mongol unity -inspired by Pax Romana -ideas, goods, and people didn't flow freely across grasslands so mongols determined what moved across the eurasian steppe

Neolithic

-"New Stone Age" -

Paleolithic

-"Old Stone Age"

conquistador

-"conquerors" -term for the spaniards who conquered Mexico, Peru, and Central America in the 1500s

kamikaze

-"divine wind" -destroyed mongol ships when they tried to invade Japan

encomienda system

-"entrusted" -system established in 1503 by the Spanish in the hope of clarifying arrangements with the colonists and of ending abuse of indigenous peoples of the americas

laissez-faire

-"leave it alone" in French -economic philosophy attributed to Scottish enlightenment thinker Adam smith -Adam Smith argued that business and nations benefit from a free market where each party seeks to maximize its comparative economic advantage

Janissaries

-"new soldiers" -soldiers of the ottomans -recruited from conquered christians and required to be celibate so they didnt have descendants

raja

-"prince" -title of rammohan roy -bestowed by Mughal emperor from Delhi

(European) Renaissance

-"rebirth" -term used to refer to humanist revival in Europe -most historians play down this term,, recognizing that intellectual advances of the 12th and 13th centuries underlined those of the humanist era

sultans

-"ruler" in Arabic -any head of an islamic state, often called sultanates

nawab

-"ruler" of Bengal -granted license to English east India company to settle and trade

Buddha

-"the enlightened" or "awakened" one -siddharta Gautama -buddhism became the most influential in the world

Benito Mussolini

-(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

invasion of Manchuria

-(1931) The Japanese, motivated by the need for raw materials and a desire to take over Chinese territory, invaded the province of Manchuria and held the territory until the end of the war, when they were forced to give it up.

Glorious Revolution

-1688 -parliament took charge to make sure English monarch would always be protestant -drove last Stuart king from the throne, invited puritan princess -queen Mary and king William were required to accept the principle of annual parliamentary meetings

Abraham Lincoln

-16th president of US -first republican president -his election on an antislavery platform led 11 states to secede from the union -plunged the country into the american civil war

Puritans

-17th century reformers of chruch of england -attempted to purge church of all catholic influence -calvinists who emphasized bible reading, simplicity, and modesty, and rejection of priestly authority and elaborate rituals

Balfour Declaration

-1917 -committed. the British government to help make a national home for jewish people in Palestine

Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)

-1919 -resulted in treaty of Versailles which added to postwar tensions -destabilized Germany and efforts to make stable nations from formal imperial provinces in Eastern Europe were problematic

Russian Civil War

-1919-1921 -Communist Red Army vs. "White Armies" -Leon Trotsky vs. former statist generals with help of US and Britain -Lenin won

Margaret Sanger

-1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. - Advocated birth control awareness. -activist for birth control

Chinese Communist Party

-1921 wake of may 4th movement -formed in Shanghai -joined by, then destroyed by Chiang kai-shek -allied with peasants -led by Mao Zedong

dominion/responsible government

-19th century constitutional arrangement in british north america -allowed colonies to achieve dominion states in the british empire and elect parliaments responsible for internal affairs -British appointed governors as their sovereign's representative and retained control of foreign policy

civil service examinations

-2 rounds every 3 years -first in their home prefecture and second in the capital -emperor conducted final stage, palace examinations -success earned you a government-issued degree -tested broad range of learning and weren't open to everyone, only young men from well-established families

monastery/monastic life

-3 types: first financed by central gov with educated monks that conducted regular buddhist rituals on behalf of the emperor and his immediate family, second tier depended on powerful families for support, third tier depended on local people for contributions and monks were uneducated

Gupta Empire

-320-600 -indian dynasty based in north India -emulated earlier Nauruan dynasty and revived Sanskrit -gupta kings pioneered new type of religious gift: land grants to brahmin priests and hindu temples

Ronald Reagan

-40th US president -anticommunist republican -increased American military spending, compromised when negotiating arms limitation agreements

Warring States Period

-481-221 BCE -particularly violent final centuries Zhou, brought some benefits like the diffusion of technology

Long Count

-A calendar that ran cumulatively, starting from a day equivalent to August 11, 3114 b.c.e., and continuing to the present. -Came into use in the fifth and fourth centuries b.c.e., when inscriptions of bars and dots showed different calendar units.

western front

-A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

surplus

-A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

democratic socialism

-A socialist form of government that guarantees civil liberties such as freedom of speech and religion. Citizens determine the extent of government activity through free elections and competitive political parties.

Srivijaya

-A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192) -merchants and monks went there -made extensive contributions to local buddhist monasteries as well as non-buddhist deities and welcomed buddhist travelers -traded with many regional kingdoms in central java

communism

-A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. -emphasized class solidarity

Berlin Wall

-A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Germany (28)

-Adolf Hitler -anti-semitism and socialism -gave Germans hope when they felt anxious after WWI, believed they were superior race (Aryan) -Nazis

smelting of iron

-Africans built more furnaces for this than anywhere else in the world -these techniques allowed Africans to make iron from leaner orcs -iron tools allowed them to move and settle into more heavily forested areas like the Great Lakes region

Allied Powers

-Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States during WWII -also included rebellions of France, Vietnam, and Philippines

United Nations

-An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. -consisted of France, Britain, china, Soviet Union, and US

Adolf Hitler

-Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Australia

-Banks saw it as an empty land because the inhabitants didn't improve it

USSR/Soviet Union (28)

-Bolsheviks destroyed by Stalin during great purges -led by Stalin -totalitarian control -stalin replaced peasant villages with large, state-run collective farms, which resulted in famines -ran state terror campaigns

