APES CHAPTER 11 STUDY GUIDE

Humans started moving from hunter-gatherer societies to more agricultural societies approximately ____ years ago A. 1,000 B. 10,000 C. 100,000 D. 1,000,000 E. 10,000,000

10,000

Use Figure 11-3. If you input a total of 3,000,000 calories of energy into small-scale corn farming, about how many calories of food will you produce? A. 300,000 B. 600,000 C. 3,000,000 D. 6,000,000 E. 15,000,000

15,000,000

Meat consumption in the United States is generally about ____ higher than the rest of the world A. 75% B. 100% C. 125% D. 150% E. 200%

150%

Use Figure 11-3. If you input a total of 3,000,000 calories of energy into far-offshore fishing, about how many calories of food will you produce? A. 150,000 B. 1,500,000 C. 3,000,000 D. 15,000,000 E. 60,000,000

150,000

Irrigation is an extremely effective way to boost crop production. So much so that it is estimated that the ____ % of lands that are irrigated produce ____ % of the world's food. A. 16; 40 B. 50; 40 C. 75; 80 D. 40; 80 E. 50; 90

16; 40

In the United States, ____ % of the total commercial energy budget goes to growing, packaging, transporting, and cooking food. A. 4 B. 17 C. 45 D. 68 E. 83

17

Use Figure 11-2. Between which years did global fish production increase the most? A. 1950 and 1960 B. 1960 and 1970 C. 1970 and 1980 D. 1990 and 2000 E. Global fish production did not increase between any of these years.

1960 and 1970

Per capita grain production worldwide increased dramatically until about ____. It has leveled off since then and may actually be ____ slightly. A. 1950; increasing B. 1950; decreasing C. 1985; increasing D. 1985; decreasing E. 2000; increasing

1985; decreasing

The WHO defines obese as being A. 50% below your ideal weight. B. 20% below your ideal weight. C. ±5% of your ideal weight. D. 20% above your ideal weight. E. 50% above your ideal weight.

20% above your ideal weight.

Use Figure 11-3. If you eat 2000 calories of a typical U.S. diet in a day, how many calories of energy was needed to produce the food? A. 200 B. 400 C. 2000 D. 10,000 E. 20,000

20,000

The average food item in the United States travels ____ km from harvest to table. A. 500 B. 1000 C. 1500 D. 2000 E. 2500

2000

Marine biologists calculate the caloric value of a particular hull to be 2.23 ( 109 kilocalories. Assuming an energy subsidy of 15, how many calories were put into harvesting the fish? A. 1.12 ( 10^8) B. 3.35 ( 10^8) C. 4.46 ( 10^10) D. 3.35 ( 10^10) E. There is not enough information to tell.

3.35 ( 10^10)

Use Figure 11-2. By about how much did aquaculture increase from 1980 to 2000? A. 10 million metric tons B. 15 million metric tons C. 30 million metric tons D. 50 million metric tons E. 80 million metric tons

30 million metric tons

The U.S. accounts for about what percent of worldwide pesticide use? A. 20 B. 33 C. 50 D. 80 E. 95

33

Use Figure 11-3. If you decide to have 400 calories of grass-fed beef instead of 500 calories of feedlot beef, about how many calories of energy inputs are you saving? A. 100 B. 500 C. 1500 D. 4500 E. 8000

4500

Use Figure 11-1. A 2-year-old child who eats a high-calorie snack (600 calories) gets ____ % of the RDA for calories, but runs the risk of ____ because of the low nutritional value of the snack. A. 50; undernutrition B. 50; overnutrition C. 60; undernutrition D. 60; overnutrition E. 100; undernutrition

60; overnutrition

Use Figure 11-2. In the figure, the global fish production line includes both wild-caught fish and aquaculture-raised fish. About how many metric tons of fish were wild-caught in 1990? A. 105 million metric tons B. 80 million metric tons C. 65 million metric tons D. 15 million metric tons E. 5 million metric tons

65 million metric tons

Synthetic fertilizer use has increased by about ____ % worldwide over the last five decades. A. 100 B. 200 C. 400 D. 700 E. 8000

700

Worldwide hunger reached a low point in 1995-1997. At that time, approximately how many people worldwide suffered from undernutrition? A. 1,000,000 B. 10,000,000 C. 375,000,000 D. 500,000,000 E. 825,000,000

825,000,000

Many scientists argue that worldwide fisheries are declining, yet the worldwide number of fish harvested continues to increase. What would best explain this discrepancy? A. The scientists are being overly cautious. B. Fisheries are collapsing only in the areas that the scientists are studying. C. More people are reporting the fish that they catch. D. Only apex predator populations are collapsing. E. An increase in fishing technology and increased fishing effort are leading to an increase in catch despite the declining populations.

