APH Test 1
Tiffany & Co:
Art Nouveau:"New Art" -Firm that started during the civil war -Admired glass objects found in Egypt/ Saudi arabia -Hand made one of a kind
Ecole des Beaux Arts
Art school in Paris; pg 31 Beaux Arts style was modeled on classical "antiquities", preserving these idealized forms and passing the style on to future generations. Many American architects studied at the school in Paris and brought style back to US. This style influenced the "White City" of the Columbian Expo (1893), the City Beautiful Movement, the New York Public Library, Penn Station (NY) and Grand Central Terminal, in addition to many university campuses.
utopia/dystopia
a world in union (has highly desirable/nearly perfect qualities)/chaos (everything seems to go wrong, nothing seems right)
J. Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849
"Seven Principles of architecture" -lamp of sacrifice: it is not cheap -lamp of truth: see what it is : show the materials -lamp of power: the effect : grand massing / memorable needs to have an impact -lamp of beauty: intimating or inspired by nature : disapproves of geometry -lamp of life: bold not refined shows the work of real craftsmen -lamp of memory: its age: is not built to self destruct needs to be built to last -lamp of obedience: universally accepted but we want no new style
Garden City:
- An idea (proposed by Ebenezer Howard) of a completely separating the inhabited city from the central city or where the population works such as industrial buildings and institutional buildings. These were connected by railway and separated by a permanent green belt. - London attempted to build garden city but turned into suburbs. - Ideal Garden city MUST be ¼ million people at AT LEAST 2 hrs (60 miles) from next city to be 'self sustaining'. -Town, Town/Country, Country
Tony Garnier, Une Cité Industrielle, 1904-1918.
- Cities in the 20th century - Hydro-electric power - Industrial zone, residential zone, and hospital 'zone' all separate from each other. - Old town simply left alone, 'it could not be fixed, so just build away from it'. - Institutions in center of town
Lineal City:
- Proposed by Soria; was a linear connection between cities (grid) with very tight urbanized quarters. - Tram with houses on both sides -best houses have largest lot size and close to transit
Industrial City:
- Proposed by Tony Garnier, suggesting hydro electric power and an 'Industrial zone'. - Left the 'old town' alone, it could not be fixed, so just leave it where it is. - Residential zone away from hospitals, which were away from industrial zone. - Institutional buildings in the center of town.
E. Viollet-le-Duc, Entretiens sur l'architecture, (Discourses on Arch), 1863-72
-All style is derived from construction
bungalow
-Greene Brothers in Pasadena, California -Winter haven for the wealthy -Gamble House is an Arts and Crafts icon In North America and the United Kingdom a bungalow today is a residential building, normally detached, which is either single-story or has a second story built into a sloping roof, usually with dormer windows (one-and-a-half stories). Full vertical walls are therefore only seen on one story, at least on the front and rear elevations. Well suited to people with mobile disabilities Usually single story broad verandas, because of this, they are usually dark inside low-density housing
eclectic
-The idea of fusing lineages of styles of architecture to create a new style. Rather than focus of one style of the past, this position on style mixes several qualities of in hopes to evolve a new style of language. -Although it was considered as one of the most absurd ideas, it also inspired some of the richest 19th century buildings. -The church of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona designed by Antonio Gaudi is a notable example of eclecticism. Elements of the gothic style were merged with oriental motifs and forms found in the natural world, resulting in a structure that was distinctive and original
A. W. Pugin:
-early 19th century -Moral agenda -Catholic -Modern architecture is immoral -Book contrasts A Parallel (he wrote the book) -The present decay of taste -Believes neoclassical architecture is immoral -Moral / christian architectures
City Beautiful
-movement launched after Wold's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago -build more parks and public facilities in cities (urban design)
Chicago- World's Columbian Exposition, 1893:
-prove that Chicago is ready and back in business after fire -Auditorium Theatre (Adler and Sullivan) is the social hub--multi use facility -based on neoclassical principles -paves the way for city beautiful movement -Court of Honor known as The White City
Laugier
-wrote Essay on Architecture (1753) and Observations on Architecture (1765) -go back to basics (primitive hut) -structural rationalism
platform frame
1.5 x 3.5, nominal, faster. One structure is constructed and is well supported by a foundation. Builders then use the first level as a platform to project the next floor. The process continues until the desired number of floors is achieved. Rafters and roof joists are erected on the final tier of walls.