Borodudur

-Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist monument near Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia -contains world's largest buddhist monument -provides powerful example of religious architecture connected with early state formation -huge and wealthy -positioned on main sea route between Tang Dynasty china and islamic world

Triple Entente

-Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy -formed by series of treaties

Captain James Cook

-British sea captain -took 3 voyages to Pacific Ocean and greatly expanded European knowledge of the region -Regarded as a great national hero by British public -killed in altercation with hawaiian islanders in 1779

shell shock/PTSD

-British soldiers returned from war blind, deaf, or paralyzed without any physical cause -80% of victims never returned to service -arises from any traumatic or stressful event

United States (30)

-Cold War with Soviet Union -tried to stop communism spread -Allied with European democracies and Turkey -in the 60s, experienced greater young involvement in politics and society -hippies, drugs, sexual revolution, second wave feminism

Neo-Confuciansim

-Confucianism response to Buddhism and Daoism, the world is real and fulfillment comes from participation in the world, humans link the material and spiritual world, the goal is to reach union with the Supreme Ultimate -teachings of the thinker Zhu Xi and his followers that urged students to apprehend the principle in psychological stuff, or qi

Ethiopia

-Coptic Church connected to orthodox branch of the faith and had strong monastic tradition -Portuguese attempted military alliance

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

-Democratic president who created the New Deal to counter the effects of the Great Depression

Yuan Dynasty

-Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

foot binding

-Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household -attracted a higher price -men found unnaturally small feet more attractive sexually -wrapping your feet to make them smaller -transformed a woman's foot into sexual object only seen, washed, and fondled by their partner

Mongol Khanates

-Regions held under control of Mongol Khans including Khanates of Chaghati, Golden Horde, the Great Khan and Ilkhanate of Persia

appeasement

-Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

Ayatollah Khomeini

-Shi'ite cleric -led islamic revolution Iran in 1979 -became supreme leader of islamic republic of iran

Angkor

-Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around temple cities -demonstrated Indian influence -khmer-speaking dynasty in what is now Cambodia founded by jayavarman II

collectivization

-Stalin's replacement of peasant villages with large, state-run collective farms, following the idea of "Socialism in One Country." Millions died in famines and as a result of state terror campaigns.

Qing China/Nationalist China (27)

-Sun Yat-sen -wanted china to be powerful in the world again

zaibatsu

-The large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II.

Three Kingdoms Period

-The period of Korean history from 313 to 668 when the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla kingdoms all fought for control of the Korean peninsula and exercised profound cultural influence on Japan

movable type

-Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. -It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. -Invented in Korea 13th Century. -printing method first developed in china after 1040 by printers who arranged reusable individual characters on the page

Tokugawa Ieyasu

-Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan -granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate -established political unity in Japan.

Russia (32)

-Vladimir Putin -part of BRIC, which represented rapid growing economies -re-established control over large sectors of Russian economy -reasserted country's great power status

Zen Buddhism

-a Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline -japanese school of buddhism that emphasized attaining enlightenment through meditation

Swahili

-a bantu language that incorporated arabic words -creole mix -today many East Africans identify as this

stupa

-a burial mound -where buddha's ashes were placed

Hispaniola

-a caribbean island occupied by the modern nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic

patriarchy

-a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line -women are less in this society

Pericles

-a general and Athen's most popular leader -used the league's funds to finance a building campaign to make athens as physically popular as it was politically powerful

archipelago

-a large group of islands -japanese -where korean armies introduced new iron weapons like sword and spear points

Hinduism (8)

-a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic religion -temple-based religious system that arose between 300 & 700 in India -has 2 dimensions: public worship in temples to deities like Shiva and Vishnu, and daily private worship at home

gunpowder

-a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in a 75:15:10 ratio which is used in gunnery, time fuses, and fireworks -used by chinese for fireworks and explosive weapons -used by jurchen to defeat

Malinche/Dona Marina

-a nahua noblewoman -trilingual in spanish, nahuatl, and mayan -served as translator for and advisor to cortes -played crucial role in Spanish conquest of Mexico

Sahel

-a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert" -semidesert region south of the Sahara

cacao

-a tree -mesoamericans started to prepare drinks made from pounded beans of this tree -added spices and crushed chili peppers to make variety of drinks they prized for its foam -mayans believed cacao could cure a variety of illnesses, including hemorrhoids and nervous tension

woodblock printing

-a type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood and the block is then coated with ink and pressed on the page -printing technique developed by chinese where printers made an image in reverse on a block of wood then pressed the most into sheets of paper -efficient way to print text in chinese characters

literacy

-ability to read or write -expanded by hangul

Qing China/Nationalist China (28)

-abused by Japan -Invasion of Manchuria- Japan invaded China -Rape of Nanjing- Japanese slaughtered Chinese civilians with gang rape and mutilation to spread fear

Phoenicians

-active traders in Mediterranean -did not have centralized administration and governed different peoples -lived in scattered city-states, residents sailed across seas to establish new outposts to retain their ties to the mother city-state -expanded from their base on Mediterranean to the coast of Lebanon -their alphabet only used letter, not symbols. ancestor of Roman alphabet

Zheng He

-admiral -made most ambitious voyages in chinese history -increased geographic knowledge

senate

-advisory body whom the republic consulted -entirely of patricians

Party of Mexican/Industrialized Revolution

-brought debates between moderates and radicals into one political party -leaders used patronage, corruption, and backroom deals -to try to reconcile nation's contending needs and interests -when revolution was industrialized, the party took away its energy and popular base

