APES Unit 7 mcq

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What are places that VOCS are present through urban areas ozones?

"London smog" is classified as sulfuric smog, primarily from the burning of coal, source: Sulfur "Los angeles smog" is classified as photochemical smog, Source: VOCs from gasoline, nitrogen oxide

If an average refrigerator uses 500 watts of energy per hour and your energy cost is $0.11 per kWh, approximately how much does the energy used by the refrigerator cost per month?

$40

What are the advantages of Natural gas

- Contains fewer impurities, emits almost no SO2 or particulates - Emits only 60% as much CO2 as coal

What are some advantages to Petroleum

- Convenient to transport - Relatively energy dense - Cleaner burning than coal

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (a) coal combustion releases a variety of air pollutants i. Identify one air pollutant released from the combustion of coal

-CO2 (carbon dioxide) -CO (carbon monoxide) -SO2 (sulfur dioxide) -NOx (nitrogen oxides) -lead -particulte matter -VOCs (voltile organic compounds -HCs (hydrocarbons)

according to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth occurs during phase

The efficiency of the transfer of energy from a fuel to electricity is approximately

35%

according to theory of demographic transition, birth rates may drop below death rates during phase

How much electricity in the US does coal provide

45%

Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10% would double in

7 years

using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10% would double in

7 years

LED bulbs are six times as efficient as incandescent bulbs. If a household replaced ten 100- watt bulbs with LED bulbs, how many watts would be saved?

833 watts

What percent of the U.S. energy needs are served by nonrenewable energy sources?

93%

A country has net immigration rate of 3 per 1,000, a CBR of 9 per 1,000, and a CDR of 11 per 1,000. What is the growth rate of this country? a. 0.1% b. 0.2% c. 0.5% d. 1% e. 2%

Which of the following would be the best control group to evaluate the treated wastewater from the paper company?

A sample of water upstream from the same river Correct. A sample taken upstream from the same river contains water that would be free from the paper factory discharge. This will be the best control to see if variations in pHpH downstream from the paper factory may be because of the paper factory effluent

A country with an age structure diagram like the one below is most likely experiencing

A short doubling time

One of the biggest limitations to the wide scale use of geothermal energy is the need for

A suitable site

Which of the following is most likely responsible for the indoor air pollutant shown in the graph?

A) Cracks in the basement foundation

A gaseous decay of uranium that is found in rocks

A. Radon

A leading cause of lung cancer in the US

A. Radon

Most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition

A. Sulfer dioxide

Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plants designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms? A) Bar screen B) Grit-settling tank C) Activated-sludge tank D) Chlorination tank E) Ultraviolet-light array

Activated-sludge tank

Which of the following is most responsible for the change in the omissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from 1970 to 2020 as shown in the graph?

An increase in admission standards that began in 1970 that regulated corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards

Which of the curves on the graph depicts the concentration of ozone, which requires sunlight to form?

Answer C Correct. This is ozone. Ozone concentrations peak in the afternoon as the intensity of the sunlight peaks. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed in the atmosphere in a reaction that involves both nitrogen oxides (NOxNOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCsVOCs) in the presence of sunlight. By late afternoon, the ozone that forms during the day breaks down.

Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

Asbestos

Thomas Malthus introduced a. the study of human demographics b. the hypothesis that humans could exceed Earth's carrying capacity c. the concept of variation in replacement level fertility due to differences in industrialization d. the age structure diagram e. the concept of population momentum

Which of the following best describes the process shown in the diagram above?

B) Less-dense, warm air creates a temperature inversion between more-dense layers, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has

B. Carbon monoxide

Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust?

B. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

Is primarily responsible for acid rain in the northeast US

B. Coal

Poses a health risk to humans who eat large quantities of marine fish such as swordfish and tuna

B. Mercury

Colorless, odorless gas that is a naturally occurring decay product of uranium

B. Radon

Which of the following actions would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems ?

B. Reducing use of fossil fuels

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that reducing noise exposure is currently more of a public policy problem than a scientific problem?

B. The relationship of noise...

Which of the following water quality indicators should be measured to best determine if the wastewater is increasing the acidity of the river?

B. The total suspended solids

Which of the following best describes why the authors do not claim that nolse exposure Induces in humans?

B. There is insufficient evidence to support...

Smoke from forest fire is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when

B. a persistent atmospheric inversion exist in the region

Directions: The following question(s) refer to the following methods of solid-waste disposal and treatment A) Sanitary landfill B) Incineration C) Discharge to sewers, streams, and rivers D) Chemical treatment E) Biological treatment Which method introduces microorganisms to break down hazardous organic compounds?

Biological treatment

Which of the following is most responsible for the change in the emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) from 1970 to 2020 as shown in the graph?

C) An increase in air emission standards that began in 1970 that regulated corporate average fuel economy ( CAFECAFE ) standards

Scientists have discovered that Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCsVOCs) emitted from trees can contribute to photochemical smog formation. Data in the table above were collected in 2006 and 2014 in Berlin, Germany. Isoprene is a VOCVOC released by some tree species. Impact factor refers to the percentage of ozone attributed to the isoprene. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table?

C) Isoprene's contribution to ozone levels in Berlin was greatest in July of both years.

Scientists have discovered that Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCsVOCs) emitted from trees can contribute to photochemical smog formation. Data in the table above were collected in 2006 and 2014 in Berlin, Germany. Isoprene is a VOCVOC released by some tree species. Impact factor refers to the percentage of ozone attributed to the isoprene. Which of the following best describes the relationship between variables in the data table?

C) Ozone maximum is correlated to average and maximum temperature.

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the trend shown in the graph of fluctuating indoor radon levels over the course of a year?

C) Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months because of the difference in temperature inside and outside the home, which creates a vacuum pulling radon into the home at a higher rate.

Scientists have been collecting atmospheric CO2CO2 data for many years to monitor changes over time. Which of the following best describes why an island location, such as the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, is an ideal location to measure global CO2CO2 concentrations?

C) The location is far from any continent, providing atmospheric air samples that are less likely to be affected by industry and transportation.

The graph below depicts the various components of smog for a densely populated urban area in the Northern Hemisphere. Each plotted line (A, B, C, and D) is a different component of smog. Which of the curves on the graph depicts the concentration of ozone, which requires sunlight to form?

C; Ozone concentrations peak in the afternoon as the intensity of the sunlight peaks. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed in the atmosphere in a reaction that involves both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. By late afternoon, the ozone that forms during the day breaks down.

Population size can be estimated using the formulat

CBR + Immigration - (CDR + Emigration)

Has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has

Carbon monoxide

Which of the following best explains why DDT has been found in penguin eggs in the Antarctic? A) Chemicals used in one region of Earth can circulate in the biosphere and affect organisms in a distant region. B) The large number of penguins in Antarctica has resulted in a depletion of their preferred foods. C) Although DDT is toxic to adult birds, it has no effect on developing embryos. D) Chemicals like DDT are volatile and eventually make their way to the ozone layer. E) Because penguins incubate their eggs on land, the eggs are exposed to DDT.

Chemicals used in one region of Earth can circulate in the biosphere and affect organisms in a distant region.

Which country is the world's leading producer of hydroelectricity?

China

The countries with the largest supplies of coal are

China, United States, Russia, India

What is the most abundant fossil fuel

Coal

Which energy source can provide the greatest amount of electricity generation in the United States because of its abundance?

Coal

Which of the following energy sources is responsible for the largest fraction of electricity generation in the United States?

Coal

Which would be the most energy efficient?

Coal

In the use of coal to produce energy, which does NOT decrease the energy efficiency of the process?

Cogeneration

What are primary pollutants?

Come directly from the smoke stack of the powerplant

What is high level radioactive waste

Comercial & military spent fuel

In the figure above, the letters A, B, and C represent the different thermal layers present in an inversion. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of thermal layers as one moves vertically upwards from the surface of Earth?

Cool sea breeze → Warm → Cool

Cool sea breeze →→ Warm →→ Cool Correct. During a thermal inversion, a warm, less dense air mass moves over a dense, colder air mass, creating a layer that prevents atmospheric mixing of gases. This can trap pollutants close to the ground, especially smog and particulates.

What is the correct labeling from the air layer closest to the Earth's surface to the one farthest from the Earth's surface?

Cool, warm, cooler

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following insulation options is ineffective at insulating a home and greatly contributes to indoor air pollution? the answer is Mineral fiber batt but im just gonna leave the explaination as the answer.

Correct. Mineral fiber batt is the least desirable choice because it has the close to the lowest efficiency of the insulation materials and has the largest contribution to indoor air pollution.

Approximately what percentage of the population of developed countries lives in urban areas? a. 20% b. 44% c. 50% d. 75% e. 86%

Which of the following best describes the efficiency of dry scrubbers at removing particles that are less than 2 micrometers in diameter?

D) Dry scrubbers are less than 10% efficient at removing particles less than 1μm1μm in size.

An air pollution expert set up a monitoring program to determine the amount of particulate matter (PMPM) leaving a farmer's field after crops were harvested and the soil was bare. She set up high-volume air samplers 10 meters from each edge of the square field and collected samples weekly for two months. When she looked at her data, she was surprised by how much the PMPM levels varied, both from site to site on a given date and over time at each site. Which of the following parameters would have been best to measure to help explain the variation in her results?

D) Wind direction and speed

Which of the following would be the best control group to evaluate the treated wastewater from the paper company ?

D. A sample of water upstream from the same river

Which of the following is true of the Clean Air Act?

D. It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990

Which of the following best explains the pattern in NO concentration

D. NO is produced by rush-hour

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that nolse exposure will be a health problern in the twenty?

D. Noise exposure...

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being release that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine whích techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the installation of electrostatic precipitators in exhaust systems

D. Particulate

An engineer is the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from power plant to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution that generates electricity by burning coal . engineer a variety of computer simulations generated by the plant . The pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the Installation of baghouse filters in exhaust systems

D. Particulate

Has been implicated the cause as much as 15 percent cancer cases

D. Radon

If technology that reduces the hydrocarbon concentration had been utilized, which of the following would have been the most likely result?

