AP2 Final
How much urine is formed in 24 hours?
1.5L
What is the normal PO2 of the alveolar air?
104 mm Hg
When do the corona radiata cells appear?
12 days
Red blood cells live around ______ before they disintegrate.
120 days
What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
180L per day
Given the following list of organic molecules, which includes hormones? 1. nucleic acid derivatives 2. polypeptides 3. steroids 4. proteins
2. polypeptides 3. steroids 4. proteins
What is a normal platelet count?
200,000 per cubic mm
about _____% of the total daily intake of water is derived from internal cell matabolism.
33
How many openings are there int he right atrium?
4
What is the normal PCO2 of the capillary blood
45 mm Hg
There are ______ secondary bronchi.
5
How much blood does the average adult have?
5 L
What is the pH range compatible with life?
6.8-8.0
What is the normal pH of the blood?
7.35-7.45
About ________% of the atrial blood flows into the ventricles before the atria contracts.
70
During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches:
758 mmHg
Atmospheric pressure is around:
760 mmHg
The _______ allows the atria to communicate with the ventricles.
A-V node
The first heard sound results when the:
A-V valves close
Which is the rarest ABO blood type?
AB
The main factor that causes the kidney to conserve water is:
ADH
Which of these hormones is released into the blood from the posterior pituitary?
ADH
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Lymphatic system? a. Defending from infection caused by microorganisms and other foreign substances b. Aiding in erythropoiesis of red blood cells c. Maintaining fluid balance by returning excess interstitial fluid to the blood d. absorbing and transporting lipids from the digestive tract
Aiding in erythropoiesis
How are B cells activated
B cell is activated when it encounters an antigen that matches its B cell receptors and receives cytokines from helper T cells
Humoral immunity is mediated by the
B cells
antibodies are produced by
B cells that differentiate to form plasma cells
MHC calss II molecules are found on
B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
The rental corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and:
Bowman's capsule
The action of specific kinds of T lymphocytes that directly attach foreign or abnormal cells is called
Cellular immunity
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary?
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
Which of the following is the most accurate sequence of hormones?
FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone
True of False Agglutination occurs when blood type B+ receives blood type O- in a transfusion.
False
True of False The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in the urine is that most of it is returned to the blood by reabsorption.
False
True or False A functional syncytium occurs when one cardiac muscle cell causes the ones around to inhibit their beat.
False
True or False Ankle edema or ascites is caused by abnormal increase in blood osmotic pressure
False
True or False Both granulocytes and agranulocytes arise from the lyphoid stem cell line.
False
True or False Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withhold their secretion of ADH.
False
True or False Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, are very sensitive to the effects of heat, and are easily destroyed by cooking or food processing.
False
True or False Fatty acids and amino acids produce far less ATP than one glucose molecule
False
True or False If you eat more calories than you burn, you will lose weight.
False
True or False In the female, the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and vagina.
False
True or False Increases in carbon dioxide production usually result in a decrease in acidity.
False
True or False Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area will no longer have urination reflexes.
False
True or False Platelets can undergo mitosis and perform repairs if damaged.
False
True or False Starling's law of the heart states that the force of a heart chamber decreases when the chamber is full.
False
True or False The ability to seat is the major method of regulating body water and concentration
False
True or False Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, a mesh that glues together the platelet plug and helps seal the damaged vessel.
False
True or False? Blood in all veins is relatively low in oxygen.
False
True or False? Erythropoiesis operates on a positive feedback loop maintained by erythroboietin.
False
True or False? The levels of insulin in the blood are maintained at constant, stable, homeostatic levels.
False
True or False? When oxygen concentrations are low in tissues surrounding systemic capillaries, hemoglobin releases oxygen to become carboxyhemoglobin.
False
A number of hormonal secretions begin to increase during puberty. Which hormone appears to initiate the process of puberty?
GnRH
Which hormone initiates the changes in puberty?
GnRH
The mature follicle is also called:
Graafian follicle
What is the most important ion, which affects all of the functions of the others?
H+
You have received a copy of your blood report. You were happy to see high levels of:
HDLs high-density lipoproteins
Which mechanism prevents over-inflation of the lungs?
Hering-Breuer reflex
If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol levels increase, which of the following will occur?
High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline
What are releasing hormones from the hypothalamus secreted into?
Hypophyseal protal veins
Which of the following correctly matched?
IgA - found in saliva and tears
Which is the most common immunoglobulin for allergies?
IgE
Which type of immunoglobulin molecule is passed on to nursing infants in breast milk?
IgM
why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?
Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate.
Hemorrhaging could occur because of lack of sufficient vitamin:
K
Ovulation appears to be triggered by a midcycle surge in ______________.
LH
Which factor will inhibit the secretion of estrogens?
LH
Which hormone is most closely involved with ovulation?:
LH
Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testerone in the testis is stimulated by
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Which factor causes the act of ovulation?
LH levels
A condition in which there is a congenital predisposition for ruptured aorta is:
Marfan Syndrome
From deep (innermost) to superficial (outermost), the layers of the organs of the alimentary canal are:
Mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa (adventitia)
What reacts with excess bases in protein buffers?