robber barons
A derogatory term that came to describe the wealthy and powerful American businessmen of the 19th century that appeared in the North American periodical literature as early as the August 1870 issue of The Atlantic Monthly magazine.
arcade/passage
A series of arches supported on piers or columns. A "blind" arcade is a row of arches applied to the wall as an ornamental feature. / A corridor (an arcade comes before the passage(?))
terrace house
Also known as row house or town house (could be slight differences?). Originated in Europe and carried over to US (Beacon Hill in Boston is an example)
Daniel Burnham
American architect and urban designer. He was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Burnham took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago, and downtown Washington, D.C. He also designed several famous buildings, including the Flatiron Building of triangular shape in New York City, the Reliance Building in Chicago (see image - Burnham Reliance Bldg), the Monadnock Building in Chicago (see image) and the Montauk Building in Chicago
Art Nouveau Jugendstil:
Art Nouveau is French for New Art. - 1893-1905 -Guimard -Horta It proposed fresh inventions exploiting the lightness and airiness permitted by glass and metal construction and drawing inspiration from nature. It was a major step towards the intellectual and stylistic emancipation of modern architecture.
James Bogardus
Bogardus was an American inventor and architect, the pioneer of American cast-iron architecture (see image), for which he took out a patent in 1850. In the next two decades he demonstrated the use of cast-iron in the construction of building facades, especially in New York City, where he was based, but also in Washington, DC, where three cast-iron structures erected by Bogardus in 1851 were the first such constructions in the capital. The success of the cast-iron exteriors from 1850-1880 led to the adoption of steel-frame construction for entire buildings.
Shingle Style
Bungalows in Pasadena, California. Made popular by the rise of New England School of Architecture, which eschewed the highly ornamented patterns of the Eastlake style in Queen Anne Architecture English combined with Colonial American Architecture plain shingled surfaces this style conveyed a sense of the house as a continuous volume, the building is an envelope of space, instead of one big mass emphasis on horizontal continuity in interior and exterior
Chicago School
Chicago's architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School. In the history of architecture, the Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic. Some of the distinguishing features of the Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terra cotta), allowing large plate-glass window areas and limiting the amount of exterior ornamentation. Sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers. The "Chicago window" originated in this school. Architects associated with Chicago School are: Dankmark Adler, Daniel Burnham and Louis Sullivan Buildings associated with Chicago School are: Reliance Building, Monadnock Building, Montauk Building, Auditorium Building, Wainwright Building and the Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. Building
classicism
Classicism and Neoclassicism, in the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity. Thus the terms Classicism and Neoclassicism are often used interchangeably.
London- Great Exposition of 1851
Crystal Palace : Paxton - Biggest enclosed building of it's time. - World came together to show technology of the time and all achievements.
G. Eiffel
Designed Eiffel Tower in Paris (1889 Expo). Also, helped design the Statue of Liberty. Experience in wind blow.