An increase in fishing technology and increased fishing effort are leading to an increase in catch despite the declining populations.

Which areas of the world are most susceptible to desertification? A. Existing deserts B. Humid equatorial regions C. Temporal Chaparral D. Areas adjacent to the poles E. Areas adjacent to existing deserts

Areas adjacent to existing deserts

Use Figure 11-2. In the figure, the global fish production line includes both wild-caught fish and aquaculture-raised fish. Which of the following statements about fish production is true? A. In 1950, about half of all fish production was from aquaculture. B. At all times shown in the figure, more fish have been wild-caught than raised through aquaculture. C. Around 1970, the number of fish raised through aquaculture briefly decreased. D. Between 1960 and 1970, the number of wild-caught fish decreased. E. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of wild-caught fish decreased.

Between 1990 and 2000, the number of wild-caught fish decreased.

Some scientists want to genetically modify crops for pest resistance. Possible strategies include insertion of the ____ gene from ____. A. PGlow; Aquia victoria B. Bt; Bacillus thuringiensis C. Sonic Hedgehog; Escherichia coli D. STx1; E. Coli E. Roundup ready; Conyza biotypes

Bt; Bacillus thuringiensis

Use Figure 11-3. For which type of food production are the calories of energy inputs about equal to the calories of food produced? A. Grass-fed beef B. Large-scale corn C. Hunting and gathering D. Far-offshore fishing E. Coastal fishing

Coastal fishing

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of free-range meat stock (such as chickens)? A. Decreased use of antibiotics due to lower animal concentrations B. Decrease fossil fuel input C. Decrease in land use when compared to traditional methods D. Less supplemental feeding of the stock E. Easier handling of waste by detritivores

Decrease in land use when compared to traditional methods

Overnutrition can lead to many maladies. These include all of the following EXCEPT A. type II diabetes. B. hypertension. C. heart disease. D. stroke. E. HIV/AIDS.

HIV/AIDS

A steady diet of high calorie, low nutrition fast food may lead to I. overnutrition. II. malnutrition. III. undernutrition. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II E. I, II, and III

I and II

According to the Environmental Defense Fund, which of the following fish are "best" choices for sustainability? I. Wild Alaskan salmon II. Chilean sea bass III. Farmed rainbow trout A. I B. II C. I and II D. II and III E. I and III

I and III

Place the following in order of increasing energy subsidy I. Hunting and gathering II. Corn III. Eggs IV. Beef A. I, II, III, IV B. I, III, II, IV C. II, I, III, IV D. IV, I, III, II E. IV, III, II, I

I, II, III, IV

Food security involves I. economic availability of food. II. social Availability of food. III. physical availability of food. A. I only B. I and II C. II only D. II and III E. I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Which of the following problems is directly associated with irrigation? I. Fishery collapse II. Waterlogging III. Salinization A. I B. III C. I and II D. II and III E. I, II, and III

II and III

Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) in fisheries management are similar to cap and trade quotas in air pollution management. Which of the following is NOT true of ITQs? A. ITQs show favor to those who have long-term histories in the fishery. B. Fishermen with ITQs have a secure right to catch their quota. C. If a fisherman with an ITQ cannot catch the quota, he has the right to sell his quota at market prices. D. If a fisherman with an ITQ chooses not to catch the quota, he has the right to sell his quota at market prices. E. ITQs often lead to intense competition, bigger boats, and more fishing hours.

ITQs often lead to intense competition, bigger boats, and more fishing hours.

Use Figure 11-1. In general which gender requires higher caloric intake in any given class? A. Males B. Females

Males

What is the general relationship between meat consumption and affluence? A. More affluent nations tend to consume more meat products. B. More affluent nations tend to be net exporters of meat products. C. Less affluent nations tend to consume more meat because poultry are so easy to raise. D. Less affluent nations tend to consume less meat because meat is thought of as a trading commodity. E. There is no apparent relationship between meat consumption and affluence.

More affluent nations tend to consume more meat products.

In the United States, organic farming is regulated by the A. OFPA. B. FIFRA. C. FSA. D. CERCLA. E. TSDA.