NH3+
What enzyme is produced by the intestine to digest nucleic acids?
Nuclease
In an ECG, where does the depolarization of the atria occur?
P wave
The time taken for an impulse to travel from the S-A to the A-V node is evidenced in the:
P-Q interval
Which hormone controls the ability to produce milk?
PRL
Where does the repolarization of the atria occur?
QRS complex
________ are part of cell-mediated immunity while _______ are part of antibody-mediated immunity.
T cells are a part of cell-mediated immunity B cells are a part of antibody-mediated immunity
Which of the following events occurs last in the thyroid gland?
T3 & T4 are stored within thyroid follicules
How does the impulse to contract slow down slightly before it is transferred into the ventricles?
The skeleton of the heart prevents the impulse from being transmitted rapidly
Select the statement that is true about the spleen
The spleen filters the blood much the same way the lymph nodes filter the lymph
The universal blood donor is O- sincew this blood type lacks the A, B, and Rh antigens.
True
True of False Loss of blood from trauma will usually reduce the amount of urine that is produced.
True
True of False Obesity is defined as a BMI over 30
True
True or False A dilation in a vein is called a varicosity.
True
True or False An injection of acetylcholine into the heart could decrease the rate of the heart.
True
True or False Caloric intake exceeding caloric output is a positive energy balance
True
True or False Diuretics can have an effect of reducing blood pressure.
True
True or False During the drinking of water, the stretching of the stomach causes a hypothalamic reflex to send impulse to the nervous system causing the person to stop.
True
True or False Fatty acid catabolism involves B-oxidation while amino acid catabolism involves transamination of the amino group on amino acids
True
True or False Fatty acids cannot undergo gluconeogenesis to produce glucose molecules.
True
True or False Gout is a disease that causes uric acid crystals to form on joints.
True
True or False Holding one's breath tends to make the blood more acidic.
True
True or False Hypertension is related to an increased rise for developing a heart attach, stroke, or obesity.
True
True or False Ions such as chloride usually passively follow the movement of cations to achieve electrical balance.
True
True or False Normally the hydrostatic pressure of the blood exceeds its osmotic pressure which causes a loss of fluids into the tissue spaces.
True
True or False Reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule are known as anabolic reactions.
True
True or False The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold has been exceeded.
True
True or False The blood in the pulmonary arteries has a relatively high carbon dioxide concentration.
True
True or False The coronary circulation has a rich array of anastomoses between its arteries and veins.
True
True or False The majority of blood is plasma.
True
True or False The secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney.
True
True or False The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning.
True
True or False The technique called defibrillation is the application of an electric current to the check wall with the desired effect of directly stabilizing the abnormal heart rhythm.
True
True or False There are about 1 million nephrons in each kidney.
True
True or False Thrombolysis begins with fibrinolysis and the breakdown of the fibrin glue that was produced during coagulation.
True
True or False Water will move from hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis.
True
True or False When an atrium is in systole the ventricle is in diastole.
True
True or False? As blood levels of thyroid hormones increase, the secretions of TRH & TSH are reduced?
True
True or False? Cholecystokinin, a hormone released from intestinal mucosa as a result of stimulation by the presence of fats in the small intestine, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum.
True
True or False? Cretinism is a condition of physical and mental retardation that is the result of a deficiency of thyroxine
True
True or False? Male sex hormones can be produced by the testes or adrenal glands.
True
True or False? Pulmonary edema may be caused by damage to the heart that has weakened the left ventricle.
True
True or False? Puss is a collection of white blood cells, cellular debris, and bacteria?
True
True or False? The circle of Willis represents an anastomosis of blood vessels supplying the cranial cavity and brain.
True
True or False? The most common leukocyte is the neutrophil while the least common leukocyte is the basophil.
True
True or False? The vagus nerve appears to regulate both peristalsis and segmentation in the small intestine.
True
True or False? the internal anal sphincter is controlled involuntarily while the external anal sphincter is controlled voluntarily.
True
Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?
Vasa recta
Which of the following vitamins is necessary for producing collagen?
Vitamin C
A protein deficiency may be accompanied by edema because of:
a decrease in plasma proteins and therefore a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure
Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?
a. ABSORPTION***** b. secretion c. propulsion d. digestion
Which of the following is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary?
a. ACTH b. FSH c. ICSH d GnRH*******
Which of the following reactions is driven by glucose catabolsim?
a. ATP oxidation-reduction b. ATP catabolism c. ATP SYNTHESIS***** d. ATP hydrolysis
Which of these is NOT a transcellular fluid?
a. INTERSTITIAL FLUID***** b. vitreous humor c. peritoneal fluid d. mucus
The key signs of inflammation include all of the following EXCEPT
a. JAUNDICE**** b. pain c. swelling d. redness e. heat
Which of the following is NOT a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP?
a. NUCLEIC ACID**** b. glucose c. fatty acids d. amino acids
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
a. RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY***** b. left coronary artery c. circumflex artery d. anterior interventricular artery
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the vagus nerve on the stomach's activities?