Olmecs (Mesoamerica)

-built first large settlements along the gulf of Mexico -produced large agricultural surpluses -population increased because of their good diets -known for massive colossal heads hewn from basalt

joint-stock companies

-business organizations where shares are sold to multiple stockholders to raise funds for trading ventures, spreading risk and profit -backed by government charters granting monopolies of trade in certain goods or with specific regions -put dutch ahead

Huguenots

-calvinists and french protestants -small but prosperous minority -many were killed in saint bartholomew's day massacre

Prussia

-capital in berlin -was the rising German power of 18th century -its military powers set it in competition with Habsburg Austria for influence over many German speaking kingdoms and principalities

eunuchs/castrates

-castrated males -these slaves wore preferred because they couldn't impregnate female members of the household

Thirty Years' War (17)

-caused by unrest between catholic and lutheran rulers -series of wars fought by various european powers on germanic-speaking lands -began as competition between catholic and lutheran rulers -complicated by dynastic and strategic interests of europe's major powers -ended by Peace of Westphalia -ended Habsburg dominance

Spanish-American War

-caused extension of american imperialism to philippines -initially centered on caribbean island of cuba -spread to include philippines, where spain had been in power

October/Russian Revolution

-celebrated by communists -planned by Lenin and Bolsheviks -barely any shots fired

Aksum/Axum (Ethiopia)

-center of christianity in Ethiopia -ethiopia was one of the first places in the world outside of the Roman Empire to convert to christianity in the early 300s because of the edict of milan

Constantinople

-center of ottoman power -center of political power -its people mirrored its ethnic and religious diversity -population was segregated -each community was responsible for its own internal affairs -one of the world's most cosmopolitan cities

Germany (26)

-changed global dynamic of european imperialism -fastest-growing industrial economy in 2nd half of the 19th century -defeated the french and wanted to assert their equality with british and make their own empires

Industrial Revolution/Industrialization

-changes that began in late 18th century Britain -transformed global economy by creating new markets for raw materials and finished goods -accompanied by technological changes that revolutionized production process, living and working conditions, and the environment -coal-driven steam engines, new forms of transportation -inventions of steamships, railroads, and telegraphs

coal

-cheap and abundant source of energy in english midlands -production increased

Shang China

-china's 1st historic dynasty -shang king ruled small area in vicinity of modern Anyang, in Henan province -granted lands to allies in noble families

daoism

-chinese belief system from at least 300 BCE -emphasized "the way" or the "Dao" -meditation, breathing techniques, and special eating regimes

mandate of heaven

-chinese belief that heaven (general forces of the cosmos) chose the rightful ruler -china's rulers believed heaven sent signs before withdrawing mandate -justification for overthrowing dynasties by force

Deng Xiaoping

-chinese communist party leader -brought dramatic economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong

Long March

-chinese communists walked about 7500 miles to consolidate base in the northeast

Ming China

-chinese imperial dynasty in power during travels of Matteo Ricci -at its height during 15th century, but by 1610 showed signs of trouble, leading to its overthrow

examination system (16)

-chinese system for choosing officials for positions in ming imperial bureaucracy -candidates had to pass one or more examinations that increased in difficulty for higher positions -based on confucian classics

Kimpa Vita/Dona Beatriz

-christian reformer in kongo kingdom -preached that Jesus Christ was an African, blending Kongo beliefs with Catholic ones -executed as a heretic by a leader vying for the kongo throne

indulgences

-church authorities said it could bring forgiveness of sins and entrance into heaven

Carthage

-city in modern-day tunisia -originally founded by Phoenicians -rome's main rival for control of mediterranean -controlled north coast of africa -prospered by taxing trade -army included africans, spaniards, Celts, Phoenicians, Italians, and greeks

peninsulares

-civic and religious officials sent directly from spain

Kongo (19)

-civil war and invasions led to disintegration of monarchy and abandonment of the capital San Salvador -depicted Jesus as African -Portuguese missionaries regarded their belief as heresy

Spanish Civil War

-civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government -Mussolini and Hitler aided Franco -France, Britain, and U.S stayed neutral -seen as prelude of WWII

U.S.

-claimed direct territorial stake in pacific when they annexed hawaiian islands -imperialism further expanded to philippines because of spanish american war

Choson dynasty/Korea

-closely followed ming imperial model -established one of the most table political systems, ruling Korean Peninsula from 1392-early 20th century -capital of seole where young men trained for examinations

Boers

-descendants of earlier dutch and french colonists -seeking land for further expansion -moved into land that was temporarily depopulated during zulu warfare and caused frontier conflicts that alarmed british authorities -never able to calm african resistance to their conquests/encroachments

socialism/ (scientific) socialism/Marxism

-developed in france and germany -advocates debated whether workers' rights would be better advanced through overthrow of the state or by working in existing institutions

Pakistan (32)

-developed nuclear weapons against a treaty against india

bhakti

-devotion to a deity or guru "personal devotion or love" -term for hindu poetry or cults that emphasizes strong personal tie between deity and devotee -didnt use priests as intermediaries

Aboriginal Australians/Aborigines

-didnt understand necessity of fencing off vast land for sheep -barred themselves from ancestral hunting and gathering lands -had rich and complex religious and artistic traditions, and knowledge of local environment -were hunter-gatherers -had no metal tools, no hierarchal political organization, and no immunity to Afro-Eurasian diseases (smallpox)

Total War (29)

-disrupted lives of civilians almost everywhere -people constantly worked in wartime production and many suffered tragic losses -wartime production pulled US out of GD

