APES Unit 3

(3.4) Figure 1 shows the population sizes for the moose population and the wolf population on Isle Royale. Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity of the moose population? 2,500 50 30 1,500

1,500

(2.6) The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following was the number of finches in the population with a beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978? 8 12 40 65

12

(2.6) The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following was the number of finches in the population with a beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978? 8 12 40 65

12

(1.1) Wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. In addition to tracking changes in the wolf population, scientists were interested in how the wolves would affect other parts of the Yellowstone ecosystem. In particular, they were interested in changes to the population of elk, the wolves' primary prey. The graph below shows the population size of the wolf and elk populations over time. Based upon the data presented in the graph, which of the following best identifies the highest wolf population size? 20 190 170 120

170

(3.2) Based on the data in the graph, which of the following is closest to the average population growth rate per year from year 4 to year 7 in the rabbit population? 338 rabbits per year 1342 rabbits per year 1014 rabbits per year 210 rabbits per year

338 rabbits per year

The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. The pH at which 50 percent of the Daphnia survive after 2 hours of exposure can be predicted from the data. This pH is closest to 2.5 3.5 4.5 7.5 8.5

4.5

The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Daphnia normally are found in the wild is 1 3 5 7 9

7

(3.4) Based on the graph, what is the approximate carrying capacity of the seal population? 8,500 7,500 1,500 4,500

7,500

(2.6) The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following was the average beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major in 1976? 8.8 mm 9.5 mm 10.2 mm 13.8 mm

9.5 mm

(9.9) The following questions(s) refer to the graph below of bird and mammal extinctions over thee centuries Approximately how many more mammal species become extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900? 60 50 30 140 90

90

(3.3) Which curve in the graph best represents a K-selected species? D B C A

A

(3.5) Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the figure below. A, B, C, and D represent population growth curves, E represents the carrying capacity. Represents the biotic potential of the species C B A E D

A

(3.5) Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the lettered points of the curves plotted on the graph below. The curves show two possible patterns of change in population size over time for a certain species of small mammal in an ecosystem. Population growing exponentially E A C B D

A

(2.3) Highly specialized species tend to evolve on islands because of the environmental conditions and resource availability. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following would most likely experience the greatest decline of specialist species if an invasive species emigrated from the mainland? A small island in close proximity to the mainland A large island in close proximity to the mainland A small island a far distance from the mainland A large island a far distance from the mainland

A small island in close proximity to the mainland

(9.9) Concerns About Endangered Birds Won't Stop July 4 Fireworks Show in Old Orchard Beach The Fourth of July fireworks show will go on as planned in Old Orchard Beach on Thursday despite concerns about an endangered bird that was about to give birth to a brood of chicks nearby. The piping plover's nest was only 400 feet from where the fireworks are staged, . . . sparking concerns that the explosions and the thousands of people expected to attend the traditional waterfront display could disrupt the birds and their nest. . . . Town Manager Larry Mead said the holiday fireworks display will go on as planned Thursday because the chicks have hatched and the birds are expected to move away from the noise and crowds. . . . There are currently a record 87 nesting plover pairs in Maine, according to Laura Zitske, director of Maine Audubon's Piping Plover and Least Term Project. . . . Piping plovers require wide, open sand and dune grass to nest. The birds are endangered largely because of habitat loss. Uncertainty about the Independence Day display surfaced in Old Orchard last week when the town canceled its Thursday night fireworks display, a summer tradition in this beachfront resort that draws thousands of visitors each week. OOB365, a group of Old Orchard Beach businesses and private citizens, hinted at a brewing conflict with the nesting plover site on its Facebook page. "Tonight's fireworks (June 27) have been cancelled due to the nesting piping plovers along the beach. Fingers crossed for next week and the 4th of July," OOB365 said in the post. Mead met with officials from Maine Audubon . . . Friday and they agreed to set up a protective corridor around the plover nesting site on the night of July Fourth. Signs, twine, and netting will make it clear that the area will be off-limits to the public, Mead said. . . . Independence Day fireworks are one of the annual sources of concern for the plovers. Zitske said fireworks can scare parents away from newly hatched chicks that need to be kept warm, and Audubon employees have come across nests in the past only to find dead chicks. Typically, the biggest concern about piping plovers and the Fourth of July is the crowds of people walking on the beach in the dark after the fireworks are over, Zitske said. In some areas, volunteers will stand guard to keep people from trampling over nesting areas in the dark. . . . Zitske . . . attributes the nesting success in large part to increased educational outreach to beachgoers, who must share the beaches with the bird. Reprinted with permission from the Portland Press Herald/Maine Sunday Telegram. Reproduction does not imply endorsement. Which of the following strategies has most aided the nesting success of the piping plovers at Old Orchard Beach? Implementation of regulations on fireworks displays on beaches during the holidays An increase in educational outreach to beachgoers Implementation of additional taxes on firework purchases Moving the fireworks farther away from the nests

An increase in educational outreach to beachgoers

(3.2) The following questions(s) refer to the five graphs shown below, which illustrate different relationships between populations and time. Which graph best illustrates a population growing at its biotic potential? B D C A E

B?