OFPA

Under what conditions do nomadic grazing and shifting agriculture work? A. Large human populations where economy of scale works in their favor B. Large human populations where conventional agriculture can be applied more easily C. Small human populations where subsistence farming is used D. Small populations where conventional agriculture is used E. Nomadic grazing and shifting agriculture cannot work due to the negative environmental impacts that they have

Small human populations where subsistence farming is used

Which of the following statements about sustainable agriculture is NOT true? A. Sustainable agriculture is often based on traditional agriculture techniques. B. A key component of sustainable agriculture is soil protection. C. Sustainable agriculture is more labor intensive than conventional agriculture, and so cost is an issue in areas with high labor costs. D. Sustainable agriculture does not take into account the economic viability of the farmer. E. Sustainable agriculture uses techniques such as crop rotation, intercropping, and agroforestry to protect soil substrate and nutrients.

Sustainable agriculture does not take into account the economic viability of the farmer.

Which of the following is NOT true of chicken and beef production? A. It takes more than seven times as much grain to produce 1 kg of beef than to produce 1 kg of poultry. B. It takes more than one calorie of energy to produce one calorie of beef or chicken. C. The energy content of 1 kg of beef is equal to the energy content of 1 kg of poultry. D. Grain fed poultry and beef stocks are both primary consumers. E. Energy subsidies for beef and poultry vary based on farm size.

The energy content of 1 kg of beef is equal to the energy content of 1 kg of poultry.

Industrial Agriculture has many benefits. Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with industrial agriculture? A. The ratio of energy input to calorie output is low. B. There is larger food production per hectare. C. Monoculture can be more efficient. D. Economy of scale can make the food less expensive. E. None of the above

The ratio of energy input to calorie output is low.

Use Figure 11-1. Based on the above recommended daily allowances, which of the following categorical groups would require the largest caloric intake? A. Adolescent males B. Adolescent females C. Infant males D. Infant females E. Young men

Young men

Most coastal states require shrimping vessels to install T.E.D.s (turtle excluder devices), which allow sea turtles to pass safely through the net, while still allowing the net to catch shrimp. This is an example of A. a bycatch reduction device. B. state execution of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). C. the swampbuster provision of the Farm Bill of 1990. D. managing fisheries for collapse. E. state execution of the Sustainable Fisheries Act.

a bycatch reduction device.

No-till farming will most likely to lead to all of the following EXCEPT A. a decrease in the use of herbicides. B. a decrease in wind erosion. C. a decrease in water erosion. D. regeneration of natural soil horizons. E. a reduction in CO2 emissions from the soil.

a decrease in the use of herbicides.

An impoverished person who misses a meal is less likely to be able to work for more money, and more likely, then, to miss another meal. This will lead to A. a positive feedback loop to remove that person from poverty. B. a negative feedback loop to remove that person from poverty. C. a positive feedback loop resulting in ultimate starvation. D. a negative feedback loop resulting in ultimate starvation. E. a positive feedback loop resulting in WHO aid for that person and the surrounding village.

a positive feedback loop resulting in ultimate starvation.

In order for organic farmers to make a profit (and thus be economically sustainable), A. manure (organic fertilizer) must be found in abundance in close proximity to the farm. B. the government must continue to provide an "organic" subsidy. C. conventional farmers must pay a tax to subsidize the organic farmers. D. consumers must be willing to pay higher costs associated with organic produce. E. organic farmers cannot make a profit.

consumers must be willing to pay higher costs associated with organic produce.

Marine fisheries are particularly susceptible to the tragedy of the commons because A. fish are r-selectors that experience boom and bust cycles. B. fish are highly migratory, so they don't belong to any one nation. C. pollution is highest in areas with high fish populations. D. international waters are governed by antiquated nautical law. E. fishery collapse is viewed by many countries as a sign that they are managing populations properly.

fish are highly migratory, so they don't belong to any one nation.

One common definition of famine is A. a large hunger event brought on by natural disaster such as a plague of locusts. B. a large hunger event brought on by extreme poverty in developing nations. C. lack of economically available food for more than 25% of the population. D. five deaths per day per 10,000 people due to a lack of food. E. five deaths per day per 1,000,000 people due to lack of food.

five deaths per day per 10,000 people due to a lack of food.

Typically, most of the energy subsidies in modern agriculture are in the form of A. solar power. B. hydroelectric power. C. nuclear power. D. fossil fuels. E. manual labor.

fossil fuels

Scientists have inserted a gene for the production of vitamin A into rice. This practice of changing the genetic structure of agricultural products to improve desirable traits is known as A. genetic engineering. B. transmodification. C. selective breeding. D. natural selection. E. animal husbandry.

genetic engineering

Worldwide, the largest component of the human diet is A. grain products. B. meat products. C. dairy products. D. raw and processed sugars. E. fruits and vegetables.

grain products

Integrated pest management (IPM) is especially successful in developing countries because A. the availability of high-quality pesticides in developing countries is spotty at best. B. high-input industrial farming is not feasible because farmers lack financial resources. C. IPM resembles traditional farming techniques so closely. D. developed nations often offer subsidies to farmers using IPM techniques. E. IPM has never been successful in developing countries.

high-input industrial farming is not feasible because farmers lack financial resources.