John Soan
Designed the Bank of England (neo-classical / toplit). He also bought 12-14 Lincoln Inn Fields in London to use as his house / office. Now a musuem (see image - Soan hse.jpg)
Paris- Exposition Universelle, 1889
Eiffel Tower, designed by Gustave Eiffel Suppose to celebrate centennial of French Revolution, instead celebrated 100 years of industrial progress. Gallery of Machines: Largest enclosed space of the time, 20 acres. (see image - 1889 Expo Hall of Machines)
Etienne-Louis Boullee
Etienne-Louis Boullee: French neoclassical architect. Developed a distinctive abstract geometric style inspired by Classical forms. His work was characterised by the removal of all unnecessary ornamentation, inflating geometric forms to a huge scale and repeating elements such as columns in huge ranges. For Boullée regularity, symmetry and variety were the golden rules of architecture (see image - Boullee National Library). Also, proposed a cenotaph for Newton
Federal Style (US)
Federal-style is the name for the classicizing architecture and furniture built in North America between c. 1780 and 1830. Thomas Jefferson Peirre L'Enfant Samuel Lewis Samuel McIntire William Strickland
Ebenezer Howard
Garden Cities of Tomorrow, 1898 Garden Cities of To-morrow was based on ideas of social and urban reform. Garden Cities were to avoid the downfalls of industrial cities of the time such as urban poverty, overcrowding, low wages, dirty alleys with no drainage, poorly ventilated houses, toxic substances, dust, carbon gases, infectious disease and lack of interaction with nature. This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram, which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'. Garden Cities of Tomorrow proposed that society be reorganised with networks of garden cities that would break the strong hold of capitalism and lead to cooperative socialism
J. Paxton
Gardener for Duke of Chatsworth; Head to hundreds. -Crystal Palace - Aquaducts - Fountains - Biggest creation was Lily House of 1849 (Greenhouse for lilies; very picky plant) - "Great Stove": 1850 (place to grow plants) -Jungly Environment -Maintained 24/7
Arts & Crafts:
Goes back to hand crafted and handmade objects. The American Arts and Crafts Movement shared the British movement's reform philosophy, encouraging originality, simplicity of form, local natural materials, and the visibility of handcraft, but distinguished itself, particularly in the Craftsman Bungalow style, with a goal of ennobling modest homes for a rapidly expanding American middle class.
J. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, 1851-53
Gothic architecture Three volumes -Aesthetic argument
Gustave Dore
London: A Pilgrimage, 1872. Travels to London to research row / terrace houses (no nature in backyards) and warehouses with no safety regulations. Also, found crowded cities with bad health and high unemployment
Jacob Riis
How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Book talks about the poor housing, shanty type towns, quality of life (including sweat shops) in NYC. Urban renewal begins after people start to read his book.
Thomas Jefferson
Hugely responsible for influence of neo-classical architecture on U of VA campus. Also, layout of DC inspired by his trip to Versailles
Industrial Revolution
Introduction of agricultural efficiency, (based on the science discoveries from the renaissance,) led to the ability to industrialize a lot of cottage industries, such as iron work, textiles, etc. Led to a huge population gain, and a gigantic jump in productivity and new material availability.
L. Sullivan
On skyscrapers: "It's a tall thing, lets design it as tall" -forget gothic architecture 1. Basement : Mechanical 2. Ground floor : Entrance 3. Second floor : Mezanine 4. Middle floors : All similar (either offices or apartments) 5. Penthouse : Messy space for Janitors, also mechanical (later the 13th floor added to mechanical floors) -corner buildings
Claude Nicolas Ledoux
One of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only in domestic architecture but town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian. The Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, or Salines de Chaux, is considered Ledoux's masterpiece
Victor Horta
One of the most important Art Nouveau architects. Interested in having open interiors. Used elaborate plaster, masonry and iron work...good craftsmanship
banlieu
Outlying suburb of Paris, (outside of the 18 arrondissements, or outside the original defense walls) Barron Haussman, freshwater, aqueducts, introduce cuts
Charles Garnier
Paris Opera (Greatest building of the 19th century) - Called the greatest architectural feat due its handling of circulation. - All the space was used for movement; i.e. carriages, people (viewers or audience), actors, stage hands, etc. - Reinforced concrete & steel but classical stucco overlay with very ornate decoration on interior.
Prairie School:
Prairie School was a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style, most common to the Midwestern United States. The style is usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. The Prairie School developed in sympathy with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement. The Prairie School shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as a reaction against the new assembly line, mass production manufacturing techniques, which they felt created inferior products and dehumanized workers.
skeleton cage / frame
Pre-fab'd metal girders, bolted together. Fastest construction process to this day. Used in buildings such as the Crystal Palace and the Reliance Building in Chicago.
Napoleon III
Reconstruction of Paris, carried out by Baron Hausssmann. Hausssmann and Napoleon created grand boulevards and squares in Paris, created aqueducts and sewers to fix the water problem, mapped out city and demolished any buildings in the way (see image - Paris Hausssmann Plan and Paris Hausssmann Plan Detail)
Hector Guimard
Responsible for Paris metro stations
Victor Baltard
Studied at Ecole des Beaux Arts. Designed les Halles (see image - Baltard Les Halles), which was a central marketplace in Paris
Henri Labrouste
Studied at Ecole des Beaux Arts. He became noted for his use of iron-frame construction and was one of the first to realize the importance of its use.