(3.2) Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring? Bobcat2 Rabbit12 Fish8,000 rOyster5,000,000,000

Bobcat2

(3.3) Certain lizards display a survivorship curve where the chance of survival is independent of age. Which line on the graph best depicts the survivorship of these lizards? A B C D

C

(1.1) Exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites Competition Parasitism Commensalism Predation Mutualism

Competition

(2.4) The diagrams above show the range of tolerance for soil moisture content for two different species of terrestrial invertebrate: Species 1 and Species 2. The ranges represented are for each species where it occurs alone. Soil moisture content is a limiting factor for both species. If populations of both species are placed together in a new location, which of the following diagrams represents the most likely actual (realized) ranges of the species' distribution of individuals with respect to soil moisture content after five generations?

D

(3.3) Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. Which curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions? C A B D

D

(3.5) Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the lettered points of the curves plotted on the graph below. The curves show two possible patterns of change in population size over time for a certain species of small mammal in an ecosystem. Population decreasing at greatest rate E C D B A

D

(3.5) Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the lettered points of the curves plotted on the graph below. The curves show two possible patterns of change in population size over time for a certain species of small mammal in an ecosystem. Population growing at a decreasing rate A B C D E

D

Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the scenarios that have experienced habitat loss and/or fragmentation in the diagram? Increase in territory size of large mammals Decrease in the number of specialist species Increase in genetic diversity of native species Decrease in the abundance of invasive species

Decrease in the number of specialist species

(3.5) Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time? Controlled growth over a finite time Growing at a rate proportional to the square root of time Doubling in size over equal increments of time Equal increases in number over equal increments of time Reaching a maximum then experiencing a rapid decline

Doubling in size over equal increments of time

(3.4) Directions: The following questions(s) refer to the five graphs shown below, which illustrate different relationships between populations and time. Which graph best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity? E C A D B

E

(3.4) The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem? D B C E A

E

(9.9) Contains an amendment that allows private landowners to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan National Environmental Policy Act Endangered Species Act Montreal Protocol Wilderness Act Kyoto Protocol

Endangered Species Act

(2.6) Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following? I. The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile. II. The fangs and claws of a lion III. The light coloration of a peppered moth I only II only I and II only II and III only I, II and III

I and II only

(9.8) Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species? I. Increasing inspections of goods coming into a country II. Mandating that bilge water from vessels be emptied in ports instead of in the open ocean III. Enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packing crates II only I and III only I, II, and III I only III only

I and III only

(9.8) Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species? I. Increasing inspections of goods coming into a country II. Mandating that bilge water from vessels be emptied in ports instead of in the open ocean III. Enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packing crates III only I only I and III only I, II, and III II only

I and III only

(9.9) Characteristics that tend to increase the risk of a species becoming endangered include which of the following? I. Having a very limited distribution II. Being a specialist at the end of a long food chain III. Having a small population size I, II, and III II and III only I only II only III only

I, II, and III

(9.9) Characteristics that tend to increase the risk of a species becoming endangered include which of the following? I. Having a very limited distribution II. Being a specialist at the end of a long food chain III. Having a small population size II only I, II, and III II and III only III only I only

I, II, and III

(3.1) Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following? I. It is a pioneer species that is an opportunistic feeder. II. It is dependent on mature, old-growth forest for its habitat. III. It is a carnivore at or near the top of the food chain. II and III I only II only III only I and II

II and III

(9.8) Reasons that the population size of an exotic species often grows rapidly when the species is introduced in a new environment include which of the following? I. The exotic species is resistant to pesticides. II. There is a large, underutilized food source in the new environment. III. The exotic species has few natural predators in the new environment. II and III only I, II, and III I and III only I only III only

II and III only

(9.8) Reasons that the population size of an exotic species often grows rapidly when the species is introduced in a new environment include which of the following? I. The exotic species is resistant to pesticides. II. There is a large, underutilized food source in the new environment. III. The exotic species has few natural predators in the new environment. III only I only I and III only I, II, and III II and III only

II and III only

(3.5) Based on the data in the graph, which environmental factor would have most likely lead to the change in the harbor seal population size from 1980-1990 ? Decreased resistance to parasites Decreased number of primary producers Increased availability of food Increased competition with carnivores

Increased availability of food

(2.1) Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? Increased resistance to pests Increased susceptibility on plant disease Decreased potential yield Decreased kernel size Decreased dependence on chemical fertilizers

Increased susceptibility on plant disease

(9.9) The data in the graph reflect threats identified in species recovery plans. Based on the data in the graph, altering human activity in which of the following areas will most benefit plant species?' Habitat loss and degradation Climate and natural disasters Introduction of invasive species Pollution

Introduction of invasive species

(3.3) The graph below shows three different survivorship curves. Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are K -strategists with a Type I survivorship curve. K -strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. r -strategists with a Type II survivorship curve. r -strategists with a Type III survivorship curve.