D. The concentration of O3 would have been lower

Which statement about total fertility rate is correct? a. TFR is equal to the crude birth rate minus the rude death rate b. TFR is the average number of children each woman must have to replace the current population c. TFR is generally higher in developed countries than in developing countries d. TFR is equal to the growth rate of a century e. TFR is the average number of children each woman will give birth to during her childbearing years

What is the fuel source for a flex-fuel vehicle?

E-85

Emitted from most manufactures building materials and furniture

E. Formaldeyde

Ground-level ozone most major United States results primarily from

E. Motor-vehicle

Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove...

E. Particulates

What is the main source for the cause of VOCS?

Gasoline that cause photochemical smog Emissions of VOCs from vegetation and the evaporation of volatile liquids such as gasoline increase when TEMPERATURE INCREASE

Which type of energy resource uses heat from radioactive decay deep within Earth to heat water and spin turbines?

Geothermal energy

What is energy efficiency

Getting the same result from using a smaller amount of energy

Which of the following characteristics are typical of developed countries?

High technology use

ch12. The above bell-shaped curve representing global oil production is known as the

Hubbert curve

Which energy sources are Sun-driven? I. Wind power II. Biodiesel III. Geothermal

I and II

What is one example carbon dioxide levels are recorded?

In Mauna Loa Hawaii (ppm) parts per million

Scientists have observed that the health of people living in moderately developed regions, which have developed transportation and industry but lack environmental control measures, is more likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor air pollution. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data presented in the graph?

In moderately developed regions such as China and Latin America, an individual's health is more or as likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor pollution. Both of these regions are moderately developed and therefore are likely to lack environmental control measures that limit urban outdoor pollution.

Critics of incineration of municipal solid waste suggests that it may not be the best solution for the future, for which of the following reasons? A) Incineration produces ash that increases landfill volume. B) Incineration generates methane. C) Incineration involves advanced technology. D) Incineration contributes to air pollution. E) Incineration requires large energy input.

Incineration contributes to air pollution.

How are fossil fuels formed

Incompletely decomposed organic matter converted by chemical reactions

Which of the following describes a potential human health effect most likely to be associated with a thermal inversion?

Increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates

What is the best way to increase the efficiency of traveling by car?

Increase the number of passengers

Which of the following pairs of indicators best reflects the availability of health care in a country?

Infant mortality rate and life expectancy

Over a three-year period, a city's environmental protection department measured the particulate matter (PM2.5) in a ten-square-mile area around one of the city's coal-fired power plants. The annual mean level of PM2.5PM2.5 measured was 20.0μgm320.0μgm3 over the three-year study period. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5 is an annual mean level of 12.0μgm312.0μgm3, averaged over three years. The city instructs the manager of the power plant to propose a plan to aid the city in meeting the NAAQS for PM2.5 in the area around the power plant over the next ten years. Which of the following would be the most effective plan for the manager to propose to the city?

Install electrostatic precipitators at the plant.

Over a three-year period, a city's environmental protection department measured the particulate matter (PM2.5) in a ten-square-mile area around one of the city's coal-fired power plants. The annual mean level of PM2.5 measured was 20.0μgm3 over the three-year study period. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5 is an annual mean level of 12.0μgm3, averaged over three years. The city instructs the manager of the power plant to propose a plan to aid the city in meeting the NAAQS for PM2.5 in the area around the power plant over the next ten years. Which of the following would be the most effective plan for the manager to propose to the city?

Install electrostatic precipitators at the plant. Correct. Electrostatic precipitators are filtration devices that remove particulate matter (PM2.5PM2.5) from gas being released from coal-fired power plants

What important phenomenon that often plays a role in air pollution episodes is illustrated in the diagram above?

Inversion

What is coal? What does is combine with?

Is 60-80% carbon, converts into carbon dioxide Most dangerous fossil fuel

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table?

Isoprene's contribution to ozone levels in Berlin was greatest in July of both years

Which of the following is true of the Clean Air Act?

It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990.

In the removal of a pollutant from wastewater, which of the following is true of the cost per unit of pollutant removed? A) It decreases as the toxicity of the pollutant increases. B) It decreases as the time passed before remediation increases. C) It increases as the concentration of the pollutant decreases. D) It increases as the volume of the wastewater decreases. E) It does not change over time or with concentration of pollutant.

It increases as the concentration of the pollutant decreases.

Uranium-235 is considered ideal for use in nuclear reactors because

It is highly fissionable

The graph shows the average distance traveled by individuals in a population in an urban area in the southwestern United States. Based on the data, which of the following months most likely experiences the highest levels of photochemical smog? In the graph you can see that july has the highest amount of distance people traveled. september is the lowest distance traveled.

July Correct. Although the amount of travel in July and December is similar, the higher UVUV radiation in July would generate more photochemical smog.

Which type of energy is utilized to produce tidal power?

Kinetic energy

Found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures and some ceramic glazes

Lead

Which of the following best describes the process shown in the diagram above? The graph shows cool air, warm air, and then cool air.

Less-dense, warm air creates a temperature inversion between more-dense layers, trapping pollutants near the ground. Correct. Warm air is less dense than cool air. Warm air is wedged higher into the atmosphere when cool air is lower in atmosphere, closer to Earth's surface. This altered temperature gradient is a thermal inversion and traps pollutants near the ground, leading to photochemical smog.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States recommends taking corrective measures to reduce exposure to radon gas. The EPA has set an action level of 4pCiL for radon gas. The graph below shows radon samples taken from seventeen buildings in California. The radon samples were taken from the air inside the buildings, and the uranium concentrations were sampled from the soil under the buildings. Data points from four of the seventeen building locations are labeled A-D. Which of the following conclusions can best be drawn from the data in the graph?

Location A has the greatest need for remediation because the radon levels in the building are the highest and exceed the EPA action level.

Of the following cities, which regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog that is enhanced by thermal inversions?

Los Angeles, California

What is low level radioactive waste

Low concentration, does not present a significant environmental hazard

Which of the following best describes how a scientist could accurately study the effects of soil buffering on plant growth in a region that is affected by acid deposition downwind of a coal burning power plant?

Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant, one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with lime stone added

Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added. Correct. Limestone, the one independent variable in this study, can naturally buffer the acid in the rain. With the control group, this study would measure the effect of soil buffering on plant growth in a region affected by acid rain.

Where is the majority of Oil reserves located

Middle East

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following insulation options is ineffective at insulating a home and greatly contributes to indoor air pollution?

Mineral fiber bat

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that reducing noise exposure is currently more of a public policy problem than a scientific problem?

Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s. This option supports the claim as written in the fourth sentence of the passage: "Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s, and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem." The author uses evidence of multiple studies to show that there is ample scientific evidence but limited policy addressing human health concerns from noise pollution.

Based on the authors claim in the article, which of the following statements best describes the effect of noise pollution on wildlife?

Noise pollution has a negative affect on wildlife activities such as meeting, establishing territories, and predator-prey interactions

The arrow represents the approximate pH of which of the following? *The pH was between 5 and 6

Normal rainfall

Ch.13 Which of the following is NOT an example of a potentially renewable or nondepletable energy source?

Nuclear energy

Give an example of a nonrenewable energy source

Nuclear power

What is the ideal mixture for combustion

Oil + Gasoline

Which of the following is the best example of a point source pollutant?

Oil tanker spill Correct. The spill from an oil tanker is a single, identifiable source of a pollutant.

What is nitrogen oxide?

One oxygen, colorless and ordorless

How long are proven oil reserves estimated to last

Only a few decades

What does coal consist of

Partially decomposed vegetation

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant. The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the installation of baghouse filters in exhaust systems

Particulate matter

Scientists have been monitoring CO2 in the atmosphere from Mauna Loa in Hawaii since 1958. Which of the following units is used by scientists to measure CO2 in the atmosphere?

Parts per million Correct: The data collected at the Mauna Loa monitoring station is measured in parts per million, or ppmppm. This can easily be converted to percent.

Give some examples of fossil fuels

Petroleum, natural gas, and coal

According to the theory of demographic transition, the highest birth rates and death rates are likely to occur during phase

Phase 1

Which of the following points on the graph best illustrates the location where pollutants are most likely to accumulate as a result of a thermal inversion?

Point D (on the bottom line)

Colorless, odorless gas that is a naturally occurring decay product of uranium

Radon

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the trend shown in the graph of fluctuating indoor radon levels over the course of a year?

Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months because of the difference in temperature inside and outside the home, which creates a vacuum pulling radon into the home at a higher rate

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the trend shown in the graph of fluctuating indoor radon levels over the course of a year?

Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months because of the difference in temperature inside and outside the home, which creates a vacuum pulling radon into the home at a higher rate. Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months owing to the difference in temperature inside and outside the home. If the outside temperature is drastically lower than the indoor temperature, then a vacuum is created within the home as the warm, indoor air circulates. This vacuum pulls radon into the home at a faster rate than normal, resulting in elevated radon levels.

Which of the following actions would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems?

Reducing use of fossil fuels

What is the difference between fossil fuels and renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources are not depleted by consumption

What are tar sands

Sedimentary rocks or sands containing tar oil, asphalt, or bitumen

Which of the following best illustrates point-source pollution? A) Toxic sediments in the delta of a major river B) Increase in NOx in a traffic-clogged city C) Dust blowing off unpaved roads D) Smoke emitted from forest fires E) Smokestack emissions from a large smelting company

Smokestack emissions from a large smelting company

Give some examples of renewable energy sources

Solar, Wind

What is a fossil fuel

Sotred solar energy (in chemical form)

Implicated in human neurological damage

Sulfur dioxide

Is an important precursor to acid rain

Sulfur dioxide

Most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition

Sulfur dioxide

Which source of biofuel cannot currently be used at a large scale because of its high cellulose content?

Switchgrass

Which is NOT a disadvantage of using nuclear energy?

