APES midterm

after reviewing her personal data, student 5 decided to take action to lower her overall footprint by reducing money spent on shoes and clothes. Land use in which of the following categories will be most affected by this change

goods and services.

which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global sustainability

reducing human population size

which is the dependent variable in the study

the infiltration rate of the water

A family of 5 recently replaced its 5 gallon per minute showerheads with water saving 2 gallon per minute showerheads. Each member of the family averages 8 minutes in the shower per day. In a 30 day period how many fewer gallons will the family use with the new showerheads.

3600

based on the diagrams above, what is the percent change in the amount of runoff in urban areas compared to forested areas

450% increase

The combustion of one gallon of automobile fuel produces about 5 pounds of carbon (in CO2). Two autos are making a trip of 600 miles. The first auto gets 20 miles per gallon, and the second gets 30 miles per gallon. Approximately how much less carbon (in CO2) will be produced by the second auto on this trip?

50 lbs

If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effects on various parts of the water cycle in the area?

A- lower evaporation and transpiration, lower groundwater recharge, and higher runoff.

Which of the following statements best describes the most unsustainable method of clear-cutting forests to harvest timber? Responses

All of the trees in a forest are cut down and removed in one operation.

It has been observed that forest fires can produce up to 40 percent of the mean annual global emissions of which of the following gases?

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following changes to the local hydrologic cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear-cutting?

Evaporation of water from the soil will increase.

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with the genetic modification of crops?

Genetically modifications can decrease the genetic diversity of crop species.

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following? I They promote genetic resistance in the target species, resulting in a population explosion of the target species. II They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low. III They can lead to a self-perpetuating population of a control species.

II and III only

Which of the following is the best illustration of the pesticide treadmill?

Increased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmworkers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals?

Integrated pest management

Which of the following actions would be most likely to increase the protection of ecological systems in national forests?

Mandate that the government sale of logging rights in national forests be at fair market value

Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. Which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging?

More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.

Which of the following methods should the farmers choose to minimize the cost for efficient pest removal while still reaching their goal of reducing the amount of pollution in the river?

Planting genetically modified crops

An integrated pest-management approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following?

Reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level

Coal was surface mined from five sites, labeled 1 through 5, that had originally been covered by forest. Each site was planted with a mix of tree seedlings to reclaim the area to forest. Grass was also seeded over each site to prevent initial erosion and to provide forage. Ten years after planting, information was collected at the five sites and is given in the table below. Select the letter of the row that indicates the site with the most successful forest reclamation.

Row E (highest percent tree cover)

A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have been required each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?

Some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits.

Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear-cut?

The concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase.

Biological controls are frequently used to replace persistent chemical pesticides. Which of the following represents the greatest potential risk of using biological controls?

The control agent attacks not only its intended target but also beneficial species.

In a rural region of India, scientists collected data of different pesticide residue levels from closely located farming plots. Some of these plots used integrated pest management biopesticides, while others used chemical pesticides to control pests. The data below show levels of four pesticide residues found in tomato and cucumber crops in the two treatment plots.

The greatest effect of integrated pest management was seen in lower levels of endosulfan in both tomatoes and cucumbers.

Scientists studied the effects of three different ways to control household pests. They treated one group of pests with a conventional pesticide spray. A second group was treated using Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) techniques. A third group received no treatment method at all. The success of each treatment was measured based on the change in the number of pests in the traps over time. Fewer pests caught indicate fewer pests in the area after application of the technique. The results are shown in the graph above.

Use of Integrated Pest Management techniques is the most successful method because the sources for food, water, and shelter for pests are disrupted, leading to a reduced number of pests in the area.

which of the following identifies and describes the equipment needed to best determine the amount of water that infiltrated the soil

a ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the 1 hour wait time.

Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?

clear cutting

Sustainable use of forests in the United States would likely be encouraged by

cutting small groups of medium- and large- sized trees in uneven-aged forests

storm water runoff from the new development into nearby samel creek will likely lead to which of the following

destruction of fish habitats by high levels if suspended solids and sediments

of the following, which constitutes the greatest percent of domestic use of water in the US

flushing toilets

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data shown in the table?

green roofs reduced levels of ammonium because the vegetation absorbed the pollutant

which of the following describes an aspect of urbanization that would most increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere compared to rural and suburban areas

increased amounts of waste per unit of area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition

which of the following bets illustrates a mitigation approach to climate change

increasing the proportion of commercial energy that is produced by wind farms

which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization

indivduals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas

As urbanization increases and natural soil surfaces are covered, the groundwater supply is reduced due to

loss of recharge area

Assume that the rainwater from one of the green roofs ran off directly into a nearby lake. Water quality results from which of the following parameters show that the green roof would likely improve water quality in the lake?

nitrate

which of the following is the best example of an economic incentive that could be used to improve environmental quality and reduce resource waste

providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials

if student 2 wanted to change their footprint to more more similar than that of student 1, which of the following actions would they choose based on the data

reducing the amount of meat in their diet

according to the pie chart, which of the following would most effectively slow the loss of arable land

reducing urban development

overuse of groundwater in coastal areas would most likely result in which of the following

saltwater intrusion

a person's ecological footprint is the total amount of land required to offset a person's carbon emissions. The table below shows ecological footprint data for five different students. Each value is a measure of the numbers of hectares per land required. Which of the following is a limitation of only using the data in the table to complete an ecological footprint analysis of the different students.

the footprint is a static analysis and does not include all environmental impacts of an individual.

It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, principally because

the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources.

An insect population in an agricultural field is affected by monthly applications of a pesticide, as shown in the graph above. A likely cause of the overall increase in the insect population over time is

the survival of increasing numbers of resistant insects

which of the following is the independent variable in the study

the type of pavers used in the pallets

which of the following will be the greatest impact of the development on the local water supply

there will be less recharge of groundwater

The data in the table show mean concentrations (mg/L) of pollutants in rainwater leaving either green or conventional roofs. Which of the following data would be needed to calculate the total amount of a pollutant leaving the roof during and following a rainstorm?

total volume of rainfall

one important step that homeowners in the new development can take to protect water quality in Samel Creek would be to

use rain barrels to reduce the flow if storm water into the creek

A sustainable society would emphasize

using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter

Which of the following solutions would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization

using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks

which of the following is the best example of gray water

water than has been used for bathing and for washing clothes

the chart above compares the daily water use per person to the price if water in selected countries. Which of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn using only the data in the chart

water use and water price are directly proportional

based on the info in the bar graph on land use in 4 watersheds, which of the following statements is most likely true

when precipitation varies, streams in watershed 2 experience the greatest fluctuations in water volume