K -strategists with a Type I survivorship curve.

(1.1) Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another. Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism Competition Predation

Mutualism

(9.10) Road construction, logging, and mining are banned in which of the following federal lands? National forests National wildlife refuges National parks National resource lands National wilderness preservation areas

National wilderness preservation areas

(1.1) Exemplified by ticks feeding on a deer. Mutualism Predation Parasitism Commensalism Competition

Parasitism

(2.1) The Chatham Island robin is a small endangered bird found in scrub forests off the coast of New Zealand. The robin is preyed upon by introduced species such as cats and rats. In 1980, the population decreased to only 5 individuals and every individual today is a descendant of a single female. Which of the following is best illustrated in the decline of the Chatham Island robins? Type I survivorship Population overshoot Population bottleneck Carrying capacity

Population bottleneck

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat? Primary succession Flooding Sea level rise Global climate change

Primary succession

(2.1) The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event was caused when an asteroid impacted Earth approximately 66 million years ago, near what is now the Gulf of Mexico. The indirect effects of the impact affected the entire globe. The event resulted in the extinction of nearly 75 percent of all plant and animal species on Earth, including the majority of dinosaur species. Which of the following likely best describes why most of these species went extinct? Direct effects from the impact Loss of competitors Increase in genetic diversity in most species Rapid climate and habitat change

Rapid climate and habitat change

(1.1) The shaded regions in the diagram below show where different species of warblers, a type of bird, hunt for insects in the same tree. Which of the following interactions between the warbler species is shown in the diagram? Intraspecific competition Parasitism Resource partitioning Commensalism

Resource partitioning

1.1) Two bird species coexist by feeding on the same type of insects in different parts of a tree. One bird species hunts insects near the top of the tree. The other bird species hunts insects near the base of the tree. Which of the following concepts is demonstrated between the two bird species? Resource partitioning Parasitism Mutualism Predator-prey

Resource partitioning

(3.1) Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist? Snapping turtles Beavers Salamanders Ospreys

Salamanders

(9.10) Which of the following would most likely have the greatest positive impact on the quality of the natural environment worldwide? Discovery of new reserves of fossil fuel in coastal areas Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population Increased life expectancy in more developed nations Increased agricultural production on marginal desert lands Increased reliance on food from ocean ecosystems

Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population

(2.4) A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development? An uncommon species has become more numerous. An increase in low-tolerance species has occurred. A decrease in high-tolerance species has occurred. Phylogenetic diversity has increased. The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur? The dinosaurs were r -strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve The dinosaurs were r -strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve. The dinosaurs were K -strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve. The dinosaurs were K -strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve.

The dinosaurs were r -strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve

(2.4) THE EFFECT OF pH ON FROG EMBRYO HATCHING Which of the following best describes the frog species' range of tolerance to acidic conditions? The frogs can tolerate any pH greater than 6 . The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6 . The frogs can tolerate a pH between 3.5 and 5 . The frogs can tolerate any pH less than 4 .

The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6 .

(2.1) A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? The uniformity of species distribution in the pond The species richness The stability of the ecosystem The pond's productivity The degree of disturbance

The species richness

(3.2) The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the United States. Which of the following best describes the spotted lanternfly in the United States? The spotted lanternfly is a K -selected and endangered species. The spotted lanternfly is an r -selected and invasive species. The spotted lanternfly is a K -selected and invasive species. The spotted lanternfly is an r -selected and endangered species.

The spotted lanternfly is an r -selected and invasive species.

(9.8) The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the United States. Which of the following best describes the spotted lanternfly in the United States? The spotted lanternfly is an r -selected and endangered species. The spotted lanternfly is an r -selected and invasive species. The spotted lanternfly is a K -selected and invasive species. The spotted lanternfly is a K -selected and endangered species.

The spotted lanternfly is an r -selected and invasive species.

