APES - Unit 1 Test

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kilogram of large fish in this food web?

1,000 kg

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem?

Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark

Which represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time?

Vegetation

Calcium is stored in the ocean and used for what in shells?

Calcium carbonate

What is released into the atmosphere when permafrost thaws?

Carbon dioxide and methane

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.

Cellular respiration

Where are 50% of the world's forests located?

In tropical rainforests

Predatory-prey relationships are proportionate or inverse?

Inverse

Legumes have what type of relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Mutualism

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis

Net primary productivity

Why are forest fires beneficial?

Spreading of soil and seeds (germination) and soil renourishment

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

When the Arctic is tilted towards the sun, what season is it in South Africa?

Winter

Main primary consumer in the ocean

Zooplankton

Which nutrient is first cycled through weathering and erosion?

Phosphorus

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification?

Bacteria

When you introduce an invasive species or alter an ecosystem, what is lost?

Biodiversity

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome.

Coral reefs

Nitrogen is added to its largest reserve through what process?

Denitrification

What carbon sink takes the longest to form?

Fossil fuels

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae?

Mutualism

If a farmer wants to reduce the amount of algae in a pond, he would want to reduce which two nutrients?

Nitrogen and phosphorus

Which of the following process shows the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?

Nitrogen fixation

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity?

Tropical rain forest

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area?

Tropical rain forest

A temperature grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480 kcal/meter^2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000 kcal/meter^2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kcal/meter^2/year available to herbivores in that biome?

200 kcal/meter^2/year

How do organisms contribute to putting to putting phosphorus back into the atmosphere?

Excretion

What is the largest carbon sink?

Ocean

What reduces gross primary productivity?

Respiration

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis?

The carbon cycle

Plants release excess water through their stoma.

Transpiration

Which of these is a carbon source?

Burning of fossil fuels

What are two ways carbon dioxide gets into the ocean?

Dissolving and photosynthesis

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.

Freshwater wetlands

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred?

If a primary producer stores 10,000 kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10 kcal of energy available

Between the Hadley cells, describe what type of weather you would expect.

Moist and warm

N2 to NH3.

Nitrogen fixation

Glucose is created from carbon dioxide and water.

Photosynthesis

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain?

Phytoplankton

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

Rivers

Which country has the largest boreal forest?

Russia

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs?

The atmosphere

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web?

The flow of energy

The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles (weathering, uplift over geological time)?

The phosphorus cycle

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Which of the following long-term effects does no-till agriculture have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland?

There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.

Cactus and pine trees have thin modified needles for what purpose?

To store water

What is the biome with the greatest biomass?

Tropical rainforest

Which of the following describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity?

Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight

Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true?

Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere.

How are native roots important?

They hold soil in place

Two of the same species of shark feed on the same food source.

Competition

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area

Gross primary productivity

Which of the following smaller reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram?

Ice caps

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web?

Killer whale (quaternary consumer)

This has no effect on biomes, climate, or the atmosphere.

Longitude

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain

Phosphorus is proportionally or inversely related to chlorophyll?

Proportionately

Which of the following best identifies a key concept of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram?

The Sun

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. White-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. Sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. All other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study?

The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs

Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle?

The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.