Vietnam (30)

-divided into North and South -Communist north, authoritarian south

Declaration of Independence

-document written by Thomas Jefferson -justified expansion opportunities for the British

Dar Al-islam

-domain of islam -gave africans more significant avenue for early modern global interconnections

mercantilism/mercantile practices

-dominant economic theory in 17th and 18th century europe -emphasized role of international economics in interstate competition -tariffs were placed on imports to raise their prices, maximize country's exports, and build up supplies of gold and silver bullion for military investment

Dutch (26)

-dominant european presence in islands of southest asia -colonial authorities imposed harsh economic conditions -bought for cheap, sold at high prices -authorities asserted formal administrative control over Java and Sumatra -sought control of other islands because of increased presence of other european powers

Mughal India

-dominant power in South Asia -emperors who controlled most of the Indian subcontinent from their capital at Delhi during height of their power in 16 and 17 century

Asante Kingdom

-dominant power in west african forest -18th and early 19th centuries -capital sacked by british forces in 1874 and 1896 -Yaa Asantewa's war represented final attempt to expel the british

Swahili City-States

-dominated gold trade into Indian Ocean for centuries -kilwa was close to interior gold deposits and also one of the furthest points south where mariners from India, persia, and arabia could make a safe round trip -sea walls destroyed by Portugal canons, diverted gold southward toward them

Netherlands East Indes (Indonesia)

-dutch power was deepened asresult of new imperialism -archipelago

Mamluks

-dynasty founded by mamluk military slaves in Cairo that re-established the caliphate in 1261 -had territory in Egypt, Syria, and Arabia

Tokugawa Shogunate

-dynasty of shoguns, paramount military leaders of Japan -from their capital of eco, rulers brought political stability by restraining the power of daimyo lords

Norte Chico/Caral

-earliest complex society in the americas -their main urban center was located in modern day Peru, in the andes -capital of modern day Peru -contains one of the world's largest pyramid: Piramide Mayor -most likely a city-state -drought and over-farming may have led to its downfall

oracle bones

-earliest surviving written records in china -scratched onto cattle shoulder blades and turtle shell bottoms -to record diviners' interpretations of the future

Emma Goldman

-early 20th century -one of the most provocative figures all around the world -Russian born anarchist who went to the U.S but got deported -militant feminist and critic of capitalism and communism which was practice in the Soviet Union -writer and public speaker -protested against violence in WWI

Turkey (32)

-economic liberalization led to free markets and industries -experienced high growth rates -experienced rise in social and political tensions

dependency complex

-economic trap -instead of developing their own industrial base or integrating their national and regional markets -depended on exporting raw materials, usually agricultural produce or minerals to import manufactured goods -reinforced social inequalities inherited from colonialism

Argentina

-economically successful -railroads helped get cattle to the market, refrigerated steamships brought its beef to european consumers -its capital buenos aires had elegant plazas and pleasant cities -created the tango

Jesuits

-educated similarly to nahua -boys and girls left home at 15 to live in separate boys and girls homes -girls went back at 17 or 28 to get married, boys stay longer until they took up their father's jobs -girls weren't educated and boys were college trained

Zen (Chan) Buddhist

-emphasized mental discipline and acute awareness -practitioners are less interested in scriptural study and ritual observance than in inward contemplation and being in the moment

Mexica/Aztec Empire/Triple Alliance (Tenochtitlan)

-empire based in Tenochtitlan, modern day mexico -ruled 4 to 6 million people in modern-day Mexico and Guatemala -didnt incorporate its own culture into their conquests

Britain/England (23)

-empire stimulated britain's early modern economy -dominated a global trade network with timber and fur from canada, sugar from caribbean, cotton textiles from india, and tea from china -trade and communications infrastructure supported merchants seeking to expand global markets and sources of raw materials

mandates/mandatory states

-great powers ruled over territories under League of Nation auspices until they're prepared for self-government -in Africa and Middle East -required reports to League of Nations showing they were furthering "native rights" -Europeans ruled the mandated territories like colonies

Moctezuma II

-great speaker -allowed spaniards to safely enter tenochtitlan -placed under house arrest by spaniards and later killed by spaniards

Charles I/Charles V

-greatest of the habsburg monarchs -ruled spain and habsburg domains in central europe from 1516-1556 -possessed all wealth of americas -inherited netherlands, controlled southern part of italy, and was king of naples -crowned as holy roman emperor

Aristotle

-greek philosopher -taught by plato -encouraged his students to observe natural world and explain logically how they proceeded from their starting assumptions -this system of reasoning shaped how written arguments are presented today

Herodotus

-greek speaking historian born in Halicarnassus -author of the histories, which was an investigation of the history, folklore, geography, plants, and customs of the known world -known as father of history

Germany (22)

-greeted French as bearers of enlightenment, liberty, and equality -after Napoleon and his troops started acting like occupiers, they became disappointed

Ethiopia (32)

-grew at annual rate of more than 10% from 2005 to 2013

Indian National Congress

-group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule -Gandhi later changed it into the national voice of India

lineage

-group of people claiming descent from the same ancestor, whether legendary or historical, who are not necessary biologically related but consider themselves a family unit

Ottoman Empire

-group of turkic muslim nomads who gained control of the Anatolia region in modern turkey around 1300 -their conquest of Constantinople in 1453 marked end of byzantine empire -didnt force islam conversion

Soviet Union/USSR (30)

-had Cold War with US -spread of communism -made Sputnik and did technological race with US -allied with European countries in their control

Mexico (27)