a. STIMULATION OF SOMATOSTATIN SECRETION b. stimulation of gastric secretion c. stimulation of histamine secretion d. stimulation of hydrogen ion release
Which of the following is NOT an area that contains lymph nodes?
a. abdominal cavity b. CRANIAL CAVITY***** c. thoracic cavity d. axillary region
Which of the following statements about blood is FALSE?
a. blood performs immune functions b. blood helps maintain body temperature c. blood is more viscous than water d. BLOOD pH NORMALLY FALLS BETWEEN 6.5 and 6.8*******
Which factor does not affect glomerular filtration rate?
a. blood pressure b. osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate c. plasma osmotic pressure d. CONCENTRATION OF LEUKOCYTES IN THE BLOOD
ADH has a direct effect on:
a. blood pressure b. water reabsorption c. blood concentration d. ALL OF THESE
factors that affect BMR are:
a. body size b. body temperature c. the level of endocrine activity d. ALL OF THE ABOVE****
The following vessels will direct blood to the brain EXCEPT which one?
a. common carotid b. internal carotid c. vertebral d. JUGULAR******
Lymph movement is assisted by:
a. contraction of skeletal muscle b. contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel c. pressure changes in the thorax during respiration d. compression of lymphatic vessels e. ALL OF THESE CHOICES ARE CORRECT*****
Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?
a. cortisol b. NOREPINEPHRINE**** c. androgens d. aldosterone e. gucocorticoids
Which of these is NOT a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
a. emphysema b. asthma c. LUNG CANCER***** d. bronchitis
The B vitamins are:
a. essential for normal cellular metabolism b. involved in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins c. grouped because they are in the same foods d. ALL OF THE ABOVE****
Lipids include:
a. fats b. oils c. cholesterol d. ALL OF THE ABOVE***
Which of the following does NOT contain a sinus?
a. frontal bone b. ethmoid c. ZYGOMATIC BONE****** d. sphenoid bone
Which of the following are NOT found in the glomerular filtrate?
a. glucose b. PROTEIN*** c. uric acid d. creatinine
Which of these can dissolve a blood clot?
a. heparin b. plasminogen c. PLASMIN***** d. PDGF
Which of these is NOT a function of lymph nodes?
a. house lymphocytes and macrophages b. filter lymph c. PRODUCE RED BLOOD CELLS**** d. produce lymphocyte
Which of the following is NOT a major function of the digestive system?
a. ingestion of vitamins and minerals b. MANUFACTURING BLOOD CELLS***** c. fluid and electrolyte homeostasis d. acid-base homeostasis
Which of these includes the other terms?
a. labia b. clitoris c. VULVA***** d. vestibular glands
Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?
a. lungs b. trachea c. bronchi d. PHARYNX*****
What is the function of the renal system?
a. maintain blood pH b. regulate blood pressure c. control blood concentration d. ALL OF THESE*****
In the swallowing reflex:
a. muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food. b. the epiglottis closes off the top of the trachea c. the tongue presses against the uvula and soft palate d. ALL OF THE ABOVE****
Which of these is NOT a method the body uses to regulate its hormonal releases?
a. negative feedback b. direct nervous stimulation c. release of tropic hormones d. DEGRADATION OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND**
Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal?
a. pancreas b. ESOPHAGUS***** c. spleen d. liver
Which of these is relatively high in extracellular fluids?
a. potassium b. calcium c. phosphate d. SODIUM****
Which of the following is NOT true of aldosterone?
a. secreted from the zona flomerulosa b. DECREASES BLOOD Na+ LEVELS****** c. stimulated by angiotensin II d. raises blood volume
Which term includes all the others?
a. spermatozoa b. alkaline mucus c. SEMEN**** d. fructose
Choose the statement that does NOT correctly characterize the kidneys.
a. the kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally. b. THE RIGHT KIDNEY IS USUALLY 1.2 to 2 CM HIGHER THAN THE LEFT ONE c. The kidney is padded by a layer of fat d. inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus
Non encapsulated lymphatic tissue called MALT includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. tonsils b. Peyer patches c. LYMPH NODES***** d. diffuse lymphatic tissue
Which factor assist venous return to the heart?
a. valves b. inspiration c. skeletal muscle d. ALL OF THESE*****
Which of the following does NOT have the ability to contract?
a. veins b. arteries c. venules d. CAPILLARIES*****
Which of the following is NOT a property of the mucous lining of the respiratory tract?
a. warms incoming air b. CONTAINS MICROVILLI***** c. contains cilia d. cleanses particles
Which of these functions cannot be attributed to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity?
a. warms incoming air b. filters particles from incoming air c. moistens incoming air d. INITIAL GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD OCCURS HERE*****
Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains:
abdominal digestive organs
Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid. However, post-operatively, Julie's blood calcium levels began declining to life-threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to.....
accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery
The condition called ______ occurs in adulthood and is evidenced by thickened skull bones and distortions in the arms and hands.
acromegaly
Which sperm structure contains enzymes that help penetrate ova?