The amount of CO2 released by the reactors

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following water quality indicators should be measured to best determine if the wastewater is increasing the acidity of the river?

The amount of hydrogen ions The acidity of water is measured on the pH scale, which is a logarithmic measurement of the abundance of hydrogen (H+) ions.

Which of the following best describes the impact of modifying the slurry by increasing the amount of lime stone?

The amount of sulfur dioxide released will decrease

Scientists are testing the effect of different scrubber technologies on the removal of pollutants from coal power plants. The scrubbers use a slurry of limestone and water. Which of the following best describes the impact of modifying the slurry by increasing the amount of limestone?

The amount of sulfur dioxide released will decrease. Correct. Increasing the concentration of limestone would result in more sulfur dioxide removed from the plant emissions.

A study of small wind turbines in the Netherlands tested the energy output of several models. The results for two models are shown in the graphs below. Which statement can be inferred from these data?

The annual energy output of model 1 can exceed 6,000 kWh.

Consumers who get their electricity from coal-fired power plants are not paying the true cost of energy production in their monthly utility bills. Which of the following is true about utility bills for these consumers?

The bills do not include public health costs, such as those associated with air pollution.

Acid rain is associated with which of the following?

The burning of fossil fuels

Which of the following best describes how their choice of control group could affect the results of the experiment?

The coal burning power plant would not appear to have to have a large impact because the pH levels of the two lakes would be similar

If technology that reduces the hydrocarbon concentration had been utilized, which of the following would have been the most likely result?

The concentration of O3 would have been lower.

How is ozone formed?

The free oxygen atom combines it diatomic oxygen (O2) and forms ozone (O3) (IS GOOD TO A CERTAIN EXTENT)

Scientists have been collecting atmospheric CO2 data for many years to monitor changes over time. Which of the following best describes why an island location, such as the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii, is an ideal location to measure global CO2 concentrations?

The location is far from any continent, providing atmospheric air samples that are less likely to be affected by industry and transportation

Scientists have been collecting atmospheric CO2 data for many years to monitor changes over time. Which of the following best describes why an island location, such as the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, is an ideal location to measure global CO2 concentrations?

The location is far from any continent, providing atmospheric air samples that are less likely to be affected by industry and transportation. Correct. A location in the middle of the Pacific Ocean would provide a good average sample of air that would be less affected by areas of mass industrialization on continents.

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (b) the diagram of the house below shows potential sources of indoor air pollutants iv. Describe how radon would most likely enter the house in the diagram

The most common source of indoor radon is uranium in the soil or rock on which homes are built. as a radium naturally breaks, down it releases radon gas. radon gas enters homes through: • dirt floors • cracks in concrete walls and floors • floor drains • sumps

A country has a TFR of 1.6 (which is below replacement rate), yet its population continues to grow. What is one likely explanation for this deviation from the norm?

The net immigration is high enough to overcome low TFR.

What happens in a petroleum refinery

The petroleum is distilled to separate it into components (based on different boiling points)

Canada has proposed an action plan to address climate change and air pollution. The action plan will reduce the impact of greenhouse gases and pollutants on the environment and human health. Which of the following claims about the Canadian action plan is best supported by the data in the graph?

The plan supports phasing out traditional coal power plants and transitioning to sources like hydroelectricity, wind, and solar power. Correct. The four pollutants in the graph are typically released from the combustion of coal. If a major goal of the action plan is to produce a significant amount of power (but not all power) from nonemitting sources of electricity, it would be projected that the emissions of these four gases would decrease. This is a major goal of the climate change plan and is supported by the data in the graph.

A particular country has a Total Fertility Rate equal to replacement level fertility and emigration equal to immigration. Which of the following must be true?

The population must be stable

How is petroleum formed

The remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50-150 million years ago

A student is setting up a model to study the carbon cycle and natural sources of carbon dioxide. They create a microenvironment that contains soil, leaf debris, an earthworm, heterotrophic bacteria, and a sun lamp. What natural source of carbon dioxide and major metabolic process was left out of the model?

There is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment. Correct. There is no autotrophic organism (producer) in the system that will be able to fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into sugars by the process of photosynthesis. Producers both produce carbon dioxide during the process of cellular respiration and take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. They are a natural source of carbon dioxide emissions.

Air pollution from a power plant is being monitored for levels of nitrogen dioxide and ground level ozone. The levels are measured daily at the same time. Which of the following best predicts the impact of the dark and cloudy day on the readings for the levels of air pollutants measured?

There will be an increase in the level of nitrogen dioxide and a decrease in the level of ground level ozone

Air pollution from a power plant is being monitored for levels of nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone. The levels are measured daily at the same time. Which of the following best predicts the impact of a dark and cloudy day on the readings for the levels of air pollutants measured?

There will be an increase in the level of nitrogen dioxide and a decrease in the level of ground-level ozone. Correct. Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant that forms from nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, catalyzed by ultraviolet (UVUV) light. Cloud coverage would reduce the amount of UVUV light (sunlight) reaching Earth, which would result in reduced ozone formation. Levels of nitrogen dioxide would be expected to be higher as a result of decreased ground-level ozone production.

Which of the following is true about the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ?

They allowed power plants to buy and sell SO2 pollution allowances.

Renewable energy sources are best described as

Those that are, or can be, perpetually available

Which is the largest dam in the world?

Three Gorges Dam, China

Which source of energy is NOT (ultimately) solar-based?

Tides

What is mercury used for? How is it dangerous?

Trace metal from coil and oil, build up in air and water. Is dangerous because it can lead up to bioaccumulation and bio magnification EX: Fish can have high levels of mercury , that we can eat and be dangerous to us

Which of the following is the most fuel-efficient mode of transportation in terms of joules per passenger-kilometer?

Train

Which of the following is a measure of the amount of suspended material in water? A) Salinity B) Turbidity C) Trace-metal concentration D) Leachate concentration E) pH

Turbidity

Which is NOT a fossil fuel energy resource?

Uranium

Which would NOT be classified as biomass?

Uranium

How do we reduce VOCS?

Use cleaner sources of energy and less energy in general*

Which of the following activities would most likely account for the levels of indoor air pollution in India and sub-Saharan Africa, as shown in the graph?

Use of biomass fuel sources such as wood and charcoal for cooking Correct. India and sub-Saharan Africa are areas where solid fuel sources such as wood and charcoal are still burned indoors and used as the primary cooking method. This releases large quantities of harmful indoor pollutants.

Scientists have observed that the health of people living in moderately developed regions, which have developed transportation and industry but lack environmental control measures, is more likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor air pollution. Which of the following activities would most likely account for the levels of indoor air pollution in India and sub-Saharan Africa, as shown in the graph?

Use of biomass fuel sources such as wood and charcoal for cooking.

What is sulfur dioxide?

Used in diesel fuel, EX: Ford F- 350, heavy machnery, construction

What is lead used for? How is lead a dangerous metal?

Used in gasoline and paint, impairs nervous system, low concetrations

What is cogeneration

Using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat

Which of the following sources should be examined in a study to determine the impact of a geologic source on levels of CO2 in the atmosphere

Volcanoes Correct. Volcanoes occur over hot spots or at divergent and convergent boundaries. Volcanic eruptions emit CO2CO2 gases into the atmosphere from the geosphere

What are the natural souces of particular matter?

Volcanoes, wood fires, road dust, fossil fuels-(burning power plant smoke)

Why can't we use fusion

We would have to create a mini star

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following methods would be most effective at removing the greatest amount of particulate matter from coal-burning power plant emissions?

Wet scrubbers using a flow rate of 450 L/min are best suited to remove large particles

An experiment to evaluate the efficiency of wet and dry scrubber networks that filter particulate gas at different flow rates was conducted under different flow rate conditions. The results are shown below. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following methods would be most effective at removing the greatest amount of particulate matter from coal-burning power plant emissions?

Wet scrubbers using a flow rate of 450Lmin are best suited to remove large particles. A flow rate of 450Lmin is the most efficient for removing particles of all sizes. For all flow rates, wet scrubbers are more efficient at removing the largest particle size.

Which of the following is used to reduce SO2 emissions from coal-burning power plants?

Wet-scrubber units

What is peak oil

When 50% of total crude oil from known fields are gone

ch.12 Which of the following is NOT a nonrenewable energy resource?

Wind

And air pollution expert set up a monitoring program to determine the amount of particle matter (PM) leaving a farmers field after crops were harvested in the soil was bare. She set up high volume air sampler is 10 m from each edge of the square field and collected samples weekly for two months. When she looked at her data, she was surprised by how much the (PM) levels buried, both from site to site on a given date and over time at each site. Which of the following parameters would have been best to measure to help explain the variation in her results?

Wind direction and speed

Which represents the correct sequence of increasing energy resource use in the United States from the late 1800s to the 1950s?

Wood, coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric

populations whose age structure diagrams are narrower at the bottom than at the top have

a declining population

In 1950 the pH of the pond water was 8.2, but by 2000 the pH had decreased to 5.2. An effective short-term remediation strategy for the pond would be to

add calcium carbonate to the pond water

Which source for biodiesel production utilizes the least amount of energy to produce the greatest yield of fuel per hectare of land?

algae

Utility companies can best reduce peak demand events by

allowing customers to pay lower prices for energy when peak demand is low.

Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

asbestos

at one point China had the highest fertility rates in the world. now, with a rate of 1.6 births/woman, the population is expected to

begin falling by 2040

At one point China had the highest fertility rates in the world. Now, with a rate of 1.6 births/woman, the population is expected to

begin falling by 2040.

More than 75 percent of U.S. renewable energy is provided by

biomass and hydroelectric energy.

