APHG Exam

Equator

0 degrees latitude

Environment, Economy, and Society

3 pillars of sustainability

Hierarchical, Contagious, and Stimulus

3 types of expansion diffusion

Shape, Relative Size, Distance, and Direction

4 things that are distorted in projections

Map

A 2-d/flat scale model of Earth's surface or a portion of it

Remote Sensing

Acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a SATELLITE orbiting Earth

Greater Detail

Advantage of showing a small portion of the Earth's surface

African City Model

Africa has the world's lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so formulating a model is difficult

Parallel

Circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians

Characteristic of a Site

Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, elevation

Southeast Asian City Model

McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

Geographic Information Science (GIScience)

Development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies, helps geographers create more accurate and complex maps to measure changes over time in the characteristics of places, the umbrella

24

Number of time zones

Purposes of a Map

Reference tool and communication(distribution of human activities or physical features)

Cartography

Science of map making

Projection

When geographers convert the round Earth to a flat map

Cultural Landscape

a combination of cultural, religious, and physical features, natural land is the medium while the culture is the people

Globalization

a force/process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

Place

a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic

Humanistic Geography

emphasizes different ways individuals perceive their surrounding environment

Cultural Ecology

human-environment relationships, how people live in different environments

Distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space

Stimulus Diffusion

underlying principle of a characteristic spreads: innovative features are adopted by competitors, snowball effect

Florida

unsustainable modifications to ecosystem, draining portions of the Everglades, harming wildlife

Mashup

various types of maps together

Eastward

when traveling this direction (towards America) you must subtract 24 hrs

Westward

when traveling this direction (towards Asia), add 24 hours

The Prime Meridian, Greenwich, Englad

0 degrees longitude

WHERE are people/activities found on Earth? WHY are they found there?

2 questions human geographers ask

Clustered, Dispersed

2, opposite types of concentration

Peripheral Model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Process of Remote Sensing

After sensors scan the Earth, individual pixels are transmitted to a receiving station on Earth where a computer assembles each pixel into an image

Seconds and Minutes

Longitude and Latitude are further subdivided into.........

Rimland Theory

Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.

Latitude

Numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel, ranges from 0 degrees to 90 degrees North or South

Site

The physical characteristics of a place which can be modified by humans

Turn-by-Turn Directions, location for social media applications in smart phone, and navigation aid to pilots and captains

Uses of a GPS

Functional Region/Nodal Region

an area organized around a node/focal point, node diminishes in importance outward (The New York Times)

Greenwich Mean Time

master reference time for ALL POINTS ON EARTH, located at the Prime Meridian (0 degrees longitude)

Society Pillar

modifying wants of cultures in regards to shelter, foods, and clothing to objects that are sustainable, using recycled materials vs new materials

Connection

relationships among people and objects across space

Hierarchical Diffusion

spread of an idea from people or nodes of authority or power to other people/places

Density

the frequency with which something occurs in space

Situation

the location of a place relative to other places

Eratosthenes

1st person to use the term geography, made 1st world map!

What people care about/What they take care of

2 main elements of cultures that geographers look at

Concentration, Pattern

2 main properties of density

Movement by gender, ethnicity, and or sexuality

3 types of pattern

Important people, religion, physical features, and origins of settlers

4 ways places can receive names

tropical, dry, warm mid-latitude, cold mid-latitude, and polar climates

5 climate categories in the Modified Koppen System

Sector Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Wallerstein's Core-Periphery Model

A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Von Thunen Model

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

Region

An area of the Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Category of GIScience, computer system that captures, stores, queries, analyzes, and displays geographic date, produces better apps

GPS

Global Positioning System that determines the precise position of something on Earth

Latin American City Model

Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

Industries will locate where three things can be done. These things being: minimize transportation costs, minimize labor costs, maximize agglomeration. Emphasises on cheap, cheap, cheap. With low production prices will result in high profit margins. The agglomeration keeps buisnesses competative as well as adds conviency to the consumer.

180 degrees

Longitude of the International Date Line

Toponym

Name given to a place on Earth

Adopted in England to accommodate for various nation states

Reason time zones were adopted and where they were adopted

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Said most people migrate for economic reasons, others for cultural reasons and/or environmental reasons; said there is an inverse relationship between number of migrants and distance traveled

3 elements that go into a GPS

Satellites are in predetermined orbits, tracking stations monitor/control satellites, receiver locates at least 4 satellites

15 degrees

The number of degrees of longitude you must travel to pass through 1 hour of time/1 time zone

Map Scale

The relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth

Organic Theory

The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age.

Distribution of agriculture, drought, and sprawl (expansion of industrial/urban area)

Things Geographers can map using remotely sensed data

New International Division of Labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Hearth

a place from which innovation originates

Urban Realms Model

a simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks.

Vernacular Region/Perceptual Region

an area that people believe exits as part of their cultural identity (South has high cotton production rates)

Uniform/Formal Region

an area within which everyone shares in common 1 or more distinctive characteristics (Common language in Brazil is Portuguese)

Culture

body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

Behavioral Geography

emphasizes importance of understanding psychological basis for human actions

Distance-Decay

farther away someone is from another person, the less likely they are to interact

Environmental Determinism

geographers believed the physical environment caused social development in the early 1800's

Pattern

geometric arrangement of objects in space frequently arranged in squares or rectangles

Characteristics of a Situation

important buildings, streets, bodies of water, and landmarks

Housing Bubble

increase in demand followed by an increase in supply and DECREASED value, Japan was suffering

International Date Line

located at 180 degrees longitude, sways/deviates from 180 degrees longitude at times to accommodate for various nearby nation-states

Possiblism

modern geographers believe that physical environment limits some human actions, but humans can adjust to the environment

Creation of Polders in the Netherlands

piece of land that is created by draining water from an area, Dutch have reduced causes of global warming and industrial pollution

Contagious Diffusion

rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic through the population (Spread of infectious disease)

Space-Time Compression

reduction in time it takes to reach another place (difference in time when using a boat vs a rocket)

Economy Pillar

sets prices of commodities and goods based on, not only supply and demand, but on the costs to the environment

Expansion Diffusion

spread the feature from 1 place to another in an additive process

Environment Pillar

sustainable development can ONLY exist if conservation is embraced more fully than wasting resources or preservation of all resources

Location

the position that something occupies on Earth's surface

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from 1 place to another