acrosome
The targets of angtiotensin II are blood vessels and:
adrenal cortex
During a transfusion, if incompatible antigens are introduces, antibodies can bind to foreign antigens, causing them to clump together, or:
agglutinate
Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ____ into the urine.
albumin
What is the most significant inorganic plasma buffer?
albumin
What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?
albumin
Which of the following could act by itself as a buffer?
albumin
The respiratory membrane, across which gasses diffuse, is very thin and is made up of
alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane and fused basement membranes
Thin-walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lungs are the:
alveolar sacs
The functional gas exchanging units are termed:
alveoli
The only structures that allow gas diffusion across them are the:
alveoli
A negative nitrogen balance results from a net loss of
amino acids
What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers?
amino group
The end of the vas deferens is a dilated sac called the:
ampulla
The conversion of pepsinogen into the active form, pepsin, requires:
an acidic pH
Lysozyme is
an enzyme found in body fluids that destroys certain bacteria
The condition called _______ is characterized by some defect or weakness in a vessel wall.
aneurysm
Which term refers to the severe chest pain evident during an attack of myocardial ischemia?
angina
Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I.
angiotensinogen
Someone suffering a heart attach in his anterior lower right ventricle probably had a blockage in which coronary artery?
anterior interventricular artery
Cells that process antigen and present antigens to other immune cells are called
antigen-presenting cells
Adaptive immunity is stimulated by
antigens
The ABO blood group is based on which antigens?
antigens A and B
Which is the most common cause of hyperventilation?
anxiety
The baroreceptors located in the ______ respond to stretching by slowing the rate of the heart.
aortic arch
Essential nutrients:
are only obtained through the diet
A vaccination is an example of _________ immunity
artificially acquired immunity
The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the _______ cartilage.
arytenoid
How is most carbon dioxide transported?
as bicarbonate
How do most water-soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream?
as free hormones
The obstructive accumulation of cholesterol in a vessel is the result of:
atherosclerosis
The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is:
atmospheric pressure
The atrioventricular sulcus separates the:
atria and ventricle areas
The atria will empty during:
atrial systole
What type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it?
autocrine
The breast tissue fluid will drain into the ______ nodes
axillary
The _______ vein represents a functional connection between the superior and inferior vena cavae.
azygos
The _______ cells are the usual sources of heparin.
basophil
A stethoscope placed a the tip of the sternum will best be able to detect which sound?
bicuspid valve
What liver secretion is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum?
bile
Which of the following is NOT compatible with penile erection?
blood leaves the erectile tissue
Vitamin D deficiency could result in poor:
bone growth
The cells within the thymus gland probably originated from the _____
bone marrow
The three arteries that arise from the aortic arch are the left sublavian, left common carotid, and:
brachiocephalic
Which are the first vessels to branch off the aorta?
brachiocephalic
The largest ovarian ligament is the _____ ligament.
broad
The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic response is:
bronchial asthma
The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the:
bronchioles
Which part of the bronchial tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers?
bronchioles
Which is the 'second messenger' in some endocrine signaling pathways?
cAMP
What ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to the coagulation cascade?
calcium ions
Which structure is the first to collect the urine?
calyx
Complete Proteins
can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells
Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of hormones?
carbohydrate
The recommended daily intake of calories for this category consists of about 45-65% of the diet
carbohydrates
Vanessa takes many vitamin supplements, claiming that they give her energy. She is mistaken, because cells preferentially use _______ for energy.
carbohydrates
Which blood parameter is directly affected by breathing?
carbon dioxide
When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product.
carbonic acid
The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is:
carbonic anhydrase
Which factor greatly increases the reaction between carbon dioxide and water?
carbonic anhydrase
What enzyme is produced by the pancreas to digest peptides into amino acids?
carboxypeptidase
Which of these areas totally lack capillaries?
cartilage
The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose in the body is classified as:
catabolism
The left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries come form the:
celiac
The superior region of the vagina is the
cervix
The hormone released by the duodenum in response to lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum
cholecystokinin (CCK)
What does the gastric pacemaker regulate?
churning and peristalsis of the stomach
Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of
collagen
The last part of a nephron is the:
collecting duct
Which statement is TRUE regarding complete proteins?
complete proteins provide all of the essential amino acids
Which structures play the greatest role in warming and humidifying air?
conchae
The inability of the left ventricle to pump blood adequately to the body's cells is indicative of:
congestive heart failure
The white pulp of the spleen
contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.