The primary sources of renewable energy in the United States are

biomass and hydroelectricity.

malthus noted that human populations grow ______ while food supply grows ______

exponentially; linearly

Ticks are vectors for various diseases. The ticks acquire the disease-causing organisms from A) polluted water B) feeding on host animals C) contact with other ticks D) trees and plants in a forest E) gene changes as they go through metamorphosis

feeding on host animals

What do nitrogen dioxide play a role in?

formation of ozone and photochemical smog, lead to acid rain

Which of the following devices is correctly paired to the air pollutant it would be used to measure?

gas sensor- CO2 Correct. CO2, given off from the combustion of fossil fuels, is measured using a gas sensor or probe.

Petroleum products are primarily used for

gasoline for transportation.

air pollution is a

global system

Tidal power can only be generated

in locations with a large difference between high and low tides

During a population debate, it is proper to

include all of the above

At present, Earth's human population is

increasing exponentially

When supplies of a particular energy type are finite, it is known as a

nonrenewable resource

Carbon dioxide

one oxygen, colorless and odorless, fomed by incomplete combustion of gasoline

What are the six criteria air pollutants?

particulate matter lead nitrogen dioxide carbon monoxide ground level ozone sulfur dioxide

South-facing windows are an example of

passive solar design

The birth rate of a population is expressed as a

percentage

use figure 7-1. population A is most likely

rapidly growing

ground level ozone (O3)

secondary pollutant formed by sunlight and water reacting with VOCs, NOx, and O2 respiratory irritant, damages plant

Use Figure 7-1. Population B is most likely

stable or close to stable

The region of the United States that has the highest solar radiation per day is

the desert southwest.

Electricity is delivered through interconnected transmission lines known as

the electric grid

a country has a TFR of 1.6 (which is below replacement rate), yet its population continues to grow. what is one likely explanation for this deviation from the norm?

the net immigration is high enough to overcome low TFR

The total fertility rate (TFR) is an estimate of

the number of children each woman in a population will have

Integrated waste management employs all of the following EXCEPT A) using refillable soft-drink bottles B) using disposable diapers instead of cloth diapers C) using reusable canvas bags instead of plastic or paper bags D) using tires for the construction of artificial reefs E) redesigning automobiles to replace steel parts with aluminum and plastic parts

using disposable diapers instead of cloth diapers

If the air layers in the diagram were relabeled to illustrate normal atmospheric conditions, the correct labeling from the air layer closest to the Earth's surface to the one farthest from the Earth's surface would be

warm air, cool air, cooler air Correct. Under normal conditions, the air layer closest to the Earth's surface is the warmest, and the temperature decreases with increasing altitude.

The curves predict that oil production

will reach a peak, then decrease.

Based on the curve, finding new petroleum reserves

will slightly increase the amount of time it will take to use up all the available reserves

What are some disadvantages of Coal

- Contains impurities - Releases impurities into the air when burned - Ash is left behind - Climate change

What do we need to do before oil runs out

- Develop new energy sources - Need to avoid social disruption

What does fuel sustainability depend on

- Energy content - Cost - Availability - Safety - Byproducts

What are some advantages of Coal

- Energy dense - Plentiful - Relatively easy to mine - Economic costs are low - Easy to handle/ transport - Not much refining

What are the two processes that can be used to release nuclear energy

- Fission - Fusion

What are some methods of getting coal from one place to another

- Freight train - Slurry pipelines = require large amounts of water

The Infant Mortality Rate and Child Mortality Rate are defined as the number of deaths per 1000 live births for children under _____ and _____ of age, respectively.

1 year; 5 years

A metropolitan region of 100,000 people has a crude birth rate of 22 and a crude death rate of 9, 12 emigrants per 1000, and 10 immigrants per 1000. Its population growth rate is

1.4%

In 2013, the population of Earth was about ______ billion, with about _____ billion living in China. a. 6.1/1.1 b. 6.1/1.2 c. 6.3/1.4 d. 7.1/1.2 e. 7.1/1.4

Which of the following statements about total fertility rate is correct?

TFR is the average number of children each woman will give birth to during her childbearing years

Based on the layers in the diagram, which of the following best explains why a thermal inversion tends to concentrate pollutants in the air layer closest to the Earth's surface?

The air layer closest to the Earth's surface is denser than the layer above it.

Use Figure 7-1. Population A is most likely

rapidly growing

warm air, cool air, cooler air

What are some problems associated with fossil fuels

- Limited Supply - Environmental consequences of getting & using them

Advantages of Nuclear Energy

- No air pollution - Countries can limit there need for imported oil

What are some disadvantages of Petroleum

- Releases CO2 into the atmosphere - Can leak when extracted or exported

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (b) the diagram of the house below shows potential sources of indoor air pollutants ii. Describe a negative effect of indoor particulate matter on human health

-exposure to inhalable particles can affect both your lungs and your heart -small particles can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream -scientific studies have linked particulate matter exposure to a variety of health impacts including: •eye, nose, and throat irritation •aggravation of coronary and respiratory disease symptoms •premature death in people with heart or lung disease

the population of the United States continues to grow as a result of

-immigration -babies born to baby boom generation parents -the birth rate being above replacement level fertility -population momentum

Which characteristics are typical of developed countries? I. High technology use II. Low GDP III. Small-scale sustainable agriculture a. I only b. II only c. I and III only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III only

Which of the different components of smog depicted in the graph are most likely released from automobile exhaust?

A and B Correct. These two components (AA, hydrocarbons and BB, nitrogen oxide) peak midmorning when traffic is highest. Both of these components are released from automobile exhaust.

n addition to a nearby mountain range, which of the following environmental conditions would be required for the process in the diagram to occur?

A cool sea breeze and a high pressure system A dominant high pressure system keeps the warm air from rising. At night, the Sun's energy no longer heats the air near the ground, allowing the cool sea breeze (more-dense air) to wedge underneath the less-dense warm layer. This process traps the warm layer between two cooler layers, forming the inversion.

What is the Hubbert Curve

A graph that shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point at which we would run out of oil reserves

Which is NOT a benefit of green roofs?

A green roof captures water.

What is petroleum

A mixture of hydrocarbons, water, & sulfur that occurs in underground deposits

What is straw bale

A super insulator made form bales of low-cost straw covered with plaster or adobe

Which of the following is most responsible for the change in the emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) from 1970 to 2020 as shown in the graph?

An increase in air emission standards that began in 1970 that regulated corporate average fuel economy ( CAFE ) standards. In 1970 the Clean Air Act, which was passed and amended in 1977 and 1990, targeted emissions from vehicles (nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons specifically) and required the use of catalytic converters on vehicles. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks produced for sale in the United States, leading to the trends seen in the graph. Although the number of miles has increased, the VOC emissions have decreased.

A metropolitan region of 100,000 people has 2,000 births, 500 deaths, 200 emigrants, and 100 immigrants over a 1 year period. Its population growth rate is a. 1.2% b. 1.4% c. 1.6% d. 1.8% e. 2%

B) Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added.

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following insulation options is ineffective at insulating a home and greatly contributes to indoor air pollution?

B) Mineral fiber batt

The data that were used to create this graph were collected in the winter. Which of the following best describes how the graph would be different if the data were collected in the middle of the summer ?

B. Concentration for components C...

Which is the largest component of energy generated from renewable sources in the United States?

Biomass

An age structure diagram with roughly similar numbers of individuals in each group is representative of which country? a. India b. Mexico c. Sweden d. Venezuela e. Russia

At current growth rates, which country will probably be the most populous in the world after 2050? a. China b. Brazil c. India d. Indonesia e. United States

Even if a country reduces its birth rate and maintains replacement-level fertility, its population will still continue to grow for several decades because of a. lower death rates b. increased income c. population momentum d. better health care e. increased life expectancy

Scientists want to examine the effects of a coal-burning power plant on the pHpH of a lake that is downwind of the power plant. They take samples from a lake that is not downwind of the power plant to serve as a control. However, they did not realize that the lake they chose as a control group was a geothermal hot spring with acidic water. Which of the following best describes how their choice of control group could affect the results of their experiment?

C) The coal-burning power plant would not appear to have a large impact because the pH levels of the two lakes would be similar.

Which of the curves on the graph depicts the concentration of ozone, which requires sunlight to form?

C. C

An engineer is assigned the task to reduce the air pollution being released from a power plantThat generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant. The air pollutants that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the use of fluidized-bed combustion in the boller furnaces

C. Carbon monoxide

Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin include which of the following? 1. Ample summer sunshine 2. Sea - level elevation 3. High concentration of automobiles

C. I and III only

What important phenomenon that plays a role in pollution episodes is the diagram above?

C. Inversion

Found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures and some ceramic glazes

C. Lead

Which part of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects?

C. Sulfur oxide.. acid deposition

Explain how Country B differs from Country A in terms of infant mortality rate.

Country B has a large infant population size whereas Country A has less infants than elders

What makes Sulfur dioxide dangerous?

Currosive gas, combined with oxygen, cause respitory irritants, affect plant tissues

What percentage of the world's population lives in developing countries? a. 34 b. 50 c. 66 d. 82 e. 98

Which country best exemplifies phase 4 of a demographic transition? a. Argentina b. China c. India d. Japan e. Mexico

Atmospheric deposition is receiving increased attention in the scientific community, and has become the subject of a specific research area in the environmental sciences. Acid rain is detrimental to our ecosystems and can be measured in several ways. Which of the following methods would best identify changes from acid deposition in an area over time?

D) Monitoring the long-term chemical and biological parameters of an ecosystem

Which of the following points on the graph best illustrates the location where pollutants are most likely to accumulate as a result of a thermal inversion?

D) Point D

Of the following, which is true of noise pollution?

E. Sudden or persistent noise may lead to...

Which statement best describes the sources of energy in U.S. energy consumption patterns?

Fossil fuels continue to be the major energy source for all sectors.

Why is petroleum the primary fuel used for transportation in the United States? I. It has a high energy value per unit volume. II. It has quick start and stop times for providing energy. III. It produces a low amount of pollution per Joule.