-had Mexican revolution after WWI

Ming Empire

-had a century's head start on the europeans -richer than Spain and portugal -most prosperous country in the world in the early 15th century -had no concept of a colony

Korea(30)

-had a war which put the People's Republic of China in direct conflict with US -North Korea attacked South Korea, US went to defend South Korea and China thought were preparing to attack them -North is communist -South is authoritarian

France (28)

-had colonies in Africa -also created anti-colonial nationalism

Great Britain (28)

-had colonies in India -Amritsar Massacre and led to India anti-colonial nationalism

Muslim

-had contact with Jews so their beliefs overlapped with Jewish and Christian beliefs -dont believe Muhammad is founder of islam bc they believe God's teachings are timeless -considers Muhammad as last messenger of God

Benin

-had long history of political and cultural achievement before arrival of first europeans in 16th century

Malay States (Malaysia)

-had muslim sultanates -had rich tin resources and british merchants wanted it -since 2nd industrial revolution increased demand -local rivalries supported divide and conquer policy

Herero

-had rebellion put down by superior european power -ordered by german commander to be driven out and never return

encomienda

-had restrictions placed on it by the crown

John Locke (22)

-had theory of government based on a contract where individuals receive protection of the basic rights by voluntarily submitting to a legitimate government -made natural rights mentioned in the constitution

Guatemala

-had typically dependent export economy -president was Jacobo Arbenz, who was overthrown and led to a dictatorship which was supported by US so they wouldn't lose Guatemala to SU

jizya

-head tax on non-muslims who weren't allowed to fight in all muslim army -mandatory tax for hindus

revenue

-helped Mughals ensure others loyalty -this system, controlled from the top, recognized prerogatives of local rulers -part of a broader Mughal attempt to integrate existing Indian authorities into their government

longitude

-helped determine ships' positions on east-west axis -helped with navigation and calculating a ship's position

caravan

-helped societies with trade -carried goods from one place to another

Han China

-immediate successor to Qin -rulers denounced legalist governance but adopted much of the Qin blueprint for empire -model for all subsequent dynasties -encouraged spread of confucianism throughout empire

grand canal

-important for trade and governance -connected political and military capital Beijing with productive Yangtze River valley and fertile rice producing regions further south

Songhai/Songhay Empire (Timbuktu)

-important islamic empire with prosperity based on both interregional and trans-saharan trade -stretched from Atlantic into present day Nigeria -reached its height in 16th century before being invaded by Morocco

indentured servitude/servants

-imported by europeans -vulnerable to tropical diseases like yellow fever and malaria from Africa

Bartholomew Dias

-in 1487 he commanded a Portuguese ship that rounded the Cape of Good Hope and southern end of Africa

Napolean Bonaparte

-military commander -gained control of France after the French Revolution -declared himself emperor in 1804 and attempted to expand French territory, failed to defeat Great Britain -abdicated in 1814 -died in exile after brief return to power in 1815 -turned republic into empire

samurai

-military retainers -caused spread of warfares and chaos throughout the islands

'barbarians'

-ming china labeled societies that did not emulate chinese models and principles as this

Hulegu

-mongke's brother -led mongols on conquest of Baghdad -ordered execution of caliph and ended Abbasid Caliphate

Khubilai Khan

-mongke's brother and rightful successor -genghis khan's grandson -became ruler of Mongolia and north china in 1260 -succeeded in conquering south china in 1276, but not in Japan or Vietnam

Il Khanate/Persia

-mongol government of the region of Iran -founded by hulegu, who took title of il-khan to indicate he was of lower rank than his brother monk -couldnt tax iran properly

Vietnam

-mongols failed to conquer them -under tran dynasty

Japan

-mongols tried to invade -under rule of Kamakura -mongols forced Korea to supply ships, soldiers, and supplies -controlled shoreline

hunter/gatherer

-monte verde, clovis. -paleolithic and neolithic -in order to get food, people hunt animals for meat and gather fruits and vegetables.

Ramadan

-month when Muslim's fast during the daytime

factory system

-more efficient way of production -group of workers who each focused on single steps of the process

"second industrial revolution"

-more technologically sophisticated and capital intensive industrialism -later 19th century -electricity, steel, and petroleum superseded coal and iron -large corporations required secure access to natural resources from around the world

Ivan III

-moscow's most important leader -overthrew qipchak khanate in 1502 -controlled a lot of Russia from Black Sea to Novgorod and much of Poland

(Unification of) Germany

-most important european political development in 19th century -under friedrich wilhelm, country could not unify under liberal constituion

Emperor Akbar

-most powerful of Mughal emperors -pursued policy of toleration toward hindu majority and presided over a cosmopolitan court -his armies controlled most of Indian subcontinent

Ottoman Empire (Constantinople)

-most successful of turkic-speaking peoples who had migrated westward from the central eurasian steppes to conquer sedentary agricultural societies -seized constantinople in 1453 -expanded into southeastern europe

Polynesians

-mostly lived on the sea -developed in isolation from eurasians -their societies were stratified and their leaders relied on their subjects for labor

French (26)

-moved further up senegal river and eventually gained control from senegal to niger rivers -became threat to british control

Aurangzeb

-mughal emperor -used military force to extend his power but whose constant campaigns drained the treasury and whose policy favored islam at expense of India's other religious generated social and political tensions -presided over stable and prosperous realm

qadi

-muslim jurist -listened to aggrieved parties

Swahili (Mombasa)

-muslim merchants and sailors plied maritime trade routes connecting east Africa with India and the Persian gulf -princes and aristocrats acknowledged their authority while regulating affairs of their own city-states -traditional arts and crafts continued through political transitions, combining islamic and African motifs

jinn

-mysterious power granted by ancestors -taken away if taboo is broken -key concept in islam