Blood from the cardiac muscle itself drains into the
coronary sinus
The urethra passes through the _______ of the penis.
corpora spongiosum
Where is the majority of progesterone produced?
corpus luteum
Which structure is formed following ovulation?
corpus luteum
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
creatinine
The olfactory nerves pass through openings in the:
cribriform plate
The ______ cartilage(s) mark(s) the lowermost portion of the larynx.
cricoid
A major step in extracting energy from proteins is
deamination
Which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
decreased pH
What affect does ADH have on urine output?
decreases
Which of these it NOT a function of estrogen?
decreases adipose
What normally inhibits testosterone production?
decreasing ICSH(LH)
Excessive vomiting usually results in the disorder of:
dehydration
Choose the factor that is NOT a major metabolic source of hydrogen ions in the body.
dehydration synthesis of nucleic acids
What is the function of thymosin?
development and maturation of the immune system
Testosterone is converted to ______ in the prostate
dihydrotestosterone
Where does ADH have its greatest effect?
distal convoluted tubule
Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
distal convoluted tubule
The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by which portion of the brain?
dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center
Which of the following would have a diuretic effect?
drinking alcohol
In which organ is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile?
duodenum
The pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the:
duodenum
How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids?
during increased air exchange, more carbon dioxide is given off, returning hydrogen ion concentrations to normal
Within the female ovary, primordial follicles begin their development ________________.
during prenatal development
When does blood flow into the coronary arteries?
during ventricular contraction
An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed:
edema
The main force causing the exhalation of air is the:
elastic recoil
The force of exhalation is primarily due to:
elastic recoil of lung tissue
The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficulty exhaling is:
emphysema
The ______ system includes the glands that release their secretions directly into the blood.
endocrine
What are experiences the greatest changes in a menstral cycle?
endometrium
What enzyme is produced by the small intestine to activate trypsinogen?
enterokinase
The ______ cells are actively involved with allergies.
eosinophil
During a tapeworm infection, you would expect to see increased numbers of:
eosinophils
In a patient experiencing a parasitic worm infection, which of the following immune cells will greatly increase in number?
eosinophils
Where do sperm cells attain fertilization competence and mobility?
epididymis
Which of these would NOT be found in lymph fluid?
erythrocytes
The kidney secretes _______ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity.
erythropoietin
Which hormone is produced throughout a menstrual cycle
estrogen
Which hormone stimulates the secondary female sex organs?
estrogen
Which hormone thickens the lining of the uterus?
estrogen
What term best summarizes ATP hydrolysis?
exergonic
Which of the following reactions releases energy?
exergonic reactions
Which of the following operates voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex?
external anal sphincter
The ________ will send blood into the femoral artery.
external iliac
Blood is drained from the face, scalp, and superficial regions of the neck by the:
external jugular veins
Which of these is under voluntary control?
external urethral sphincter
True or False? the mucosa of the alimentary canal from esophagus to anus is composed of simple columnar epithelium
false
The most serious and life threatening arrhythmia of the heart is:
fibrillation
Which is the last molecule to appear in a clotting reaction?
fibrin
The apical heartbeat in an adult is best heard at the level of the:
fifth intercostal space
What is the first structure to receive the oocyte?
fimbriae
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the release of
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Which of the following must occur first during hemostasis?
formation of thrombin
The superior portion of the uterus is the:
fundus
Artificially acquired passive immunity could be the result of ________ injection
gamma globulin
Hormone produced by the stomach in response to food entering the stomach
gastrin
What hormone is produced by cells of the gastric glands to increase gastric juice secretion?
gastrin
Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach?
gastrin
Which hormone promotes hunger?
ghrelin
Which process is most affected by blood pressure?
glomerular filtration
Which force favors filtration?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
What is the opening to the larynx called?
glottis
The majority of the body's energy is stored as
glucose
Which of the following is usually NOT found in the urine?
glucose
Which of the following results from lipolysis of a triglyceride?
glycerol & fatty acids
What is the term for the primary human sex organs?
gonads
Which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Which of these is NOT a nonspecific defense against disease?
hair color and texture
The posterior pituitary
has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus
What portion of the sperm cell contains the twenty-three chromosomes?
head
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle each minute is calculated from which formula?
heart rate x stroke volume
Select the two factors upon which body mass index depends:
height and weight
The effects of the cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of
helper T cells
What cell gives rise to all formed elements?
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of:
heme molecules of hemoglobin that lack iron.
Msot of the oxygen in the blood is found in the:
hemoglobin
What buffers the addition of hydrogen in blood cells following the uptake of carbon dioxide?
hemoglobin
The stoppage of bleeding is known as:
hemostasis
A unique venous system, called the ______________, carries blood directly from the intestines to the liver for processing rather than directly into the inferior vena cava.
hepatic portal system
The superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the:
hepatic portal vein
What cells compose the live lobules?
hepatocytes
The entrance to the kidney is called the:
hilum
What is the entrance into the lungs called?
hilus
What causes the edema seen in inflammations?
histamine
What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment?
hydrostatic pressure
The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative tot he capillaries
hypertonic
Which of the following favor the development of edema?
hypoproteinemia
Which part of the endocrine system has the major influence over the other endocrine organs?
hypothalamus
The hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system carries hormones from the
hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?
ileocecal valve (sphincter)
What is the final segment of the small intestine?
ileum
Which artery supplies blood to the ilium and muscles of the lower back?
iliolumbar artery
Where are the posterior pituitary hormones manufactured?
in neurosecretory cells that originate int he hypothalamus
Receptors for most lipid-soluble hormones are located
in the nucleus or cytoplasm of their target cells
The teeth that are best adapted for biting off hunks of food are the:
incisors
Which of the following is NOT a result of menopause?