(2.6) The table below shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on each of two islands in the Galápagos archipelago. The two islands are about ten kilometers apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands? Egg mortality differs on the islands. Beak size exerts selective pressure on prey size. Birds on Daphne Island live longer than birds on Santa Cruz Island. Large-beaked birds move to Santa Cruz Island and small-beaked birds move to Daphne Island. The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

(9.8) All of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true EXCEPT: They may prey on native species. They tend to have low reproductive rates. They may compete with native species for food. They are generally introduced by human activity. They may be plant or animal species.

They tend to have low reproductive rates

(9.9) The following questions(s) refer to the graph below of bird and mammal extinctions over thee centuries Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000? a) Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats. b) Adaptive radiation produced many new species of birds. c) Pollution was becoming so widespread that many birds migrated to new habitats. d) Animals were being domesticated, leading to the agricultural revolution. e) Ecosystems were changing rapidly because of widespread glaciation.

a) Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats.

The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. How would including a control group be useful in this experiment? a) It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors. b) It would provide a number against which percentages can be computed. c) It would provide a value for which the standard pH can be measured. d) It would provide a standard number to test for statistical uncertainty. e) It would provide an end data point for graphical analysis.

a) It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors.

(9.10) If mean global temperature keeps on increasing as predicted by contemporary scientists, which of the following is most likely? a) Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction. b) There will be an increase in the reproductive rate of mammals. c) There will be an increase in sulfate concentrations in wetlands. d) There will be fewer insects pests and disease-carrying organisms. e) The geographical range of many plants will move toward the equator.

a) Specialist species living in fragile ecosystems will risk extinction.

(2.3) A 163 square-kilometer (km2) small island is found 2,000 km from the mainland. A second, larger, 230,000 km2 island is found 1,000km from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? a) The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island. b) The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island. c) The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island. d) The small island has more available resources than the large island.

a) The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.

(3.4) Which of the following changes would most likely lead to a mammal population exceeding its carrying capacity? a) A decrease in the number adult females during mating season b) A decrease in the food supply immediately after offspring are born c) An increase in mortality of adults during mating season d) An increase in the number of predators immediately after offspring are born

b) A decrease in the food supply immediately after offspring are born

(3.1) The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that grows best in nutrient-poor, acidic soil. They typically grow in certain longleaf pine savanna ecosystems in the Carolinas. Which of the following terms best describes this species? a) A generalist species, because it is advantaged in changing habitats. b) A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low pH and nutrient levels. c) An invasive species, because it competes with other plants for water and sunlight. d )A keystone species, because it is carnivorous.

b) A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low pH and nutrient levels.

(2.4) Study Finds Aardvarks Suffering as African Climate Heats Up Little is known about Africa's elusive aardvarks, but new research says they are vulnerable to climate change like many other species. Hotter temperatures are taking their toll on the aardvark, whose diet of ants and termites is becoming scarcer in some areas because of reduced rainfall. Drought in the Kalahari Desert killed five out of six aardvarks that were being monitored for a year, as well as 11 others in the area. The aardvarks' body temperatures plummeted during the night because they were not getting enough energy from diminished food sources. They tried to conserve energy by looking for insects during the warmer daytime, but their efforts to adapt could not save them. Researchers said some birds, reptiles and other animals use aardvark burrows to escape extreme temperatures, reproduce, and hide from predators. They could have fewer refuges available if aardvark populations shrink because of rising temperatures, they said. The aardvark, which lives in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, is identified as an animal of "least concern" on an international "red list" of threatened species. There are no indications that the population is changing significantly in southern Africa, though it is speculated that numbers may be declining elsewhere because of habitat destruction, the bushmeat trade and other factors. "Study Finds aardvarks suffering as African climate heats up," Christopher Torchia, Phys.org, July 31, 2017. Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? a) Aardvarks are shifting the location of their territories as a response to global climate change. b) Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem. c) The loss of aardvarks described in the study was an isolated incident because most aardvark populations are increasing globally. d) Providing aardvarks with more burrows will help them maintain their body temperature and increase survival rates.

b) Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem.

(2.1) Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area? a) Population size of each species and area occupied by each population b) Genetic variation within each species and number of species present c) Number of individuals under fifteen years old and number of individuals over sixty-five years old d) Minimum population area and minimum viable population size e) Ratio of r-strategists to K-strategists and life expectancy of K-strategists

b) Genetic variation within each species and number of species present

(9.9) The following questions(s) refer to the graph below of bird and mammal extinctions over thee centuries Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000? a) Ecosystems were changing rapidly because of widespread glaciation. b) Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats. c) Pollution was becoming so widespread that many birds migrated to new habitats. c) Adaptive radiation produced many new species of birds. d) Animals were being domesticated, leading to the agricultural revolution.

b) Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats.

