APES Ch 15/16

recycle

99% of the energy used to heat the earth and all our buildings comes directly from the sun. Solar energy helps _____ carbon, oxygen, water, and other chemicals we and other organisms need to stay alive. The direct input of solar energy produces several forms of renewable energy: wind, hydropower, and biomass

methane sulfide

In its underground gaseous state, natural gas is a mixture of 50-90% by volume of _____, the simplest hydrocarbon, smaller amounts of heavier gaseous hydrocarbon, such as ethane and propane, and butane, and highly toxic hydrogen _____, a by product of naturally occurring sulfur in the hearth. most natural gas deposits occur at or near hot spots, where high temperatures and pressures or catalytically active metals break down long hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum to short hydrocarbons in natural gas.

decline rise

Oil currently has a high net energy rate because much of it comes from large, accessible deposits such as those in the Middle East. when those are depleted, the net energy ratio of oil will _____ and prices will _____. then more money and high-quality fossil fuel energy will be needed to find, process and deliver new oil from dispersed small deposits

refinery fuels burned

Oil must be found, pumped up from beneath the ground, transported to a _____ and covered to useful ___ such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and heating oil, then transported to users, and finally ___ in the furnaces and cars before it is useful to us.

hydrocarbons

Petroleum or crude oil is a fossil fuel produced by the decomposition of deeply buried dead organic matter from plants and animals under high temperatures and pressures over millions of years. This gooey, smelly liquid consists mostly of _____, with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.

80

Reserves are considered economically depleted when ___% of the supply has been used. oil's fatal flaw is that its reserves may be 80% depleted within 35-84 years, depending on how rapidly it is used. currently, each day the world uses oil equal to what it took the earth 10,000 days to produce. global oil reserves will last at least 44 years. undiscovered oil may add 20-40 years . US oil reserves will be depleted in 24 years. global oil consumption is predicted to increase by about 25% in 2010 Saudia Arabia could only supply the world for 10 years alone.

coal

Some say we should turn to a solar age, others say we should burn more ____ and synthetic liquid and gaseous fuels made from coal. Some think natural gas is the answer, at least as a transitional fuel to a new solar age. Others think nuclear power is the answer.

bitumen

Tar sand or oil sand is a mixture of clay, sand, water and _____, a gooey, black, high-sulfur heavy oil. it is removed by surface mining and then heated with pressurized steam untiol bitumen fluid softens and floats to the top. the bitumen is then purified and chemically upgraded into a synthetic crude oil to refine. most tar sand- Athabasca Tar Sands lie in Alberta they suply about 21% of canada's oil needs , canada 33 years world 2 more tar sand - Venezuela, Colombia, some soviet union

fossil fuels nuclear

The US is the world's largest user and waster of energy. with only 4.6% of the population, it uses 24% of the world's commercial energy, 93% from ____ ____ (85) and ____ energy (8). India, with 17% of the world's people, uses about 3% of the world's commercial energy

oil

conventional natural gas lies above most reservoirs of crude ____. natural gas is also found in unconventional deposits, such as coal beds, Devonian shale rock, deep underground deposits of tight sands, and deep zones that contain natural gas dissolved in hot water. gas hydrates, an ice like material that occurs in underground deposits all over the world is another source composed of water and methane. global deposits of gas hydrates are estimated to contain twice as much carbon as all other fossil fuels on earth. it is not yet economically feasible to get natural gas from such unconventional sources.

low

conventional nuclear energy has a ____ net energy ratio because large amounts of energy are required to extract and process uranium ore, convert it to usable nuclear fuel, and build/operate power plants. more energy is needed to dismantle plants after their 15-40 years of useful life and to store the resulting radioactive wastes for thousands of years

pores

crude oil and natural gas are often trapped together under a dome deep within the crust. the crude oil is dispersed in _____ and cracks in underground rock, like water in a sponge. if there is enough pressure from natural gas and water under the dome of oil-containing rock, some of the crude oil is pushed to the surface when a well is drilled, known as a gusher. such wells are rare and oil is usually pumped to the surface.