increase in calcium deposition
The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to:
increase the concentration of NaCl
a function of insulin is to
increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues
Which of the following factors favors an increase in breathing rate?
increased blood carbon dioxide
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is secreted in response to
increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids
Which of the following will decrease glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex?
increased plasma levels of cortisol
Growth hormone
increases amino acid uptake in cells
Which tern indicates that tissue in the heart has died?
infarction
The true vocal cords are those that produce the sounds of the human voice. Where are these located?
inferior to the false vocal cords
What is the first process to occur in the digestive system?
ingestion
Arrange the following in proper sequence: 1. digestion 2. elimination 3. ingestion 4. absorption
ingestion digestion absorption elimination
What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine?
inhibit the immune system
The sympathetic nervous system:
inhibits digestive processes
Which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood?
insulin
When blood sugar levels decrease,
insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases
The cartilage of bones is stimulated by
insulin-like growth factor - 1
A protein that helps to protect the body against viral infections is
interferon
Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?
interlobular artery
Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?
interlobular vein
The _______ muscle can cause a forced exhalation.
internal intercostal
The exchange of gasses between the blood and the cells of the body is called:
internal respiration
The target of ICSH(LH) is the:
interstitial cells
What is the source of the male sex hormones?
interstitial cells
The symptoms of dehydration results from loss of ______ water.
intracellular
Which of the following is a trace element?
iron
What is the role of the thymus in protecting the body against disease?
it is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes and the production of thymosin.
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
juxtaglomerular cells
What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis?
kidney
Which gland produces a hormone, which stimulates the production of blood cells?
kidney
What structure corresponds to the scrotum in the male?
labia major
Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called:
lactase
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose?
lactase
Which of these is NOT associated with acidity?
lactic
Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins?
large intestine
Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which of these areas?
larynx
Mitral valve prolapse is a condition which causes blood to back flow into the:
left atrium
Freshly oxygenated blood enters the heart through the ________, and is pumped out the ___________.
left atrium; aorta
The thoracic duct drains lymph into the
left subclavian vein
Which of the following contains blood with relatively high oxygen content?
left ventricle
What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female?
length of urethra
What hormone suppresses the appetite?
leptin
What enzyme is produced by the pancreas to digest fats?
lipase
Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood?
lipid-solubule
Dietary sources include butter, cream, cheese, and plain oils.
lipids
The gallbladdwer is located on the posterior side of the
liver
What organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
the hepatic portal vein takes the breakdown products of nucleic acids to this organ for metabolism
liver
The bronchioles enter the ____ of the lungs
lobules
What creates the taeniae coil?
longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the:
loop of Henle
Which of these is NOT a function of testosterone?
loss of body hair
Which of the following is an example of feedback inhibition?
low blood sugar inhibits insulin
What are the most powerful stimuli for breathing?
low pH, high CO2
Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called
lymph nodes
The only structures that filter lymph is/are the
lymph nodes
How is the excess tissue fluid returned to the blood?
lyphatic vessels
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are:
macronutrients
Nutrients that the body needs in large amounts are called:
macronutrients
Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by_________ in the sinuses of lymph nodes
macrophages
Peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the colon toward the distal large intestine are:
mass movements
What is the function of thymosin?
maturation of T-cells
Where is the thymus gland located?
mediastinum
the space between the two lungs is called the:
mediastinum
The renal pyramids are located within the:
medulla
Breathing is mainly controlled by the:
medulla oblongata
The cardiac relfex control centers are located within the:
medulla oblongata
Platelets are cell fragments formed with:
megakaryocytes
The sperm or egg is produced by a process called:
meiosis
The increase in antibody levels in a second antigen exposure is due to the __________
memory B cell
Which of these values would be the smallest?
metabolic water
The sum of the body's chemical reactions is known as:
metabolism
How are vitamins classified?
micronutrients
Which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination?
microvilli
The major secretory products of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex are
mineralocorticoids
Any element other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that is required by living organisms
minerals
In which area can the term urine be correctly used?
minor calyx
Recommended daily intake of carbohydrates should mostly come from:
monosaccharides
The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that break polysaccharides into oligosaccharides in this organ
mouth
Absorption is best described as the:
movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal
The myenteric plexus is found in the ____ of the digestive tract wall.
muscularis
The area directly superior to the soft palate is the:
nasopharynx
The internal nares will open into the:
nasopharynx
Most hormones are regulated by
negative-feedback mechanisms
An intercellular chemical signal that is produced by neurons but functions like a hormone would be called a
neurohormone
The two major types of phagocytic cells are
neutrophils and monocytes
Which leukocytes are active phagocytes?
neutrophils and monocytes
Which is the most abundant gas int he atmosphere?
nitrogen
What percentage of the total caloric intake should be saturated fats?
no greater than 10%
Receptors for most water-soluble hormones are located
on the plasma membrane of their target cells
The results of oogenesis is:
one secondary oocyte
The process which increases the chance of a neutrophil or monocyte engulfing an invader is _______
opsonization
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
oropharynx
Which passageway serves as a common route for food or air?