I and II only

GDP includes I. Consumer Spending II. Investments III. Government Spending IV. Exports - Imports

I, II, III and IV

order to best achieve energy sustainability, humans must consider which of the following strategies? I. Building large, centralized power plants II. Improving energy efficiency III. Developing new energy technologies

II and III

Ivory Coast and China are two developing nations. China has a much larger per capita ecological footprint than Ivory Coast. This is most likely due to I. China's much larger population II. China's growing dependence on fossil fuels to drive their economy. III. Ivory Coast's dependence on small scale and subsistence agriculture. IV. Ivory Coast's much smaller GDP

II and III only

Which of the different components of smog depicted in the graph are most likely released for automobile exhaust?

Line A and B

Smog components have the to do with sunlight and traffic fluctuations. Lines A,B,C,D are the most abundant patterns. Which of the curves on the graph depicts the concentration of ozone, which requires sunlight to form?

Line C

The data that were used to create this graph were collected in the winter. How would the graph be different if the data were collected in the middle of the summer?

Line D

Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added. Limestone, the one independent variable in this study, can naturally buffer the acid in the rain. With the control group, this study would measure the effect of soil buffering on plant growth in a region affected by acid rain.

Monitoring the long-term chemical and biological parameters of an ecosystem To fully understand the effects of acid deposition on ecosystems, long-term studies should be conducted to evaluate soils, surface water chemistry, and living things in an area.

Monitoring the long-term chemical and biological parameters of an ecosystem Correct. To fully understand the effects of acid deposition on ecosystems, long-term studies should be conducted to evaluate soils, surface water chemistry, and living things in an area.

Which of the following methods would best identify changes from acid deposition in an area over time?

Monitoring the long-term chemical and biological parameters of ecosystem

Particulate matter

Scientists have been monitoring CO2 in the atmosphere from Mauna Loa in Hawaii since 1958. Which of the following units is used by scientists to measure CO2 in the atmosphere?

Parts per million

Use Figure 7-1. Which population is larger?

Population A

What is uranium enrichment

Processing to increase concentration of Uranium 235

Sanitary landfill

What are the countries with the most petroleum

Saudi Arabia, Russia, US, Iran

What is oil shale

Sedimentary rock containing organic matter

There is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment. There is no autotrophic organism (producer) in the system that will be able to fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into sugars by the process of photosynthesis. Producers both produce carbon dioxide during the process of cellular respiration and take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. They are a natural source of carbon dioxide emissions.

Which of the following best explains the cause of the trend shown in the graph for lead emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2011?

Unleaded gasoline was first introduced in 1974, and amendments to the Clean Air Act required cars with the model year 1975 or later to use only unleaded gasoline. The change from leaded to unleaded gasoline during the 1970s was the primary cause of the reduced lead emissions into the air. The Clean Air Act required cars made after 1975 to have a catalytic converter, which could not be exposed to lead and, therefore, required unleaded gasoline.

What is the equation for the national population growth rate?

[( CBR + immigration) - (CDR + emigration)] / 10

when looking at an age structure diagram, you notice that the lowest ages represent the lowest percentages of the population. you are most likely looking at

a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity

When looking at an age structure diagram, you notice that the lowest ages represent the lowest percentages of the population. You are most likely looking at

a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity.

An energy-efficient building might include all of the following except

building materials with low thermal mass.

The primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern United States is

burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is A) mitigation of anoxia B) decreased nutrient levels C) decreased input of sediments D) increased oligotrophic conditions E) increased water temperature

increased water temperature

If the growth rate r of a population is positive and remains constant, the number of people added to the population

increases each year

if the growth rate, r, of a population is positive and remains constant, the number of people added to the population

increases each year

use figure 7-1. population B is most likely

stable or close to stable

Currently, most high-level radioactive waste from nuclear reactors in the United States is

stored at the power plant that produced it.

Information gathered by a scientist abut the toxicity of chemical X and chemical Y showed that they had individual safe limits for fish at particular concentrations. But when they were used together at the safe concentrations, there were extensive fish kills. This is an example of A) homeostasis B) synergism C) commensalism D) bioaccumulation E) antagonism

synergism

What is oil form shale called

synfuel

What is a benefit of flex-fuel vehicles?

the ability to run on both gasoline and E-85

the total fertility rate (TFR) is an estimate of

the number of children each woman in a population will have

In 1969, M. King Hubbert published a graph known as the Hubbert curve. This graph shows

the point at which world oil production will reach a maximum and the point at which we will run out of oil.

a particular country has a Total Fertility Rate equal to replacement level fertility and emigration equal to immigration. which of the following must be true?

the population must be stable

The fact that global transfer of energy from fuels to electricity is about 35 percent efficient is mostly a consequence of

the second law of thermodynamics.

The major source of radon in houses in the United States is

the underlying bedrock

Nuclear power plants produce electricity using energy from the radioactive decay of

uranium-235.

What is the nuclear waste policy act of 1982

- Initiated a high level waste disposal program - Disposed of underground in deep geological waste repository

What are some disadvantages go Natural gas

- When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere - Exploration of natural gas can contaminate groundwater

according to the theory of demographic transition, the highest birth rates and death rates are likely to occur during phase

the Infant Mortality Rate and Child Mortality Rate are defined as the number of deaths per 1000 live births for children under ____ and ____ of age, respectively

1; 5

according to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates decline during phase

Which of the following devices is correctly paired to the air pollutant it would be used to measure?

A) Gas sensor + CO2 Graph

Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

A. asbestos

Replacement-level fertility is a. just under 2 children in the United States b. the number of births per 1,000 women c. always greater than 2 d. the base level of 1 child to replace the mother e. higher in developed countries than developing countries

The IPAT equation was developed to estimate a. the affluence of a country's population b. the rate of demographic transition c. the impact of human lifestyles on Earth d. the gross domestic product of a country e. the effect of urbanization on resource use

D) There will be an increase in the level of nitrogen dioxide and a decrease in the level of ground-level ozone.

What is natural gas

Exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separe from petroleum

Why is natural gas considered a clean fuel

It produces fewer pollutants than burning oil or coal and can be a transition fuel to alternative energy

Which statement best describes the role of renewable energy in the United States?

Its largest contribution is to the electricity generation sector.

Even if a country reduces its birth rate and maintains replacement-level fertility, its population will still continue to grow for several decades because of

Population momentum

A gaseous decay product of uranium that is found in rocks

Radon

A leading cause of lung cancer in the United States

Radon

What is inversion layer?

Warm air is trapped between cooler areas EX: C-W-C it inverts, cool air sits and traps warm air in the middle between both, EX: Imaginesandwich, blanket, traps pollutants underneath it

population size can be estimated using the formula

cbr + immigration - cdr - emigration

gdp includes

consumer spending investments government spending exports - imports

at present, earth's human population is

increasing exponentially

The order of grades of coal from lowest energy content to highest energy content is

lignite, bituminous, anthracite.

the birth rate of a population is expressed as a

percentage

use figure 7-1. which population is larger

population a

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (b) the diagram of the house below shows potential sources of indoor air pollutants iii. Describe a source of radon that could lead to indoor air pollution

radon has a variety of sources, including uranium, and contains rocks like granite, shell, phosphate rock, and pitchblende. radon can escape from the sources and migrate into the surrounding air and water supplies. it can be found in well water, natural gas sources, and building materials

Put the items below in correct sequence for using wind to generate electricity. 1 - A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. 2 - Wind turns the wind turbine blade. 3 - A gear box transfers mechanical energy to a generator. 4 - Electricity is transferred to the grid.

2-3-1-4

In addition to a nearby mountain range, which of the following environmental conditions would be required for the process in the diagram to occur?

A) A cool sea breeze and a high pressure system

Which of the different components of smog in the graph are most likely realized from automobile exhaust?

A. A and B

Is an important precursor to acid rain

E. Sulfer

Which of the following countries best exemplifies phase 4 of a demographic transition?

Japan

The plan supports phasing out traditional coal power plants and transitioning to sources like hydroelectricity, wind, and solar power. The four pollutants in the graph are typically released from the combustion of coal. If a major goal of the action plan is to produce a significant amount of power (but not all power) from nonemitting sources of electricity, it would be projected that the emissions of these four gases would decrease. This is a major goal of the climate change plan and is supported by the data in the graph.

What country consumes the most amount of energy

United States

What is fracking

Water + oil chemicals fracture the rocks to get natural gas

introduction of _________________ into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm plants, animals, and materials such as buildings, or to alter ecosystems.

chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (b) the diagram of the house below shows potential sources of indoor air pollutants i. based on the diagram, identify which of the labeled sources of indoor air pollutants would most likely release particulate matter

combustion sources in indoor settings, including tobacco, wood and coal heating and cooking appliances, and fireplaces can release harmful combustion byproducts such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter directly into the indoor environment

the region of the world with the highest incidence of HIV infections is

sub-saharan africa

A community has 200,000 homes and 1 percent of those homes have Plasma televisions. How many kWh of excess energy are being consumed in a year (365 days) by the households that use plasma televisions rather than Energy Star LCD televisions?

818,000 kWh

Which of the following is most likely responsible for the indoor air pollutant shown in the graph?

Cracks in the basement foundation

Which of the following is most likely responsible for the indoor air pollutant shown in the graph? in the colder months, radon was higher, and in the warmer months, it was lower.

Cracks in the basement foundation Correct. Radon gas is released from rock during radioactive decay. It can enter a home through cracks in the foundation when the gas seeps from the rocks.

hich best describes U.S. energy use?

Electricity generation is the largest end use of energy in the United States.

Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that noise exposure will be a major health problem in the twenty-first century?

Noise exposure is on the increase in both industrialized nations and in developing regions. This supports the claim as written in the seventh sentence of the passage. There will be an increase in exposure to noise pollution as a result of a growing human population and increasing industrialization.

According to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth occurs during phase

Phase 2

What are secondaty pollutants?

Primary pollutants that have undergone transformation in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen or other compounds (IMPORTANT transform primary to secondary pollutants)

What are petrochemicals

Products of oil distillation used in raw materials in other chemicals (pesticides, plastics, paints, etc.)