(2.4) Very Large Dead Zone Forecast for the Gulf of Mexico Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are forecasting this summer's Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone or "dead zone"—an area of low to no oxygen that can kill fish and other marine life—to be approximately 7,829 square miles, or roughly the size of Massachusetts. The annual prediction is based on United States Geological Survey river flow and nutrient data. The 2019 forecast is close to the record size of 8,776 square miles set in 2017 and larger than the five-year average measured size of 5,770 square miles. The annually recurring Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone is primarily caused by excess nutrient pollution from human activities, such as urbanization and agriculture, occurring throughout the Mississippi River watershed. Once the excess nutrients reach the gulf, they stimulate an overgrowth of algae, which eventually die, then sink and decompose in the water. The resulting low oxygen levels near the bottom are insufficient to support most marine life and have long-term impacts on living marine resources that are unable to leave the area. A major factor contributing to the large dead zone this year is the high amount of spring rainfall in many parts of he Mississippi River watershed, which led to record high river flows and much larger nutrient loading to the Gulf of Mexico. This past May, discharge in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers was about 67 percent above the long-term average between 1980 and 2018. The latest National Climate Assessment predicts an increase in the frequency of very heavy precipitation events in the Midwest, Great Plains, and Southeast regions, which would impact nutrient input to the northern Gulf of Mexico and the size of the hypoxic zone." News release adapted from the United States Geological Survey Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? a) The increased size of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is forecasted to benefit the fishing industry in the United States. b) The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen. c) Many marine species are migrating away from the Gulf of Mexico as a result of increased nutrient pollution from increased rainfall events. d) The large hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is directly linked to climate change in the Mississippi River watershed.

b) The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen

Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data? a) The highest sea level occurred in the Triassic period. b) The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period. c) The first rise in sea level occurred during the Cretaceous period. d) Sea level decreased from the beginning of the Triassic period to the end of the Cretaceous period.

b) The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

9.9) Concerns About Endangered Birds Won't Stop July 4 Fireworks Show in Old Orchard Beach The Fourth of July fireworks show will go on as planned in Old Orchard Beach on Thursday despite concerns about an endangered bird that was about to give birth to a brood of chicks nearby. The piping plover's nest was only 400 feet from where the fireworks are staged, . . . sparking concerns that the explosions and the thousands of people expected to attend the traditional waterfront display could disrupt the birds and their nest. . . . Town Manager Larry Mead said the holiday fireworks display will go on as planned Thursday because the chicks have hatched and the birds are expected to move away from the noise and crowds. . . . There are currently a record 87 nesting plover pairs in Maine, according to Laura Zitske, director of Maine Audubon's Piping Plover and Least Term Project. . . . Piping plovers require wide, open sand and dune grass to nest. The birds are endangered largely because of habitat loss. Uncertainty about the Independence Day display surfaced in Old Orchard last week when the town canceled its Thursday night fireworks display, a summer tradition in this beachfront resort that draws thousands of visitors each week. OOB365, a group of Old Orchard Beach businesses and private citizens, hinted at a brewing conflict with the nesting plover site on its Facebook page. "Tonight's fireworks (June 27) have been cancelled due to the nesting piping plovers along the beach. Fingers crossed for next week and the 4th of July," OOB365 said in the post. Mead met with officials from Maine Audubon . . . Friday and they agreed to set up a protective corridor around the plover nesting site on the night of July Fourth. Signs, twine, and netting will make it clear that the area will be off-limits to the public, Mead said. . . . Independence Day fireworks are one of the annual sources of concern for the plovers. Zitske said fireworks can scare parents away from newly hatched chicks that need to be kept warm, and Audubon employees have come across nests in the past only to find dead chicks. Typically, the biggest concern about piping plovers and the Fourth of July is the crowds of people walking on the beach in the dark after the fireworks are over, Zitske said. In some areas, volunteers will stand guard to keep people from trampling over nesting areas in the dark. . . . Zitske . . . attributes the nesting success in large part to increased educational outreach to beachgoers, who must share the beaches with the bird. Reprinted with permission from the Portland Press Herald/Maine Sunday Telegram. Reproduction does not imply endorsement. The author assumes that the OOB365 group is mostly concerned about canceling the fireworks displays at Old Orchard Beach because a) jobs will be lost in the fireworks manufacturing industry in Maine b) revenue will be lost from tourists attracted by the firework displays c) the number of piping plover nests could decrease d) the organization bought the fireworks and would not know what to do with them

b) revenue will be lost from tourists attracted by the firework displays

(3.5) The snowshoe hare (a member of the rabbit family) is the primary prey for the Canadian lynx. The Canadian lynx is a wild feline that is slightly larger than a bobcat. Scientists plan to investigate the relative sizes of the hare and the lynx populations over a 3-year period. Based on predator-prey dynamics, which of the following identifies the hypothesis most likely to be supported by the study? a) A decrease in the hare population size will lead to an increase in the lynx population size. b) An increase in the hare population size will lead to a decrease in the lynx population size. c) An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. d) A decrease in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size.

c) An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size.