Bantu

-name for languages of the Niger-Congo language family and the speakers of those languages

moai

-name for the 887 statues, probably on ancestral leaders -made of tufa volcanic rock and erected on easter island around 1000 -large and heavy

Mamluk/Eqypt

-napolean's invasion destroyed status quo -stimulated national consciousness and set stage for emergence of more powerful Egyptian state

Ming Dynasty

-native Chinese dynasty that overthrew the mongols but continued many of their practices -included Manchuria, inner mongolia, Xinjiang, and tibet -officials assigned each household a category of labor

obsidian

-naturally occurring volcanic glass -used by different peoples in the americas to make fine art objects, dart tips, and knife blades -most important good traded by mayans

Triangular Trade

-network of interchange among Europe, Africa, and colonial americas -consisted of raw materials and agricultural produce sent from the americas to Europe -manufactures sent to Africa and used for purchase of slaves -slaves exported from Africa and sent to americas

Indian Ocean trade network

-network traversed by dhows that connected the ports around the Indian Ocean in East Africa, Arabia, and western India

Nara Japan

-new Japanese capital -1st chinese style city with gridded streets, walls, and gates that gives its name to Nara period

Sikhism

-new faith whose monotheistic followers rejected the caste system while striving to reconcile islamic and hindu beliefs

soviets

-new form of social and political organization -factory and railroad workers, residents of urban neighborhoods, soldiers, and sailors in the military -radical form of democracy: all participants has the right to speak and be represented, decisions were made through public discussions and consensus

Tokugawa Shogunate (20)

-shoguns and daimyo lords ruled over rapidly growing society with flourishing economy and major accomplishments including poetry, theater, and architecture -shoguns brought peace and stability to Japanese islands, daimyos retained substantial authority within their own domains -increased wealth through agriculture and trade

Isaac Newton

-skilled theoretical and experimental scientist -created new, systematic architecture for science by stating the universal law of gravitation -one of the inventors of differential calculus -undertook extensive experiments with optics, led to more powerful telescopes

Kilwa/Swahili city-states

-small island off the coast of modern Tanzania -its kings were descended from arabic-speaking settlers from Yemen -had sultan that gifted slaves and ivory -its palace was modeled after islamic palaces across Indian Ocean

Belgium

-small kingdom -became independent in 1830 -ruled by king leopold II

dhow

-small sailboats used by merchants in the Indian Ocean -made from teak planks laid edge to edge fastened with coconut fiber twine and chalked to prevent leaking

caste/caste system

-social hierarchy -comes from Portuguese word castas meaning breed or type of animal/plant

Louisiana Purchase

-sold by Napoleon to America for him to gain funds and them to further expand

Qing dynasty (China)

-sometimes called Manchu dynasty after Manchurian origins of its rulers -qing means "brilliant" -extended their rule from Beijing as far as Mongolia and Tibet

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

-sometimes seen as beginning of modern womens movement -held in epstate NY -inspired by abolition movement and revolutions that happened that year in europe -where women met to proclain universal freedom and gender equality

Alexander the Great / of Macedon

-son of Philip of macedon -defeated the last achaemenid ruler and ruled the former Persian empire until he died

Cape Town (Colony)

-southernmost tip of Africa -became "refreshment station" where ships would take fresh water, beef, and fruit so sailors wouldn't get scurvy

KGB

-soviet spy agency -worked through local proxies to maintains control over its satellites

Bartolome de Las Casas

-spanish Dominican friar -argued for the humanity of amerindians and criticizes Spanish treatment of them

woodblock printing (12)

-sped up book publishing dramatically -significantly lowered the cost of books

sweet potato

-staple part of diet for people of eastern island

Great Depression

-starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Ukiyo/Ukiyoe - "floating worlds"

-stood for living in the moment -how Tokugawa artists expressed social fluidity of their urban milieu -work was exquisite but betrayed sense of complacency in face of mounting challenges

Ramayana

-story of Rama and Sita

bushi/bushido

-strict code of honor and loyalty for samurai

liberalism (23)

-strongly associated with urban middle class -most strongly developed in britain -open-mindedness and need for social and political reform -favored freedom of conscience,freedom of trade, protection of property rights, and limitations on the political power of religious authorities -emphasized constitutional government and further extension of voting rights

jihad

-struggle or fight in military campaigns against non-muslims -modern use of individual's striving to fulfill all islam teachings

King Charles I

-stuart king -pursued war with Spain -supported Huguenot rebels in France -couldnt raise taxes to finance his work without parliaments approval

Plato

-student of socrates, taught aristotle - used socratic method -his teaching emphasized ethics -believed students should use reason to choose correct course of action

Bernardino de Sahagun

-studied local language of Mexico, nahuatl -a university graduate -Franciscan friar -displayed understanding of historical method -worked with a team of researchers to record the history of the aztec peoples before the Spanish arrived in a long book called General History of the Things of New Spain, or the Florentine Code

ethnography

-study of the linguistic and cultural relationships between peoples

jati

-sub-caste -most indians marry from the same subcaste and share meals on equal footing with people of same subcaste

Spain

-subdued the peoples of the southern regions of South America by 1580

Zhou China

-successor dynasty to Shang -gained mandate to heaven and right to rule -depicted as ideal age, but witnessed considerable conflict

Tamerlane / Timur

-successor to changhatai khanate -conquered large swath of Central Asia south and east of the Caspian Sea -known for setting enemies on fire or throwing them off a cliff -forcibly resettled artisans and architects