Which of the following best explains the cause of the trend shown in the graph for lead emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2011 ? Basically in the graph, lead emissions are going down as the years progress.

Unleaded gasoline was first introduced in 1974, and amendments to the Clean Air Act required cars with the model year 1975 or later to use only unleaded gasoline. Correct. The change from leaded to unleaded gasoline during the 1970s was the primary cause of the reduced lead emissions into the air. The Clean Air Act required cars made after 1975 to have a catalytic converter, which could not be exposed to lead and, therefore, required unleaded gasoline.

Which of the following sources should be examined in a study to determine the impact of a geologic source on levels of CO2 in the atmosphere?

Volcanoes

population growth rates are high in developing countries because

children are often an important economic advantage

the most critical factor in controlling human population growth is

decreasing the average number of births per woman

A researcher wants to determine if ponds and lakes downwind of a coal-burning power plant are affected by the plant's emissions. Which of the following would be the best parameter from the water in the ponds and lakes to measure in order to determine the effect of the plant's emissions on the aquatic ecosystems?

pH Correct. Various emissions from coal-burning plants contribute to acid rain. Lakes and ponds downwind from the plant can have lower (acidic) pHpH levels as a result

In the United States, the largest single component of municipal solid waste is A) glass B) paper C) food scraps D) wood and other construction debris E) plastic

paper

An advantage of recycling aluminum rather than disposing of it in landfills is that aluminum can be A) produced from recycled metal using much less energy than is required for its production from aluminum ore B) produced from ore that is chemically reactive and dangerous to transport, store, and process C) produced from ore that is scarce and found primarily in remote, inhospitable regions at high latitudes D) absorbed by plants and then biomagnified in both terrestrial and aquatic food chains E) leached from landfills in the form of Al3+ ions that could increase the pH of lakes and streams

produced from recycled metal using much less energy than is required for its production from aluminum ore

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (a) coal combustion releases a variety of air pollutants ii. Describe one method to reduce the air pollutants released from a coal burning power plant

scientist have found different ways to reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide released from coal burning power plants. one option is to use coal that contains less sulfur. another option is to wash the coal to remove some of the sulfur. the power plant can also install equipment called scrubbers, which remove the sulfur dioxide from gases leaving the smokestack. a great way to reduce pollution is to produce energy without using fossil fuels, instead people can use renewable energy sources. car manufactures are required to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants released by cars using catalytic converters. This piece of equipment has reduced the amount of nitrogen oxide released by cars

How much energy comes from fossil fuels

81%

Doubling time can be approximated mathematically by a. 70%/growth rate b. 10%/growth rate c. 2% X growth rate d. CBR - CDR/10 e. 20/CBR - CDR

In addition to a nearby mountain range, which of the following environmental conditions would be required for the process in the diagram to occur? the diagram shows cool air, warm air, then cool air

A cool sea breeze and a high pressure system Correct. A dominant high pressure system keeps the warm air from rising. At night, the Sun's energy no longer heats the air near the ground, allowing the cool sea breeze (more-dense air) to wedge underneath the less-dense warm layer. This process traps the warm layer between two cooler layers, forming the inversion.

In addition to a nearby mountain range, which of the following environmental conditions would be required for the process in the diagram to occur?

A cool seabreeze and a high pressure system

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following would be the best control group to evaluate the treated wastewater from the paper company?

A sample of water upstream from the same river A sample taken upstream from the same river contains water that would be free from the paper factory discharge. This will be the best control to see if variations in pH downstream from the paper factory may be because of the paper factory effluent.

A) pH

Which of the following would be the best location to obtain a water sample from to determine the plant is affecting the acidity of the ?

A. Immediately downstream from the paper plant

Which of the following describes a potential human health effect most likely to be associated with a thermal inversion ?

A. Increase in respiratory irritation...

The presence of which of the following in soil is most likely to neutralize acid rain?q

A. Limestone

Acid deposition would most likely result in which of the following?

A. The release of aluminum ions from soil

The major human health problem related to radon accumulation is

A. lung cancer

In the figure above, A ,B and C represent the different thermal layers present in an inversion. What are the temperatures (cool/warm) of thermal layers as one moves vertically upwards from the surface of Earth?

A= Cool B=Warm C= Cool

Which of the following is most responsible for the change in the emissions of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) from 1970 to 2020 as shown in the graph? in the graph, annual vehicle miles went up as the years went by, and VOCs went down.

An increase in air emission standards that began in 1970 that regulated corporate average fuel economy (CAFE ) standards. Correct. In 1970 the Clean Air Act, which was passed and amended in 1977 and 1990, targeted emissions from vehicles (nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons specifically) and required the use of catalytic converters on vehicles. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFECAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks produced for sale in the United States, leading to the trends seen in the graph. Although the number of miles has increased, the VOCVOC emissions have decreased.

The energy expenditure value of traveling by car is 3.6 MJ/passenger-kilometer. The value for traveling by train is 1.1 MJ/passenger-kilometer. For one person making a trip of 1,000 km, the train is

Approximately 3x more efficient

Which of the following is NOT a factor in gross domestic product? a. Consumer spending b. Cost of environmental damage c. Government spending d. Imports and Exports e. Investments

According to the theory of demographic transition, countries move through growth phases in which order? a. stable growth, rapid growth, slow growth, declining growth b. rapid growth, slow growth, stable growth, declining growth c. slow growth, declining growth, rapid growth, stable growth d. slow growth, rapid growth, stable growth, declining growth e. stable growth, rapid growth, declining growth, slow growth

As Brazil has become more developed and industrialized, its population growth has stabilized. At same time, the use of technology and raw materials has increased to meet the demands of a wealthier and more prosperous population. The increased consumption is predicted by a. Thomas Malthus b. the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment c. the theory of demographic transition d. the IPAT equation e. population momentum

Effects of Noise on Wildlife Sound, just like the availability of nesting materials or food sources, plays an important role in the ecosystem. Activities such as finding desirable habitat and mates, avoiding predators, protecting young, and establishing territories are all dependent on the acoustical environment. [Wildlife is] being forced to adapt to increasing noise levels. Research shows that males of at least one frog species are adapting to traffic noise by calling at a higher pitch. This could be problematic for the females, because they prefer lower-pitched calls, which indicate larger and more experienced males. In general, studies indicate that animals are stressed by noisy environments. The endangered Sonoran pronghorn avoids noisy areas frequented by military jets; female frogs exposed to traffic noise have more difficulty locating the male's signal; bats avoid hunting in areas with road noise. Combined with other stressors such as winter weather, disease, and food shortages, sound impacts can have important implications for the health and vitality of wildlife populations within a park. National parks are under increasing noise pressure. Noise levels in park transportation corridors today are many times the natural level. Sound levels during peak periods in a high air traffic corridor in the Yellowstone backcountry, for example, were elevated by up to 5 decibels. The result is as much as a 70% reduction in the size of an area in which predators can hear their prey. Increasingly, careful consideration of the impacts of human-generated noise on wildlife is a critical component of management for healthy ecosystems in our parks. Based on the author's claim in the article, which of the following statements best describes the effect of noise pollution on wildlife?

D) Noise pollution has a negative effect on wildlife activities such as mating, establishing territories, and predator-prey interactions.

Which of the following would most likely reduce the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air of a city?

Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides

What are nuclear reactors

Devices that produce controlled nuclear fission

What are some disadvantages of electricity

Difficult to store, uses other energy sources

Which of the following best describes the efficiency of dry scrubbers at removing particles that are less than 2 micrometers in diameter?

Dry scrubbers are less than 10% effective at removing particles less than 1 pm in size

An experiment to evaluate the efficiency of wet and dry scrubber networks that filter particulate gas at different flow rates was conducted under different flow rate conditions. The results are shown below. Which of the following best describes the efficiency of dry scrubbers at removing particles that are less than 2 micrometers in diameter?

Dry scrubbers are less than 10% efficient at removing particles less than 1μm in size. The efficiency of all flow rates for dry scrubbers is less than 10%.

Alligators in a Florida lake polluted by high levels of dioxins (chlorinated hydrocarbons) had low testosterone levels and failed to reproduce. Scientists came to the conclusion that the dioxins were acting as which of the following? A) Endocrine disrupters B) Growth hormones C) Carcinogens D) Immune-system suppressors E) Mutagens

Endocrine disrupters

What is nuclear energy

Energy contained in the atom's nucleus

What are VOCS?

Evaporate at typical atmospheric temperatures Many VOCs are hydrocarbons, compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds Examples: gasoline, lighter fluid, dryer cleaning fluid, oil based paints, and perfumes

What helps reduce pollutants?

Factories, powerplants, energy plants

Of the following, which is the best example of a point source of water pollution? A) Factory effluent B) Storm water C) Acid precipitation D) Agricultural runoff E) Residential pesticide runoff

Factory effluent

What is energy conservation

Finding ways to use less energy

For a certain insecticide, the LD-50 dosage level for rats is determined to be 250 milligrams per kilograms of body mass. On the basis of this information, which of the following is the best prediction regarding the consequences of receiving this dosage of the insecticide? A) Fifty percent of any rat population would be sickened. B) Fifty percent of the population of any warm-blooded animal would die. C) Fifty percent of any population of mosquitoes would die. D) Five hundred out of every one thousand people would experience acute effects. E) Five hundred out of every one thousand rats would die.

Five hundred out of every one thousand rats would die.

Give an example of high level radioactive waste

Fuel rods

The environmental impacts of cutting down a forest to obtain wood as fuel for heating and cooking could include I. deforestation and subsequent soil erosion. II. release of particulate matter into the air. III. a large net rise in atmospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide.

I and II

Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin include which of the following? I.Ample summer sunshine II.Sea-level elevation III.High concentration of automobiles

I and III

Which of the following demonstrate(s) the use of passive solar energy? I. A south-facing room with stone walls and floors II. Photovoltaic solar cells for the generation of electricity III. A solar oven

I and III

Regulations that deal directly with the disposal of hazardous materials in the United States include which of the following? I) RCRA II) Clean Water Act III) Clean Air Act

I only

Governments can encourage energy conservation by I. raising taxes on fossil fuel use. II. offering tax credits to replace old appliances with new energy-efficient appliances. III. investing in smart grid technology.