Taliesin East
Taliesin is acknowledged as the embodiment of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright's commitment to the creation of exceptional environments that harmonize architecture, art, culture, and the land. The term Taliesin refers to Wright's personal residence as well as the other buildings of Wright's design on the estate.
Empire (France)
The Empire style was the second phase of Neoclassicism, is an early-19th-century design movement in architecture, furniture, and other decorative arts that flourished between 1804 and 1814 during the First French Empire, although its life span lasted until the late 1820s. From France it spread into much of Europe and America. The style originated in and takes its name from the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States and to the Regency style in Britain. The previous style was called Louis XVI style, in France. Vendôme Column, Paris The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, Paris Palais Brongniart (1806-1825) in Paris, built by Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart North facade of the Palais Bourbon, added in 1806-1808, by architect Bernard Poyet Napolean's throne
Regency (UK)
The Regency style of architecture refers primarily to buildings built in Britain during the period in the early 19th century when George IV was Prince Regent, and also to later buildings following the same style. The period coincides with the Federal style in the United States. Also John Nash remodeled Regent Street in London - created public spaces and shallow buildings with identical rooflines. He also designed the Brighton Building for the Prince.
revival
This view is simply 'copying' a style from the past or imitating a past style, in hopes to also reproduce its excellence and it's moral virtues.
conservatory = greenhouse = stove
Tulip-mania created a demand for new inventions. John Loudon designed a greenhouse. Joseph Paxton developed the Lilly House (had glass walls and water pipes below ground to control temperature) to maintain lillies. Paxton also designed the Great Conservatory or Stove (football field long, jungle environment, like a rainforest).
Tony Garnier
Une Cité Industrielle, 1904-1918 -Cities in the 20th century - Hydro-electric power - Industrial zone, residential zone, and hospital 'zone' all separate from each other. - Old town simply left alone, 'it could not be fixed, so just build away from it'. - Institutions in center of town
balloon frame
Wood 2 x 4 studs, 2 stories tall.
paradigm
a quintessential example or pattern of something; a model.
galleria
a roofed and usually glass-enclosed promenade or court (as at a mall). Also, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan is an example of a galleria with a four story double arcade
Victorian
a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction. However, many elements of what is typically termed "Victorian" architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria's reign. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles mixed with the introduction of middle east and Asian influences. Sir John Fowler + Sir Benjamin Baker: Forth Rail Bridge, Firth of Forth, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK John Augustus Roebling: Brooklyn Bridge, NY William Pitt: Rialto Building, Melbourne, AU
paradigm shift
a shift in importance of which model is representative of the time
Greek Revival
an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States. A product of Hellenism, it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture. The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy, London in 1842 William Strickland Leo von Klenze This style was very popular in the south of the US and many mansions and houses were built for the merchants and rich plantation owners.
Gestalt
an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts; ex) a view that it created by a corridor or hallway; being able to look through many rooms by one view
raft foundation
floating" foundation used in areas without a good rock or soil base
aesthetic fatigue
growing tired of a type of aesthetic
Edwardian
is the style popular during King Edward VII of the UK's reign (1901-1910), but the architecture style is generally considered to be indicative of the years 1901-1914. Edwardian architecture is generally less ornate than high or late Victorian architecture Robert Hannah: Antrim House, Wellington, New Zealand Colour: lighter colours were used; the use of gas and later electric lights caused designers to be less concerned about the need to disguise soot buildup on walls compared to Victorian era architecture. Patterns: "Decorative patterns were less complex; both wallpaper and curtain designs were more plain." Clutter: "There was less clutter than in the Victorian era. Ornaments were perhaps grouped rather than everywhere."
Solar Heat Gain
refers to the increase in temperature in a space, object or structure that results from solar radiation.
Greenhouse Effect
the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface
A. W. Pugin, Contrasts, 1836
→ Is fundamentally about the link between the quality and character of a society with the calibre of its architecture. → self-published. → highly impacted the development of architectural and decorative taste of the nineteenth century. → a passionate indictment of the failings and inappropriate uses of the neoclassic style.