Principality of Moscow

-successor to the qipchak khanate in modern-day russia -rulers were better able to pay their share of tribute and were favored by qipchak khanate

karma

-sum of one's actions in this and all earlier

Ahura Mazda

-supreme deity of Zoroastrianism -the lord of the truth that created heaven, earth, day, night, darkness, and light -made twin entities: good and evil spirit

casta system

-system of racial categorization in the Spanish americas -different terms were developed for various mixtures of European, African, and amerindian descent -flexible system that allowed movement up or down racial hierarchy, but markers of Spanish descent always had highest status

oligarchy

-system used in sparta -ruled by 2 kings

Confucius/Kong Fuzi

-teacher who made a living tutoring students -known through The Analects, the records of convos with his students that they wrote after his death

Four Noble Truths

-teachings of buddha - 1.diagnosed suffering, 2.analyzed its origins, 3. stated that a cure existed, 4.explained the cure -steps to escape endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth

confucianism

-term for main tenets of the thought of Confucius -emphasized the role of ritual to bring out people's inner humanity

upanishads

-texts claimed to be linked to Vedic tradition but introduces new ideas

Easter Island

-the easternmost inhabited island in the pacific -southeast of Pitcairn island -its language retains more archaic features than that of its neighbors -people subsisted on a diet of sweet potato along with other things

authoritarianism

-the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

shogun

-the general of the emperor's army with the powers of a military dictator, a position created by the Japanese emperor in 1192 after a struggle between two powerful clans -"general" in japanese -all-powerful military leader governing on behalf of the emperor who lived in Kyoto but exercised little actual power -patronized buddhism

Potosi

-the greatest silver discovery in world history -located high in the andes in modern Bolivia where Spanish found huge quantities of silver -silver exports and exports from other American mines helped finance development of early modern world economy -enabled european trade with Asia and much of the silver ended up in china, stimulating development of integrated world economy

Amerindians

-the group of people that were present in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans

Vietnam/Ly Dynasty

-the independent rulers of Vietnam who adopted tang code in 1042 -emperor had mandate of heaven -its control beyond major administrative centers were weak

suffrage

-the legal right to vote -at the time was fought for by women

Empress Wu

-the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty -sole woman to rule china as emperor in her own right -called herself emperor -founded Zhou dynasty which replaced tang until wu died and tang was restored

Hellenization/Hellenism/Hellenistic

-the process where societies, peoples, and places became more greek under alexander's rule -non-greeks and greeks influencing each other

civil disobedience

-the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. -used by many colonies who they participated in anti-colonial nationalism

bushido

-the samurai code, "way of the warrior" -instructed samurai to cultivate civil as well as military arts

Indus Valley

-the site of earliest complex society on the Indian subcontinent -brick cities, drainage systems, open plazas, and broad avenues -heavily involved with trade

Chola Kingdom

-the wealthy trading state that controlled southern India from 850 through 1267 -Tamil -south india -among most powerful leaders who patronized hindu temples -controlled immediate vicinity of capital and other large cities in the district

domestic economy

-the work associated with obtaining food for a family or household

France (29)

-their resistance groups joined the allied powers -French Vichy regime shared anticommunism and antisemitism of the nazis -charles de gaulle was the general and statesman who led free French army in resistance to German occupation

ashoka

-third king of mauryan dynasty -1st indian ruler to support buddhism

mestizo

-those of mixed descent

creoles/criolles

-those with 2 European parents but born in americas

Serbia (27)

-threatened by Austria, later appealed to Russia -one of causes for world war 1

German Southwest Africa

-today's namibia -set chilling precedentfor 20th century

Ceylon

-todays Sri Lanka -central point from which to connect the trade routes of eastern and western halves of the ocean

Singapore

-trading city -britiansmost valuable possession in southeast asia since 1819 -attracted chinese immigrants and became center of chinese merchants -indians came as clerks and office workers

Dutch learning

-traditional Japanese title for western knowledge -knowledge of dutch in Tokugawa was a sign of worldliness and sophistication

etak

-traditional Polynesian system of navigation that uses the stars, clouds, waves, and birds' flight patterns to steer on sea voyages

Simon Bolivar

-traveled to Madrid, Rome, and Paris with his tutor to study the enlightenment -revolutionary born in Venezuela -led military forces throughout present day Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru -became most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America

Woodrow Wilson

-tried stayed out of war, but neutrality seemed impossible -president of U.S during and after war -made the 14 points so allied success in the war could lead to the spread of peace and democracy

Safavid Empire

-turkic-speaking -nomadic -assimilated into persian culture when establishing their capital in isfahan -dynasty that established shi'ite islam as the state religion in iran -challenged the powerful ottoman empire -fell to invaders from central asia in early 18th century

(Francisco)/Pancho Villa

-turned against carranza -represented romance of revolution -he and his friends, cowboys and ranchers, fought property owners for land and water rights

Elizabeth I

-under her rule, english society entered 17th century in tranquility and with more national confidence -followed anglican church

Mauryan Empire

-unified most of the Indian subcontinent -exercised more control in cities than the countryside -made buddhism the most influential in the world

Gran Colombia

-unified state -Francisco miranda's goal was to inflame continental revolution against Spain and make one -proposed constitutional union including today's Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru

Qin China

-unified the empire for the 1st time -the most important event of all of Chinese history

Sokoto Caliphate

-usuman dan fodio -important west african jihad leader -made when he retreated to the desert, built a large army, conquered his enemies, and consolidated the emirates after he was threatened with assassination -dominated savanna region -after he died, it became decentralized