(9.10) An alpine area of a national park near a trail is normally covered by plants, but much of the area is now bare soil. Park rangers suspect that trampling by hikers has killed the plants. Which of the following will best test the hypothesis? a) Counting the number of hikers leaving the trail in comparison with the number of hikers leaving other trails b) Counting the number of plants along the trail in comparison with the number of plants along other trails c) Comparing plant survivorship in areas where hikers stay on the trail with plant survivorship in the area where hikers leave the trail d) Comparing the number of hikers this year to the number of hikers last year on various trails e) Comparing the ages, heights, and weights of hikers on different trails

c) Comparing plant survivorship in areas where hikers stay on the trail with plant survivorship in the area where hikers leave the trail

(2.3) The many finch species of the Galápagos Islands evolved from a single species that immigrated to the islands from the coast of South America. These species differ primarily in beak shape, which is closely related to the type of food each species specializes in eating. Which of the following best explains why each of the finch species on the Galápagos Islands evolved to be specialists? a) Food resources on islands are more plentiful and nutrient rich than on the mainland, leading to specialist behaviors in feeding. b) Climate on islands tends to be less variable than on the mainland, minimizing seasonal absences of food. c) Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items. d) Reduced competition from other bird species allows finch species to focus on specific food resources.

c) Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items.

(3.1) Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species? a) Raccoons are carnivores, and tiger salamanders are herbivores. b) Raccoons have a Type II survivorship curve, and tiger salamanders have a Type I survivorship curve. c) Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists. d) Raccoons are decomposers, and tiger salamanders are scavengers.

c) Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists.

(1.1) Five different species of warblers, seed-eating birds, live in the same species of conifer trees. All of the birds migrate to coniferous forests during the summer, and different species reside in different areas in the same tree. They feed on the seeds of the conifer trees, but the different species do not mate with each other. Which of the following best explains why the different warbler species can all have habitats in the same conifer trees? a) Physiological differences in beak structure allow the warblers to consume different species of seeds through symbiotic relationships. b) Niche overlap occurs between the five different species, and living in the same tree increases competition for seeds. c) Resource partitioning of the seeds reduces competition, and the five different species can live in the same tree. d) Not all the warblers are residents in the forest at the same time of the year because of different migration patterns.

c) Resource partitioning of the seeds reduces competition, and the five different species can live in the same tree.

(9.8) Silver carp were introduced in the southeastern United States in the 1970s from their native habitat of China to control algal blooms that were occurring at aquaculture facilities and sewage lagoons. Silver carp escaped from captivity shortly after their introduction and are currently found as far north as North Dakota and Minnesota. Which of the following describes an unintended, negative consequence of the introduction of silver carp into the United States? a) Silver carp populations in the United States are likely to become endangered as a result of limited prey resources in the new environment. b) Silver carp decreased the amount of algae and aquatic vegetation in ponds and lagoons in the southern United States. c) Silver carp became an invasive species in the United States because their numbers were not being controlled by natural predators. d) Silver carp became a keystone species and created more biodiversity in lakes and rivers in the southeastern United States.

c) Silver carp became an invasive species in the United States because their numbers were not being controlled by natural predators.

2.6) In England approximately 250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on. Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time? a) The moths adapted to the new environment through isolation. b) The moths adapted to the new environment through primary succession. c) The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population. d) The moths adapted to the new environment by becoming a generalist species.

c) The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population.

(9.10) Of the following, the greatest threat to populations of migratory North American songbirds is disease from polluted waters clearing of tropical forests sport hunting international trade in pets predation by raptors

clearing of tropical forests

(1.1) The graph below shows the results obtained when two species of Paramecium were grown together in the same medium. The graph above best exemplifies the edge effect competitive exclusion the normal distribution the demographic transition sustained logarithmic growth

competitive exclusion

(2.5) Which of the following explanations is best supported by the data shown in the map above? a) Earth's climate has changed over geological time, and plates on Earth's crust have shifted. b) Sea level rise has led to an increased concentration of wildlife inland as the coastal areas flood. c) Organisms adapt to human population growth by changing at the genetic level. d) Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.

d) Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.