I, II, and III

Which energy source is considered nonrenewable? I. Solar energy II. Nuclear energy III. Fossil fuel

II and III

Which of the following statements regarding petroleum is correct? I. It is formed from the decay of woody plants. II. It contains natural gas as well as oil. III. It migrates through pore spaces in rocks.

II and III

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following would be the best location to obtain a water sample from to determine if the paper plant is affecting the acidity of the river?

Immediately downstream from the paper plant Water sampled immediately downstream will contain discharge water from the factory. Measuring its pH will indicate possible acidification as a result of factory effluent.

The use of which of the following to control agricultural insect pests is most likely to have a negative and persistent impact on an ecosystem? A) Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil organism that kills insect larvae B) Braconid sp., a parasitic wasp C) Insecticidal soap, a surfactant that kills through suffocation D) Lindane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon E)Rotenone, a toxic plant derivative

Lindane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon

Which of the following devices is correctly paired to the air pollutant it would be used to measure?

Measuring device: gas sensor pollutant measured: CO2

Which of the following is an effective alternative to chlorine for disinfecting wastewater in a municipal treatment plant? A) Freon B) Alcohol C) Phosphate D) Ammonia E) Ozone

Ozone

Which of the following best describes the relationship between variables in the data table?

Ozone maximum is correlated to average and maximum temperature

Particulate matter Correct. Electrostatic precipitators use an electrical charge to make particles coalesce in exhaust so they can be mechanically removed. This reduces the amount of particulate matter in the air.

According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates decline during phase

Phase 3

According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates may drop below death rates during phase

Phase 4

What is particulate matter? PM The smaller the particulate matter?

Solid or liquid particles suspended in the air The more dangerous it is, start inhailng and cannot exhale EX: Lung disease, cough, choke, premature death, respitory and cardiovascular disease

What are subsistence energy sources

Sources gathered by individuals for their own use

What are commercial energy sources

Sources that are bought and sold

Which is NOT a low level radioactive waste?

Spent fuel rods

What is Fission

Splitting of atomic nuclei

The region of the world with the highest incidence of HIV infections is

Sub-Saharan Africa.

An engineer is assigned the task of reducing the air pollutants being released from a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal. The engineer performs a variety of computer simulations to determine which techniques and methods would be most effective at reducing air pollution generated by the plant. The air pollutant that computer simulations would likely show as being the most reduced by the use of fluidized-bed combustion in the boiler furnaces

Sulfur dioxide

Scientists want to examine the effects of a coal-burning power plant on the pH of a lake that is downwind of the power plant. They take samples from a lake that is not downwind of the power plant to serve as a control. However, they did not realize that the lake they chose as a control group was a geothermal hot spring with acidic water. Which of the following best describes how their choice of control group could affect the results of their experiment?

The coal-burning power plant would not appear to have a large impact because the pH levels of the two lakes would be similar Correct. Acid rain, as a result of pollution from the plant, would increase the acidity of the lake. If the scientists are using a control that also has acidic water, the effect of the plant would appear to be minimal because the difference in pHpH would be lower than if they used a nonacidic lake as a control

There will be an increase in the level of nitrogen dioxide and a decrease in the level of ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant that forms from nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, catalyzed by ultraviolet (UV) light. Cloud coverage would reduce the amount of UV light (sunlight) reaching Earth, which would result in reduced ozone formation. Levels of nitrogen dioxide would be expected to be higher as a result of decreased ground-level ozone production.

An air pollution expert set up a monitoring program to determine the amount of particulate matter (PM) leaving a farmer's field after crops were harvested and the soil was bare. She set up high-volume air samplers 10 meters from each edge of the square field and collected samples weekly for two months. When she looked at her data, she was surprised by how much the PM levels varied, both from site to site on a given date and over time at each site. Which of the following parameters would have been best to measure to help explain the variation in her results?

Wind direction and speed Correct. Wind direction and speed would change on different sampling days and account for both types of differences. This is the factor that should have been included in the data monitoring to account for variation.

What is the equation for the global population rate if the CBR is 20 and CDR is 8

[CBR-CDR] / 10 [20-8] / 10 = 1.2%

Populations whos age structure diagrams are narrower at the bottom than at the top have

a declining population.

Smoke from forest fires is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when

a persistent atmospheric inversion exists in the region

Population growth rates are high in developing countries because

children are often an important economic advantage.

As countries become more developed, the demand for

commercial energy sources increases

The most critical factor in controlling human population growth is

decreasing the average number of births per woman.

The human population is currently following roughly a J-shaped curve. This means that the population is growing.

exponentially

the human population is currently following roughly a J-shaped curve. this means that the population is growing

exponentially

nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2)

motor vehicle and fossil fuel combustion natural: forest fires, lightening, soil microbes respiratory irritant, acid rain, smog

Ground-level ozone in most major United States cities results primarily from

motor-vehicle exhaust

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (c) Another type of pollution is noise pollution. there is a growing concern over the physiological and psychological effects of noise pollution on human health. The following experiment describes a study that was performed to study the effects of noise pollution on a humans ability to learn. A total of 200 10-year-old children of similar intellectual abilities participated in a noise experiment in their classrooms. they were tested for their ability to recall the meaning of a symbol in a textbook one week after the start of the experiment. students did not know the meaning of the symbol prior to the experiment. The 200 students were split into 10 groups of 20 students and were taught the meaning of the symbol during a 15 minute lesson. five groups learned the meaning of the symbol without any noise pollution outside their classrooms. The other five groups learned the meaning of the symbol with a noise source of 55 dB outside their classrooms, maintained continuously for the 15 minute lesson. One week after the lesson, 80% of the students who were not exposed to the noise sources were able to successfully recall the meaning of the symbol and 25% of the students exposed to the noise sources were able to successfully recall the meaning of the symbol. iii. based on the described experiment, state a valid hypothesis for the experiment

noise pollution decreases the amount of students who were able to successfully recall the meaning of a symbol.

Lakes that are characterized by high water clarity and low concentrations of dissolved nutrients are classified as A) buffered B) climax C) eutrophic D) oligotrophic E) stratified

oligotrophic

What is the worldwide estimate of Natural gas

60 years

Which of the following does NOT support the theory that humans can devise ways to expand their carrying capacity on Earth? a. The development of CFCs for use in refrigeration b. Th development of hydraulic fracturing to reach natural gas reserves c. The use of arrows for hunting animals d. The use of horse-driven plows e. The use of waste methane from landfills for electricity generation

A) July

A) The amount of sulfur dioxide released will decrease.

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following methods would be most effective at removing the greatest amount of particulate matter from coal-burning power plant emissions?

D) Wet scrubbers using a flow rate of 450(L/min) are best suited to remove large particles.

The population of the United States continues to grow as a result of (A) immigration. (B)babies born to baby boom generation parents. (C)the birth rate being above replacement level fertility during the 1940s through 1960s. (D)population momentum. (E)All of the above

Which of the following have contributed to increased family planning worldwide? I. Women's education II. Increased income III. Advertising Campaigns a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I and III only e. I, II, and III

Which of the following pairs of indicators best reflects the availability of health care in a country a. Crude death rate and growth rate b. crude death rate and crude birth rate c. growth rate and life expectancy d. infant mortality rate and crude death rate e. infant mortality rate and life expectancy

What is fusion

Fusing or combining of atomic nuclei

Why does thermal inversion tend to concentrate pollutants in the air layer closest to the Earth's surface?

It is more dense, traps all pollutants and cause them to sit under inversion layer

July

Which of the following points on the graph best illustrates the location where pollutants are most likely to accumulate as a result of a thermal inversion? idek how to describe this graph

Point D Correct. During a thermal inversion, pollutants accumulate low in the atmosphere because they cannot rise through the warm middle layer. The graph shows the temperature increases above point DD, where the warm air layer would occur during a thermal inversion. An inversion traps pollution, such as smog, close to the ground.

What is one potential impact of increased noise pollution in national parks that is supported by the article?

Prey populations are likely to increase in national parks because predators have a decreased ability to hear prey sounds

Give an example of low level radioactive waste

Protective clothing

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the trend shown in the graph of fluctuating indoor radon levels over the course of a year? in the colder months, radon was higher, and in the warmer months, it was lower.

Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months because of the difference in temperature inside and outside the home, which creates a vacuum pulling radon into the home at a higher rate. Correct. Radon levels tend to increase in the colder months owing to the difference in temperature inside and outside the home. If the outside temperature is drastically lower than the indoor temperature, then a vacuum is created within the home as the warm, indoor air circulates. This vacuum pulls radon into the home at a faster rate than normal, resulting in elevated radon levels.

What is the Clean Air Act of 1970?

Regulated the use of lead, particularly in fuels, which dramatically decreased the amount of lead in the atmosphere. EX: Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, tropospheric ozone, and lead

Which would NOT save energy?

Replacing fluorescent bulbs with incandescent bulbs

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following. A) Safe Drinking Water Act B) Clean Water Act C) Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) D) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act E) Toxic Substances Control Act Establishes cradle-to-grave tracking of hazardous waste

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the figure below, which depicts the observed relation between dietary fat intake and rate of death from breast cancer in different countries. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data? A) Increased incidence of breast cancer is related to the average age of a country's population. B) The number of breast cancer deaths is proportional to the size of a country's population. C) Increase incidence of breast cancer is related to annual length of exposure to solar radiation. D) Persons who reside in colder climates are more susceptible to breast cancer than those who live in tropical regions. E) There is a positive correlation between breast cancer and dietary fate intake.

There is a positive correlation between breast cancer and dietary fate intake.