boiling heated distilled boiling

crude oil is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons at different ______ points. most crude oil travels by pipeline to a refinery, where it is ______ and ______ in gigantic columns to separate it into liquid components with different _____ points, such as naphtha, diesel oil, heating oil, aviation fuel, and gasoline and solids such as grease, wax, and asphalt

50

it takes at least ___ years and huge investments to phase in new energy alternatives, with the exception of nuclear power, which after almost 50 years still provides only a small proportion of the world's commercial energy. We must plan now and ask these questions: -how much of the energy source will be available in the near future (15 years), the intermediate future (30), and the long term (50)? -what is the source's net energy yield? -how much will it cost to develop, phase in, and use this energy source? -how will extracting transporting and using the energy source affect the environment? -what will using this source do to help sustain the earth for us?

shale kerogen crushed heated condensed oil heated flow

oil _____ is a fine grained rock that contains solid, waxy mixture of hydrocarbon compounds called _____. after being removed by surface or subsurface mining, the shale is _____ and ____ above ground in a retort to vaporize the kerogen. the kerogen vapor is ______, forming heavy, slow-flowing dark brown shale ____. before shale oil can be sent by pipeline to a refinery, it must be ____ to increase its ___ rate and processed to remove sulfur and nitrogen impurities.

reserves

oil ______ are identified as deposits from which oil can be extracted profitably at Current prices with current tech. the 13 countries that make up OPEC have 67% of the world's reserves, which explains why OPEC is expected to have long term control over world oil supplies and prices. Saudi Arabia with 26% has the world's largest crude oil reserves followed by Iraq with 10%

petrochemicals

oil in the form of such processed products is the most widely used source of energy in developed countries and the second most widely used energy source after biomass in developing ones. some of the products of this oil distillation, called _______, are used as raw materials in industrial organic chemicals like pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, and many other products.

tertiary

on average, producers only get about 35% of the oil out of a reservoir by primary and secondary recovery before they abandon it because the heavy oil that remains is too difficult or expensive to get as oil prices rise, it may become economical to remove about 10-25% of this heavy oil by enhanced, or ____, oil recovery. Steam or CO2 gas can be used to force some of the heavy oil into the well cavity for pumping to the surface. enhanced oil recovery is expensive. it takes the energy in one-third of a barrel of oil to retrieve each barrel of heavy oil

flat hilly

some coal is extracted underground by miners in tunnels and shafts. subsurface mining is labor intensive and dangerous. when coal lies close to the surface surface mining is used. bulldozers and huge earthmoving machines remove soil and rock known as overburden to recover coal deposits. area strip mining is used in ____ terrain and contour strip mining is used on _____ terrain. thick beds of coal fairly near the surface are removed by digging a deep pit to remove the coal a form of surface mining known as open pit mining. after the coal is removed it is transported to a processing plant where it is broken up, crushed and washed to remove impurities. the coal is then dried and shipped

biomass oil fuelwood

the most important supplemental source of energy for developing countries is potentially renewable _____, especially fuelwood and charcoal made from fuelwood, the main sources of energy for heating and cooking for half the world. within a few decades, 1/4 of the world's population in developed countries may face an ____ shortage, but half the world's population in developing countries already faces a _____ shortage.

commercial mineral

the remaining 1% of the portion we generate is _____ energy sold in the marketplace. most commercial energy comes from extracting and burning ____ resources obtained from the earth's crust, primarily fossil fuels

net energy

the usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of an energy resource is its ____ _____: the total useful energy available from the resource over its lifetime minus the amount of energy used, automatically wasted, and wasted in finding, processing, concerning and transporting it.

lignite bituminous anthracite

three types of increasingly harder coal formed over eons _____ (brown coal) _____ (soft coal) ______ (hard coal)

liquefied liquefied petroleum gas dried

when a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane gases are _____ and removed as _____ _____ _____. LPG is stored in pressurized tanks for use mostly in rural areas not served by natural gas pipelines. the rest of the gas, mostly methane, is ____ to remove water vapor, cleansed of poisonous hydrogen sulfide and the impurities, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution. because natural gas and LPG are highly flammable and odorless, a compound is added to give them a smell for leakage.