Peru

-viceroyalty -main social divide between Spanish speaking colonists of coastal areas and considerable amerindian population of the andes

British/England (Virginia, New England)

-virgina: English colony in North America with export economy based on tobacco production -use of European indentured servants gave way to dependence on slave trade -their assembly, house of burgesses was independent deliberative body

revelation

-visions or epiphany that helps determine your faith as a Muslim, Christian, etc

manumission

-voluntary freeing of slaves by their masters encouraged in some places as act of christian charity -those most likely to be freed were women, children, and elderly

Portugal (16)

-wanted to create an empire like what Spain was doing in the americas -dutch followed them and had greater economic impact -their journeys had economic and religious motives -wanted to outflank muslim intermediaries by seeking an oceanic trade link with Asia -wanted to divert morocco's riches to them by sailing south -controlled narrow straits separating Sumatra from Malay peninsula, where spices went on their way to India, iran, and mediterranean -used canons to take over trade centers -gained rough, greedy, and uncivilized reputation

War of the Pacific

-war among bolivia, peru, and chile -over natural resources of pacific coast -chile won, gained international presige -bolivia became poor, landlocked country bc they lost

Poland (27)

-was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austrian late 18th Century -recreated by Paris treaty

Tang Dynasty (12)

-was permanently weakened by the An Lushan rebellion and came to an end -china broke apart

Italy

-weakest of european imperialist powers -attacked ethiopia

Middle Passage

-went across the Atlantic -route that slaves traveled in Atlantic slave trade

United States (28)

-went through Great Depression which caused high tariffs to American manufacturing from foreign imports. Unemployment rose drastically -Presidents during WWII were FDR and Truman

mita/mit'a

-what the Spanish called their Andean labor system -same name used by Inca for their system of labor tribute -differed from Inca system -every adult male had to spend one full year out of every seven working in the mines for insufficient wages

Russia (22)

-when attacked by French, they couldn't prevent it but used their vast landscape as advantage, greatly decimated the troops

Palestine/Israel (27)

-where black soldiers from Indian Regiment of the British Army were deployed against Ottomans

Tahiti (Polynesia)

-where breadfruit was found by Joseph Banks -less focused on exclusive ownership of material goods -wouldnt use corporal punishment in simple cases like theft

Congo Free State (Belgian Congo)

-where infamous abuses took place beause of a search for rubber in 1890s -personal domain of king leopold II

Australia (26)

-white immigrants reduced native peoples to a defeated ad subservient people -economy boomed because of wool exports and gold discoveries

'comfort women'

-women taken as prisoners to serve Japanese soldiers sexually. -mostly Korean women, but also women from any land ruled by Japan

zezana

-women's quarters -where women were secluded

Greek Revolution

-won their independence from Ottoman Empire -didnt effect europe's status quo at first

Adam Smith

-wrote Wealth of Nations -argued that division of labor was a key to increased productivity -paved way of factory system of production

Zarathustra/Zoroaster

-zoroaster -founding prophet of Zoroastrianism -lived in heart, a city in Iranian highland plateau or modern day Afghanistan

Martin Luther King

1929-1968. Pivotal leader of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech.

Czechoslovakia

1939 Hitler occupies Czechoslovakia and violates Munich Agreement.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies

Allah

Arabic for "God"; the supreme god of Islam

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967

Ai Weiwei

Artist who is a symbol of rebellion against the Chinese government.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence

Emperor Hirohito

At the start of his reign, Japan was still a fairly rural country with a limited industrial base. Japan's militarization of in the 1930's eventually led to Japan's invasion in China and involvement in WW2.

bombing of Hiroshima

August 6, 1945 US dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city, between 70,000-80,000 instantly died. Ended war with Japan

siddharta guatama

Buddha; founder of Buddhism.

Thich Quang Duc

Buddhist monk who burned himself to death in June 11, 1963 to protest persecution of Buddhists during NGo Dinh Diem administration

Theravada Buddhism

Buddhist sect that focuses on the wisdom of the Buddha -earlier schools and teachings of Buddhism -"Lesser Vehicle"

bodhisattvas

Buddhist term denoting a being headed for Buddhahood who postpones it to help others. -pushing their own enlightenment to help other receive theirs

Grand Canal

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

"Asian Tigers"

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.

satellite nations

Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative British Prime Minister and first women to head a major European government (1925-)

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Aung San Suu Kyi

Daughter of Aung San; winner of Nobel Prize for her fight for democracy in Burma

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Song Dynasty

During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings

F.W. de Klerk

Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Abraham

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

Muhammad Yunus

Founder of the Grameen Bank microlending institution

National Liberation Front

Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam under Northern rule and aided what group of communist rebels trying to overthrow Diem in the south. Official title of the Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.

Greco-Roman philosophy

Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay)

contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Muhammad Mossadegh

Iranian leader who nationalized the oil reserves leading to an American backed overthrow of his government

ISIS

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

bombing of Pearl Harbor

Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. The attack devastated the American fleet. America declared war on Japan.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Koryo

Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He develpoped economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues

mullahs

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism

indo-europeans

Many people and languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India share a common linguistic traits due to being part of this ancient group.

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.

Suez Canal Crisis

Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.

Chechnya

One of the republics that remains a part of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union despite independence movements and violent upheaval.

elite

People of wealth and power

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Ibn Khaldun

Prominent Muslim historian born in Tunis in North Africa -he reported on the kings of Mali and major events of their reigns -created new definition of history, making it the study of human society and its transformations

helots

Spartan slaves

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.