APES chapter 3
a
A greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere through transpiration or evaporation. a)Water (H2O) b)Methane (CH4) c)Oxygen gas (O2) d)Nitrogen gas (N2) e)Phosphate (PO43-)
b
A greenhouse gas produced by raising cattle. a)Nitrogen gas (N2) b)Methane (CH4) c)Oxygen gas (O2) d)Phosphate (PO43-) e)Water (H2O)
d
A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome? a)1,480 kilocalories/meter2/year b)2,000 kilocalories/meter2/year c)5,480 kilocalories/meter2/year d)200 kilocalories/meter2/year
c
Algae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93,000 kilocalories of plant tissue.Which of the following values best represent the amount of energy available for primary consumers in the food chain? a)930,000 kilocalories b)9,300,000 kilocalories c)9,300 kilocalories d)930 kilocalories e)93,000 kilocalories
c
Algae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93,000 kilocalories of plant tissue.Which of the following values best represent the amount of energy available for secondary consumers in the food chain? a)9,300,000 kilocalories b)930,000 kilocalories c)930 kilocalories d)9,300 kilocalories e)93,000 kilocalories
d
Can be stored in marine sediments for long periods of time. a)Water (H2O) b)Nitrogen gas (N2) c)Methane (CH4) d)Phosphate (PO43-) e)Oxygen gas (O2)
a
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following processes. (I) Nitrification (II) Denitrification (III) Assimilation (IV) Ammonification (V) Nitrogen fixation Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate a) (I) b) (V) c) (II) d) (III) e) (IV)
c
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following processes. (I) Nitrification (II) Denitrification (III) Assimilation (IV) Ammonification (V) Nitrogen fixation Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids, and proteins. a) (I) b) (V) c) (III) d) (IV) e) (II)
e
Elements that cycle in the environment and that also have a gaseous phase at some point in their cycle include which of the following? a)Phosphorus b)Sulfur c)Carbon d)Carbon and Phosphorus e)Carbon and sulfur
d
Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred? a)If a primary consumer stores 100 kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer that feeds on the primary consumer will also have 100 kcal of energy available. b)If a primary producer stores 10,000 kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer will have 10,000 kcal of energy available. c)If a secondary consumer stores 500 kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer that feeds on the secondary consumer will have 5,000 kcal of energy available. d) If a primary producer stores 10,000 kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10 kcal of energy available.
b
For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture a)lipids b)glucose c)oxygen d)proteins e)carbon dioxide
d
In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000 kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? a)15 kcal b)1,500 kcal c)15,000 kcal d)150 kcal e)1.5 kcal
a
Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following? a)The second law of thermodynamics b)Limiting factors in the ecosystem c)The first law of thermodynamics d)The law of conservation of matter e)The process of ecological succession
b
Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is a)low, but the individual producers found there are huge in size b)low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton c)low, but still higher of other ecosystems of the world d)high and thus can support a high proportion of producers e)high as a result of the high concentration of nutrients in the open oceans
c
Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because a)as primary producers, they must be accessible to many other organisms b)they are benthic organisms c)sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water d)they can most readily hide from predators there e)they feed on zooplankton, which are found only in the top layers of water
e
Scientists calculated the net primary productivity at two different forest sites. Both forests have the same gross primary productivity. Forest A has a net primary productivity of 1,650 kcal/m2/year, and forest B has a net primary productivity of 1,110 kcal/m2/year.Which of the following statements is best supported by the data? a)Forest A producers have a higher total efficiency rate of photosynthesis b)Forest A producers have more biomass than forest B producers c)Forest A has a higher rate of decomposition by bacteria than forest B d)Forest A has more biodiversity than forest B e)Forest A producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest B producers.
a
The end product of the wood in a log being decomposed by fungi is a)carbon dioxide gas and water b)nitrogen gas c)carbon monoxide gas d)coal e)heat energy
c
The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis. a)Primary productivity b)Cellular respiration c)Net primary productivity d)Gross primary productivity
a
The major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean comes from a)photosynthesis by phytoplankton b)decomposition of organic sediments on the ocean floor c)oxidation of sulfur by bacteria in ocean vent communities d)respiration by zooplankton e)metabolic processes in coral in reefs
c
The major reservoirs of nitrogen and sulfur in the biosphere are correctly identified by which of the following? a)Nitrogen - Atmosphere and Sulfur - Atmosphere b)Nitrogen - Rocks and Sulfur - Atmosphere c)Nitrogen - Atmosphere and Sulfur - Rocks d)Nitrogen - Rocks and Sulfur - Vegetation e)Nitrogen - Rocks and Sulfur - Rocks
c
The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in kcal/m2 per year? a)96,000 b)12,000 c)20,000 d)8,000 e)4,000
e
The phosphorus cycle includes all of the following EXCEPT it a)is returned to the soil as fertilizer and can cause algae blooms. b)is a limiting factor for many plants. c)is a fast-moving atmospheric cycle. d)can be deposited as marine sediment and not be released for millions of years. e)is found in rock as fossil bones and guano.
d
The two major processes involved in the carbon cycle are a)erosion and deposition b)evaporation and transpiration c)fixation and denitrification d)photosynthesis and respiration e)weathering and erosion
b
This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time. a)Net primary productivity b)Cellular respiration c)Gross primary productivity d)Primary productivity
d
Which is NOT an important ecological role of insects? a)Providing a nutritious food source for other insects and for animals such as bats and frogs b)Pollinating almond and fruit trees in California so the farmers themselves do not have to pollinate the flowers c)Fertilizing the soil with nutrients from their waste material and when they decompose d)Transmitting tropical disease to humans who visit locations between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn e)Eating insect pests that may irritate or harm other insects
d
Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity? a)Hot temperatures, low rainfall, and consistent sunlight b)Cold temperatures, high rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight c)Warm temperatures, low rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight d)Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight
d
Which of the following best describes gross primary productivity in an ecosystem? a)Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy lost as heat during energy transfer between trophic levels. b)Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers minus 10%. c)Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers minus the energy that producers respire over time d)Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis e)Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers plus the energy used by consumers over time.
a
Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? a)Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain. b)Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms to release energy and nutrients to be used by producers. c)Apex predators feed on other organisms, which releases heat that can be used by producers and primary consumers. d)Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, to create organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
b
Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems? a)They remove heavy metals. b)They recycle nutrients c)They produce more oxygen than they consume d)They neutralize acid deposition e)They store carbon dioxide
e
Which of the following elements is most likely to limit primary production in freshwater lakes? a) Carbon b) Calcium c) Oxygen d) Iron e) Phosphorus
c
Which of the following is a process that indirectly removes carbon from Earth's atmosphere? a)Photodissociation by ultraviolet light b)Outgassing by volcanoes c)Answer Formation of carbonate deposits d)You Answered Respiration by mammals e)Respiration by anaerobic bacteria
b
Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink? a)Decomposition of food waste by bacteria b)Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor c)Combustion of fossil fuels in power plants d)Nutrient uptake by the roots of grasses in a suburban lawn e)Clearing of trees in the Amazon forest
c
Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature? a)Carbon is concentrated in igneous rocks b)Carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state. c)Carbon sinks include forests and oceans. d)Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis e)The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is reduced by cutting trees
c
Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity? a)Savanna b)Taiga c)Tropical rain forest d)Desert
b
Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain? a)Herbivorous zooplankton b)Phytoplankton c)Baleen whale d)Carnivorous zooplankton