oropharynx
What is the main force that causes water to move among the various fluid compartments?
osmosis
As total body water decreases, the ______ of the extracellular fluid increases.
osmotic pressure
what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
oxygen
At high PO2 levels, where is most oxygen located?
oxyhemoglobin
Which hormone is sometimes given to women to induce labor?
oxytocin
Which of the following glands is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
pancreas
inactive precursors to enzymes are released by this organ to catalyze reactions that digest proteins in the small intestine
pancreas
Acinar cells of the pancreas release:
pancreatic juice
Which nervous system primarily controls and increases salivation?
parasympathetic nervous system
The ________ directly antagonized the effect of calcitonin.
parathormone
Which cells release hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach?
parietal cells
The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and:
parietal pleura
During ovulation, the oocyte passes into the:
pelvic cavity
What enzyme is produced by the stomach to digest proteins?
pepsin
Chief cells release:
pepsinogen
The outer serosal layer of the uterus is the
perimetrium
What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
peristalsis
Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the ____ into the distal convoluted tubule.
peritubular capillaries
The red pulp of the spleen function to _____
phagocytize senescent cells
What is the most effective intracellular inorganic buffer?
phosphate
The total amount of air that cannot be exchanged either because of disease or because it cannot reach an exchange site is termed the:
physiologic dead space
Which of the following is NOT a source of estrogen?
pituitary
Naturally acquired passive immunity results from _______
placenta transfer
What forms the majority of blood?
plasma
The concentrations of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular filtrate, and in the urine differ in what way?
plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products
Which components are the source of serotonin which causes smooth muscle cells to contract?
platelets
When blood is centrifuged, what is found in the buffy coat?
platelets and leukocytes
Which area exerts is effect on the primary breathing control areas?
pneumotaxic area of pons
What is the purpose of polar bodies during oogenesis?
polar bodies serve both as dumping ground for extra sets of chromosomes and ensure that the ovum will have most of the cytoplasm.
ADH is secreted from the:
posterior pituitary
The hypothalamo-hypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the
posterior pituitary
Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?
potassium
What stimulus initiates the defecation reflex?
pressure on the gastroesophageal sphincter
The inflammatory response
prevents the spread of infection
The carina separates the ______ from each other.
primary bronchi
What factor will inhibit LH secretion?
progesterone
Which male accessory gland lies inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra like a donut?
prostate gland
Which of these is unpaired?
prostrate
Amino acids make up this group
proteins
Since her stomach was removed, Mrs. Lopez has the most difficulty initiating digestion of:
proteins
The digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid?
proteins
What activates the intrinsic/contact activation pathway of coagulation?
prothrombin is converted to thrombin
Tonsils
provide protection against bacteria entering the oral and nasal cavities
The secondary or memory response
provides better protection than the primary response
Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the:
proximal convoluted tubule
Which part of the kidney tubule has the most microvilli
proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ________ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule.
Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with:
pseudostratified epithelium
Which of the following contains blood with relatively low oxygen content?
pulmonary artery
What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
All red blood cells in an adult originate in the:
red bone marrow
The main function of the pleural membranes is to
reduce friction
The hypothalamus
regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland
Which of these is considered a secondary defense against changes in pH?
renal excretion of hydrogen ions
Which mechanism requires the most time to regulate pH?
renal function
Each minor calyx receives urine from the:
renal papillae
Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete _____ when _______.
renin blood pressure drops
Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called the ________________.
residual volume
The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the:
residual volume
The three factors that contribute to arterial blood pressure are cardiac output, blood volume, and:
resistance
Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes:
respiratory alkalosis
The kidneys are located in the ______ space.
retroperitoneal
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the
right arm, right chest, and right side of the head
The central venous pressure is the pressure in the:
right atrium
Which chamber of the heart contains the pacemaker?
right atrium
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents a backflow of blood into the:
right ventricle
The micturition reflex is centered in the:
sacral cord
Which of the following glands does NOT belong to the endocrine system?
salivary
Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?
salivary amylase
The longest vein int he body is the
saphenous
Who is at risk for developing a fatal Rh incompatibility?
second Rh+ fetus of Rh- mother
During ovulation, a(n) ________ is released from the ovary.
secondary oocyte
Which cells has been fertilized by a sperm cell?
secondary oocyte
During spermatogenesis, which stage is the first to be haploid in number of chomosomes?
secondary spermatocyte
The endocrine system
secretes chemicals that reach their targets through the bloodstream
The hormone released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum
secretin
Which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes?
secretin
The main function of the prostate seems to be:
secretion of alkaline mucus
Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine?
segmentation
The ejaculatory duct is the union of the van deferens and:
seminal vesicle
The substrate used for sperm metabolism is produced by the:
seminal vesicle
Males have a number of internal accessory organs. Which one(s) is/are responsible for secreting fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins?
seminal vesicles
The target of FSH is the:
seminiferous tubule
spermatogenesis is a function of the:
seminiferous tubule
Sperm is produced in the:
seminiferous tubules
The rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when
serum calcium levels decrease
The shedding and bleeding of the decidua during menses is directly caused by low levels of:
sex steroids
Gas is exchanged in the alveoli by a process of:
simple diffusion
The tissue lining the alveoli is ______ epithelium.