Malthus noted that human populations grow _____ while food supply grows _____.

exponentially; linearly

The three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the United States are:

industry, transportation, and energy production

Found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures and some ceramic glazes

lead

How can a home become more energy efficient

- better insulation - reduce use of hot water - use fluorescent or LED lights

ivory coast and china are two developing nations. china has a much larger per capita ecological footprint than ivory coast. this is mostly likely due to

-china's growing dependence on fossil fuels to drive their economy -ivory coast's dependence on small scale and subsistence agriculture

If ANWR (the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) yields a projected peak amount of approximately 330 million gallons of oil per year and the United States uses roughly 110 billion gallons of oil per year, what percent of the oil used per year would ANWR provide?

.3%

Where do these pollutants come from?

1)The baghouse filter, fabric bag tht captues particular matter, allows air gas to pass through to turn to cleaner air 2) Electrostatis precipitator, uses an electrical charge to combine small particles into larger forms, removed ( Use of metal) 3)Fluidized bed combustion, coil and limestone are burned obsorbs sulfur dioxide into gas to produce calcium sulfate to be removed

The concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 4 is how many times as great as the concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 7 ?

1,000

List the 4 types of coal in order of least to most desirable

1. Peat 2. Lignite 3. Bituminous 4. Anthracite

A sample of U-235 has a half-life of 700 million years. What fraction of the parent material will remain after 2800 million years?

1/16

Approximately how many more times acidic, in terms of H+ concentration, is precipitation in the northeastern United States as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific? US: 4.4 South Pacific: 5.4

10 times more acidic

f both the LCD televisions are on for 4 hours per day for one month (30 days) how much less energy does the Energy Star television use during that time?

12 kWh

A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 40 years and a radioactivity level of 4 curies. How many years will it take for the radioactivity level to become 0.25 curies?

160

Using the growth rate above, calculate the doubling time for this population.

35.7 years

urban populations represent approximately _____% of the world population, but consume _____% of the world's resources

50; 75

Urban populations represent approximately _____% of the world population, but consume _____% of the world's resources.

50;75

most demographers estimate that the human population will stabilize between ____ and _____ billion people by 2100

6.8; 10.5

How much energy is consumed by the United States through fossil fuels

80%

A control group is included in the experiment to distinguish the effect of the independent variable. in this experiment the control is the group of students that were taught the meaning of a symbol without any noise pollution.

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (c) Another type of pollution is noise pollution. there is a growing concern over the physiological and psychological effects of noise pollution on human health. The following experiment describes a study that was performed to study the effects of noise pollution on a humans ability to learn. A total of 200 10-year-old children of similar intellectual abilities participated in a noise experiment in their classrooms. they were tested for their ability to recall the meaning of a symbol in a textbook one week after the start of the experiment. students did not know the meaning of the symbol prior to the experiment. The 200 students were split into 10 groups of 20 students and were taught the meaning of the symbol during a 15 minute lesson. five groups learned the meaning of the symbol without any noise pollution outside their classrooms. The other five groups learned the meaning of the symbol with a noise source of 55 dB outside their classrooms, maintained continuously for the 15 minute lesson. One week after the lesson, 80% of the students who were not exposed to the noise sources were able to successfully recall the meaning of the symbol and 25% of the students exposed to the noise sources were able to successfully recall the meaning of the symbol. i. Identify the dependent variable in the experiment

A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in an experiment. in this particular experiment the dependent variable is the success rate to which the students are able to successfully recall meaning of the symbol

Effects of Noise on Wildlife Sound, just like the availability of nesting materials or food sources, plays an important role in the ecosystem. Activities such as finding desirable habitat and mates, avoiding predators, protecting young, and establishing territories are all dependent on the acoustical environment. [Wildlife is] being forced to adapt to increasing noise levels. Research shows that males of at least one frog species are adapting to traffic noise by calling at a higher pitch. This could be problematic for the females, because they prefer lower-pitched calls, which indicate larger and more experienced males. In general, studies indicate that animals are stressed by noisy environments. The endangered Sonoran pronghorn avoids noisy areas frequented by military jets; female frogs exposed to traffic noise have more difficulty locating the male's signal; bats avoid hunting in areas with road noise. Combined with other stressors such as winter weather, disease, and food shortages, sound impacts can have important implications for the health and vitality of wildlife populations within a park. National parks are under increasing noise pressure. Noise levels in park transportation corridors today are many times the natural level. Sound levels during peak periods in a high air traffic corridor in the Yellowstone backcountry, for example, were elevated by up to 5 decibels. The result is as much as a 70% reduction in the size of an area in which predators can hear their prey. Increasingly, careful consideration of the impacts of human-generated noise on wildlife is a critical component of management for healthy ecosystems in our parks. What is one potential impact of increased noise pollution in national parks that is supported by the article?

B) Prey populations are likely to increase in national parks because predators have a decreased ability to hear prey sounds.

Effects of Noise on Wildlife Sound, just like the availability of nesting materials or food sources, plays an important role in the ecosystem. Activities such as finding desirable habitat and mates, avoiding predators, protecting young, and establishing territories are all dependent on the acoustical environment. [Wildlife is] being forced to adapt to increasing noise levels. Research shows that males of at least one frog species are adapting to traffic noise by calling at a higher pitch. This could be problematic for the females, because they prefer lower-pitched calls, which indicate larger and more experienced males. In general, studies indicate that animals are stressed by noisy environments. The endangered Sonoran pronghorn avoids noisy areas frequented by military jets; female frogs exposed to traffic noise have more difficulty locating the male's signal; bats avoid hunting in areas with road noise. Combined with other stressors such as winter weather, disease, and food shortages, sound impacts can have important implications for the health and vitality of wildlife populations within a park. National parks are under increasing noise pressure. Noise levels in park transportation corridors today are many times the natural level. Sound levels during peak periods in a high air traffic corridor in the Yellowstone backcountry, for example, were elevated by up to 5 decibels. The result is as much as a 70% reduction in the size of an area in which predators can hear their prey. Increasingly, careful consideration of the impacts of human-generated noise on wildlife is a critical component of management for healthy ecosystems in our parks. Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence provided by the article?

D) Frog populations may decrease in size as a result of males changing the pitch of their calls.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence provided by the article?

Frog populations may decrease in size as a result of males changing the pitch of their calls

What is one benefit of using geothermal energy rather than the kinetic energy of water to generate electricity?

Geothermal energy does not cause flooding.

Which is a disadvantage of natural gas?

Groundwater contamination

Air and noise pollution can occur both indoors and outdoors. They can have natural sources or be released from anthropogenic sources. (c) Another type of pollution is noise pollution. there is a growing concern over the physiological and psychological effects of noise pollution on human health. The following experiment describes a study that was performed to study the effects of noise pollution on a humans ability to learn. A total of 200 10-year-old children of similar intellectual abilities participated in a noise experiment in their classrooms. they were tested for their ability to recall the meaning of a symbol in a textbook one week after the start of the experiment. students did not know the meaning of the symbol prior to the experiment. The 200 students were split into 10 groups of 20 students and were taught the meaning of the symbol during a 15 minute lesson. five groups learned the meaning of the symbol without any noise pollution outside their classrooms. The other five groups learned the meaning of the symbol with a noise source of 55 dB outside their classrooms, maintained continuously for the 15 minute lesson. One week after the lesson, 80% of the students who were not exposed to the noise sources were able to successfully recall the meaning of the symbol and 25% of the students exposed to the noise sources were able to successfully recall the meaning of the symbol. iv. Describe how the addition of insulation inside the walls of the classroom would most likely affect the results of the study

Insulation inside the walls of the classroom would result in an increased success rate of students who were exposed to the noise sources. This is because the insulation would decrease the decibel level, demonstrating an inverse relationship with noise levels and information obtained.

Implicated in human neurological damage

Lead

What are two toxic metals?

Lead and mercury

Which of the following best describes the process shown in the diagram above?

Less-dense, warm air creates a temperature inversion between more-dense layers, trapping pollutants near the ground

What are proven oil reserves

Portion of total resource that has been ID'd + can be profitably extracted

Which of the following is the usual cause of cultural eutrophication in surface waters of both developed and developing countries? A) Lack of proper filtration devices for power plant effluents B) Introduction of cyanobacteria to streams and rivers C) Runoff of metal ions in bodies of water D) Runoff of nitrate compounds into bodies of water E) Runoff of herbicides into bodies of water

Runoff of nitrate compounds into bodies of water

What is nitrogen dioxide?

Two oxygen, strong smelling gas, reddish-brownish gas

Which of the following is NOT associated with the surface extraction of coal?

Underground tunnels and shafts

In a river ecosystem, dissolved oxygen concentrations drop quickly downstream from a point-source input of organic matter into the river. This effect is due to A) increasing populations of mayfly and stonefly larvae B) increasing activity of trout and black bass C) increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays D) decreasing bacterial activity as turbidity increases E) decreasing water temperature as surface evaporation increases

increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays

A researcher wants to determine if ponds and lakes downward of a coal burning power plants are affected by the plant emissions. Which of the following would be the best parameter from the water in the ponds and lakes to measure in order to determine the effect of the plants emissions on the aquatic ecosystems?

Most demographers estimate that the human population will stabilize between _____ and _____ billion people by 2100.

6.8; 10.5

Using the graph above, calculate the percentage of people worldwide infected with HIV that live in Sub-Saharan Africa.

66%

How can you calculate the doubling time with the rule of 70

70/ growth rate Example: 70/2= 35

Noise Exposure and Public Health Exposure to noise constitutes a health risk. There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing impairment, hypertension and heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s, and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem. A subject for further research is the [clarification] of the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders and the relationship of noise with annoyance and nonacoustical factors modifying health outcomes. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children, including cognitive effects and their reversibility. Noise exposure is on the increase, especially in the general living environment, both in industrialized nations and in developing world regions. This implies that in the twenty-first century noise exposure will still be a major public health problem. Which of the following best describes why the authors do not claim that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans?

There is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces birth defects in humans. The third sentence of the passage is "For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited." Therefore, the author did not make this claim.

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