(2.4) Estuary provides refuge after dam removal for bull trout Bull trout use a bewildering array of strategies to aid in their survival, from remaining in streams their whole lives, like rainbow trout, to spending part of their lives in the ocean before returning to streams to spawn, just as salmon do. Bull trout are present in only one of two neighboring rivers in the Olympic peninsula, Washington state, and in this one (the Elwha River), where two large dams were removed. Dam removal resulted in massive outflow of sediments, reducing the clarity of the water and also building up a large delta and expanding the size of the estuary at the mouth of the Elwha River. Sampling for bull trout before, during, and after dam removal was used to detect whether bull trout changed their use of the Elwha River estuary or moved into the adjacent Salt Creek stream where they were formerly absent. Sampling revealed no movement into Salt Creek, but numbers of bull trout in the Elwha River estuary increased greatly during and immediately after dam removal, coinciding with large sediment outflow, before returning to their original low levels. Thus, bull trout appear to have used the enlarged estuary as a refuge from the effects of dam removal, then returning to the river when the river water cleared up from the sediment. Of additional interest is the long-term response of bull trout to the additional habitat opened up above the former dams. Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? a) Bull trout experienced high mortality rates as a result of the formation of the estuary and sediments released during dam deconstruction. b) Bull trout are adaptable to a variety of habitats and were able to survive in the river habitat during the dam deconstruction. c) Bull trout remained in the estuary system after the dam deconstruction because the disruption had irreversibly altered the river habitat. d) Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment loaded waters and migrated to avoid the conditions introduced during dam deconstruction.

d) Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment loaded waters and migrated to avoid the conditions introduced during dam deconstruction.

(2.1) Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? a) After an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity. b) Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant. c) Habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. d) Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.

d) Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity

(3.1) The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be? a) Climate change will lead directly to the clear-cutting of the forests, resulting in a smaller habitat for both the mantis and the tropical cockroach. b) As the climate changes, the number of orchids is likely to increase, leading to more competition for space by the mantis population. c) Orchid mantises are generalists, so global climate change will give them more diverse habitats to colonize. d) Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.

d) Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.

(1.1) Wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. In addition to tracking changes in the wolf population, scientists were interested in how the wolves would affect other parts of the Yellowstone ecosystem. In particular, they were interested in changes to the population of elk, the wolves' primary prey. The graph below shows the population size of the wolf and elk populations over time. Which of the following best describes the change in the elk population since the introduction of wolves into Yellowstone in 1995? a) The elk population reached carrying capacity and experienced overshoot. b) The elk population steadily increased in numbers. c) The elk population remained stable, experiencing little changes. d) The elk population steadily decreased in numbers.

d) The elk population steadily decreased in numbers.

(1.1) In 1960, an invasive fly was introduced to the Galapagos islands. To understand the relationship between the invasive fly and the tree finches that live on the island, researchers examined the mating success of two species of finches. Some finches had nests with flies and some did not. The data from the study are in the table. Based on the table, which of the following claims about the relationship between the tree finch and the invasive fly is best supported? a) The flies and finches have a commensal relationship; finches provide a home for the fly, but finches are not affected by the presence of the fly. b) The flies and finches have a mutualistic relationship; the finch provides a home for the fly, and the fly helps the breeding success of the finch. c) The flies and finches have a competitive relationship; the two species feed on the same food, and the finches are more successful at feeding than the flies are. d) The flies and finches have a parasitic relationship; the finches provide a home for the fly, and the fly decreases the breeding success of the finches.

d) The flies and finches have a parasitic relationship; the finches provide a home for the fly, and the fly decreases the breeding success of the finches.

(2.6)The Devils Hole pupfish is one of the world's rarest fishes, spending most of its life in the top few meters of very warm waters of a cavern located in the middle of the Mojave Desert. Devils Hole, a geologic pool, is the only naturally occurring habitat for the endangered Devils Hole pupfish. This fish's habitat is one of the smallest natural ranges known for any vertebrate. Devils Hole is an extreme environment, with water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations near the lethal limits for most fish species. Which of the following statements best explains why the Devils Hole pupfish are able to live in this environment? a) Climate change led to the death of other organisms at Devils Hole, reducing competition for the pupfish. b) Thermal inversions have limited the species diversity at Devils Hole, and only a few fish species can survive the high temperatures. c) A trophic cascade in the Devils Hole food chain decreased the number of pupfish predators. d) The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.

d) The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.

(9.8) Cane toads are an invasive species that were introduced to Australian ecosystems. Researchers studying cane toads hypothesize that cane toads are negatively affecting native species. The researchers observed different locations with and without cane toads and collected the data that are presented in the following graph. Which of the following best interprets the results in the graph in relation to the given hypothesis? a) The results support the researchers' hypothesis because there is a greater biodiversity at sites with cane toads. b) The results do not support the researchers' hypothesis because there is less biodiversity at sites with cane toads. c) The results do not support the researchers' hypothesis because there is less biodiversity at sites without cane toads. d) The results support the researchers' hypothesis because there is a greater biodiversity at sites without cane toads.

d) The results support the researchers' hypothesis because there is a greater biodiversity at sites without cane toads.

