APES college board final review

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance had the greatest species richness?

100

Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility?

1970 (2.1)

Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity?

2015

Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975 ?

4.7

Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance did sweetgum experience the greatest biomass?

50

In a given county, the population size is decreasing because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population. Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates the population of this county

A (top is bigger)

Which of the following scenarios does NOT show density-dependent factors in a population?

A population of 30,000 caribous was killed by a flood.

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution?

A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.

Which box represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time?

A) vegetation

The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition?

An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem that provides ecosystem services including protection from hurricane storm surges?

An intact coastal wetland

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it?

An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?

As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.

Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years?

As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality

Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years?

Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years.

Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type II survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above?

Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.

Part of climate change is a warming of the Earth's average temperature. Which of the following species would be LEAST likely to adapt quickly to these changes?

Chimpanzee

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome.

Coral reefs

Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates a county that has a stable population size and slow or no population growth?

D (rectangle graph)

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

D) burning fossil fuels

A recent article on salmon discussed the differing levels of ecological tolerance among the species. The article cited the fish's adjustment to freshwater after living their adult lives in saltwater, stating that "the more tolerant the salmon were of salinity changes, the more fit the salmon was to reproduce." Which of the following conclusions would the researcher likely agree with?

Different species of salmon had different levels of tolerance to salinity changes

Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck?

Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool

Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption?

Ecosystem B (genetic deversity medium, species diversity high, habitat diversity medium)

Hurricanes are an example of what time frame

Episodic

Which statement is best supported by the data in the graph? (Average beak size in finch population)

Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought.

A forest ecosystem can provide many different types of ecosystems services. Which of the following would be a provisioning ecosystem service provided by a forest?

Fuel for heat

A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area?

Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species?

Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.

A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome?

Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.

Secondary succession takes place in areas that already have soil and nutrients in place, whereas primary succession occurs in areas that lack soil.

Glacier recession

Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980?

Improvements in health-care services and medical research

Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition?

Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.

Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility?

It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates.

Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C?

Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

Which stage of succession shown would likely be the MOST resilient to an emerging forest disease, pest, or climate change impact?

Phase 6: Climax forest

Which of the following ecosystem services are categorized as regulating?

Pollination, decomposition, and water purification

Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species?

Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests?

Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

Which of the following best describes why secondary succession generally occurs more quickly than primary succession?

Secondary succession takes place in areas that already have soil and nutrients in place, whereas primary succession occurs in areas that lack soil.

For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands?

Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs?

The atmosphere

A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition?

The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table? (Black rhinos and European toad)

The black rhino is a K- selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?

The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification

Which of the following best describes the pattern in the atmospheric CO2 concentration data over the past 200,000 years?

The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150 ppm and 250 ppm until recently, when the concentration rose exponentially

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar?

The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an organism that displays a Type III survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above?

The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above?

The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources.

Researchers examined the effect of industrialization and increased pollution (soot) in London on the coloration in a single species of moths. Birds prey on the moths that are easily visible on trees. The researchers observed moths on tree trunks and recorded their body color. The percentage of moths with light colored bodies and the percentage of moths with dark bodies is shown on the graph above. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization?

The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population.

Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data?

The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion.

Which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about 440,000 years ago to about 340,000 years ago?

The temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°C

Why do the seasons change?

The tilt of the Earth's axis

Which of the following statements best describes the pattern seen in age structure diagram C?

There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population.

Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ?

Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities.

Which stage of the demographic transition model occurs when a country has a high birth rate but a sharp decrease in its death rate?

Transitional

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity?

Tropical rain forest

Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession?

Tulip Poplar

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem?

Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.

Which of the following best describes a supporting ecological service provided by wetlands?

Wetlands serve as a major reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle.

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification?

bacteria

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.

cellular respiration

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.

freshwater wetlands

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area.

gross primary productivity

Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population?

heat waves

Which of the following major reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram?

ice caps

High fertility rates are MOST commonly associated with countries that have

low gross domestic product.

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis.

net primary productivity

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?

nitrogen fixation

The shifting and movement of lithosphere over the top of the asthenosphere is known as what?

plate tectonics

The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the

population growth rate

Song sparrows are found in a variety of habitats, including marshes, grasslands, agricultural fields, and suburban areas. They feed on a variety of organisms, including beetles, caterpillars, snails, and earthworms. They also consume plants, including different types of grains and berries. The table below summarizes the reproductive data for song sparrows. Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow?

r-strategist and generalist

All of the following are characteristics of K-Selected species, except.

reach sexual maturity quickl

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

rivers

Which of the following earth process occurs mostly along plate boundaries?

volcanism