Use Figure 11-1. In general, for females, caloric requirements ____ to age ____, then ____ until death. A. increase; 20; decrease B. decrease; 20; increase C. increase; 30; level off D. increase; 30; decrease E. decrease; 15; level off

increase; 20; decrease

Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) make meat more economical but may have some negative environmental impacts. These include all of the following EXCEPT A. high concentrations of animal waste. B. increase in nutrients in stormwater runoff. C. increase in sediments in stormwater runoff. D. increased use of land area over other types of animal farming. E. increase in strains of antibiotic resistant microorganisms.

increased use of land area over other types of animal farming.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is likely to use all of the following techniques EXCEPT A. crop rotation. B. intercropping. C. planting herbicide resistant crops. D. habitat creation for pest predators. E. increased use of traditional pesticides.

increased use of traditional pesticides.

Synthetic fertilizers have many advantages over traditional "organic" animal waste fertilizers. These include all of the following EXCEPT A. ease of application. B. highly adjustable nutrient content. C. bioavailability of nutrients. D. lack of nutrient runoff problems. E. highly concentrated when produced.

lack of nutrient runoff problems.

Mechanization of agriculture is advantageous for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. machines encourage the growth of several types of plants in a single farm. B. there is an economic advantage if fuel prices are low. C. there is an economic advantage if cost of labor is high. D. staple crops such as beans and corn are more economically harvestable. E. mechanization allows farms to take advantage of economies of scale.

machines encourage the growth of several types of plants in a single farm

Currently the world's farmers grow enough grain to feed A. about a quarter of the world's population. B. about a third of the world's population. C. about half of the world's population. D. about 75% of the world's population. E. more than the world's population.

more than the world's population.

The best sustainable agriculture technique for soil types with low productivity is most likely A. no-till planting. B. shifting agriculture. C. nomadic grazing. D. conventional agriculture. E. traditional agriculture.

nomadic grazing.

A substance that kills invertebrates that feed on crops and breaks down relatively rapidly is called a A. persistent herbicide. B. nonpersistent herbicide. C. persistent insecticide. D. non-persistent insecticide. E. pesticide treadmill.

non-persistent insecticide.

Monocropping has a number of disadvantages. These include all of the following EXCEPT A. erosion due to exposure of large areas of soil during planting. B. nutrition and pesticide needs should be similar throughout a single crop. C. pests are more likely to attack a monocrop due to the high concentration. D. loss of habitat for natural pest predators. E. reduction of productivity due to loss of nutrient-rich topsoil.

nutrition and pesticide needs should be similar throughout a single crop

Early scientists and farmers relied on ____ to increase the yields of particular plant species. A. genetic engineering B. transmodification C. selective breeding D. natural selection E. animal husbandry

selective breeding

In the early 1940s, several groups went to India to determine the source of the food scarcity there. They were astounded to find individuals starving while caring for cows. They would not kill and eat the cows because they were considered sacred. The source of the food scarcity was A. economic availability of food. B. social availability of food. C. physical availability of food. D. poor farming techniques based on archaic religion. E. indeterminable.

social availability of food

After many years of applying the selective pesticide provironex, a farmer notices that the applications seem less effective. This is likely due to A. the fact that provironex is fat soluble and has been bioaccumulating. B. provironex is selective, so other pests are filling the niche from the exterminated ones. C. provironex is persistent, and the farmer should apply less for better results. D. the target species has begun to evolve resistance. E. provironex is a wide-spectrum pesticide that needs to be fine-tuned for the target species.

the target species has begun to evolve resistance.

The root cause of starvation worldwide is A. poor farming habits in developing nations. B. unequal distribution of food resources. C. extreme poverty in developed nations. D. lack of infrastructure in developed nations to distribute food resources. E. lack of political will to help developing nations.

unequal distribution of food resources.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide 250,000 children go blind annually due to a lack of A. caloric nutrition. B. vitamin A. C. vitamin B. D. vitamin C. E. riboflavin.

vitamin B.

When grain and other crops are grown for the purpose of animal feed, all of the following are true EXCEPT A. you can feed more people. B. consumers of the animal products become secondary ecological consumers. C. thermodynamics dictate that a smaller portion of energy will pass to the next level. D. more land is required per calorie consumed. E. the cost of food goes up due to increase in farmer input, fuel input, and competition for grain.

you can feed more people.