(2.6) The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following statements best explains the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches after the drought? a) The total number of finches in the population increased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. b) The total number of finches in the population increased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. c) The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. d) The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.

d) The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.

(2.3) Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? a) There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents. b) Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do. c) Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do. d) There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.

d) There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.

(2.3) For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands? a) Small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species. b) Small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species. c) Because they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species. d) Because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance. e) Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.

e) Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.

(9.8) Population biologists are concerned about introduced species such as the zebra mussel in North America because a) their introduction will require more land to be protected b) introduced species often become endangered when they are placed in a new habitat c) predators of the introduced species often overpopulate because of the influx of the introduced species d) their removal from their native habitat has a negative impact e) the introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species

e) the introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species

(3.2) The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing many offspring with high levels of parental care few offspring with low levels of parental care few offspring with high levels of parental care many offspring with low levels of parental care many offspring without parental care

few offspring with high levels of parental care

(2.6) In North America, native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators are unaffected by commercial pesticides are uniformly smaller than European honeybees have no known native predators have coevolved with native plant species mature quickly without undergoing metamorphosis

have coevolved with native plant species

(9.10) The factor that likely poses the greatest threat of extinction of species worldwide is weakening of environmental legislation aggressive collecting of specimens by museums and zoos increasing loss of habitat increase in hunting and fishing black-market trade in endangered species

increasing loss of habitat

(3.3) The graph below shows three different survivorship curves. Scientists determined that a species of a reptile dinosaur cohort had 20% survivorship during the first two years of life, but then the survivorship of those individuals that survived to age 2 had a 70% survivorship to middle age. Survivorship declined later in life. Which of the following best illustrates the shape of the survivorship curve for this species?

no idea

(9.10) Era of 'Biological Annihilation' Is Underway, Scientists Warn Thousands of animal species are in precipitous decline, a sign that an irreversible era of mass extinction is underway, new research finds. Dr. Ceballos, a researcher at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, emphasized that he and his co-authors, Paul R. Ehrlich and Rodolfo Dirzo, both professors at Stanford University, ... are using scientific data to back up their assertions that significant population decline and possible mass extinction of species all over the world may be imminent, and that both have been underestimated by many other scientists. The study's authors looked at reductions in a species' range — a result of factors like habitat degradation, pollution and climate change, among others — and extrapolated from that how many populations have been lost or are in decline ... . They found that about 30 percent of all land vertebrates ... are experiencing declines and local population losses. In most parts of the world, mammal populations are losing 70 percent of their members because of habitat loss. Dr. Jonathan Losos, a biology professor at Harvard, noted that giving precise estimates of wildlife populations was difficult, in part because scientists do not always agree on what defines a population The authors of the paper suggest that previous estimates of global extinction rates have been too low, in part because scientists have been too focused on complete extinction of a species Scientists estimate that 200 species have gone extinct in the past 100 years; the "normal" extinction rate over the past two million years has been that two species go extinct every 100 years because of evolutionary and other factors. Dr. Ehrlich, who wrote "The Population Bomb," a book that predicted the imminent collapse of humanity because of overpopulation, and Dr. Ceballos said that habitat destruction ... and pollution were the primary culprits, but that climate change exacerbates both problems. Accelerating deforestation and rising carbon pollution are likely to make climate change worse, which could have disastrous consequences for the ability of many species to survive on earth. Dr. Ceballos struck a slightly more hopeful tone, adding that some species have been able to rebound when some of these pressures are taken away. ... "From The New York Times. (c) 2017 The New York Times Company. All rights reserved. Used under license." Which of the following statements best identifies the author's claim about modern species? a) While most organisms are declining in population size, most mammal populations are actually increasing. b) Populations of plants are increasing because of excess CO2 in the atmosphere. c) Ranges of most species are expanding toward the poles because of climate change. d) Reduction in range size is an indicator that populations of many species are declining.

no idea, not C

(3.4) Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the reproductive strategy of rabbits? r -selected species K -selected species Type II survivorship Type I survivorship

r -selected species

(3.2) The crude growth rate, r , of a population is calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate multiplying the existing population size by life expectancy adding the crude birth rate to the crude death rate dividing the crude birth rate by 2 dividing the doubling time by 70

subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

(3.2) Which of the following graphs best displays population size over time of an r-selected species that has just colonized a new habitat with abundant resources?

the steady increa with slight curve

(2.3) Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because they are usually generalist species they tend to have more predators they contain a high degree of genetic variability they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events their habitats are more stable

they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events