simple squamous
Which fiber system is the first to depolarize in a cardiac cycle?
sinoatrial node
Which of the following does NOT become involved with maintaining blood calcium balance?
skeletal muscle
Where would Peyer's patched be found?
small intestine
lipids are assembled into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons within enterocytes of this organ
small intestine
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
sodium
_______ ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid.
sodium
The action of aldosterone is to increase:
sodium reabsorption
Hormone produced by the stomach to inhibit acid secretion by the stomach
somatostatin
Which hormone causes excessive skeletal growth or gigantism?
somatotropin
The fact that humans usually cannot contract monkey pneumonia is explained by the theory of _______?
species resistance
Which of the following characteristics is/are most consistent with adaptive immunity?
specificity, memory, and increased response to second and subsequent exposures
Which cells are the earliest in the male sequence of sperm production?
spermatogonia
The purpose of a buffer system is to:
stabilize pH
Members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol?
steroids
Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in maintaining acid-base balance?
stomach
the enzyme pepsin catalyzes reactions that digest proteins int his organ
stomach
The lymphatic ducts will empty directly into the
subclavian veins
Methionine and cysteine are unique amino acids because they contain the element:
sulfur
Which part of the heart is the last to become excited during a cardiac cycle?
superior ventricular region
The lipoprotein known as _____________ reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do NOT collapse during exhalation.
surfactant
What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation?
surfactant
The increase in heart rate caused by seeing a wild dog run after you is probably the result of the:
sympathetic nerves
Which of the following will NOT produce H+ ions?
synthesis of phosphoproteins
The highest pressure exerted by the heart is called the:
systolic pressure
Which factor favors spermatozoa development?
temperature of 34°C
The main hormone of the male reproductive system is
testosterone
Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found?
the arteries entering the lung
The total amount of energy expended by the body to power all of its processes is called:
the basal metabolic rate
Which layer of the uterus is shed once monthly during menstruation?
the endometrium
What is accomplished by the enterogastric reflex
the enterogastric reflex decreases vagal activity and acid secretion by the stomach
Lymphatic capillaries are able to receive cellular debris and foreign particles because _______
the fluid pressure is so great it forces this material into the capillaries
Which is considered the 'first messenger' in endocrine signaling?
the hormone
An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause
the kidney tubules to retain more water
The lymphatic systems differs from from the cardiovascular system in that
the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues
Julian likes to ride his bike every day. Determine the effect of exercise on his basal metabolic rate (BMR).
the metabolic rate increases during exercise as much as ten-fold above BMR
The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood is dependent upon:
the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and in the blood
The amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland is regulated by
the photoperiod (daily amount of daylight)
What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone?
the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone
What does the electrocardiogram (ECG) QRS wave indicate is happening in the heart?
the ventricles are depolarizing while the atria repolarize
During the common pathway, what turns fibrinogen into fibrin?
thrombin
What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
thrombin
Which chemical initiates the extrinsic phase of clotting?
thromboplastin
The ________ gland is important for producing immunity
thymus
What is the largest lymphatic organ in a child?
thymus
What is the Adam's apple directly part of?
thyroid cartilage
Which of the following is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels?
thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
Which hormone exerts the greatest influence on metabolism?
thyroxine
The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is called the:
tidal volume
What is one major force that causes interstitial fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries?
tissue hydrostatic pressure
C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the:
trachea
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of:
transitional epithelium
The function of red blood cells is to:
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that function to
trap microorganisms
The brachial artery divides into the radial and ______
ulnar
Which structure is NOT found within the spermatic cord?
urethra
Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?
urethra
Where are most electrolytes normally lost?
urine
The process of capacitation usually occurs in the:
vagina
Which cranial nerve stimulates acid secretion during the stomach's gastric phase?
vagus nerve
Where does the epididymis direct sperm cells into?
vas deferens
Select the appropriate pathway for the steops of hemostasis:
vascular spasms platelet plug formation coagulation clot retraction thrombolysis
ADH has the ability to increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and is therefore also called _____.
vasopressin
the walls of lymphatic vessels are similar to those of cardiovascular________?
veins
The movement of air within the respiratory system is correctly referred to as:
ventilation
The T wave of an electrocardiogram represents which event?
ventricular repolarization
Which layer of the following serves the dual purpose of forming the inner layer of the pericardium and forming the outermost wall of the heart?
visceral pericardium
What creates mesentery?
visceral peritoneum
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the:
vital capasity
What vitamin is necessary for the proper production of functional clotting factors in the liver?
vitamin K
Classified as fat-soluble or water-soluble
vitamins
Which of the following would be classified as an innate physical barrier
washing action of tears and saliva
When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed from the base.
water
BMI measures:
weight in proportion to height
When do the AV valves close during the cardiac cycle?
when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the atria
In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?
within the urogenital diaphragm
The outside layer of the oocyte is the:
zona pellucida
A cell called the ______ is a fertilized cell with 46 chromosomes.
zygote
