APHG Unit 1
region
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. Three types - formal, functional, or perceptual
mental map
An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
Parallels
Another name for lines of latitude
Meridians
Another name for lines of longitude
Robinson Projection
Area and distance is accurate oceans are distorted
Carl Sauer
Argued that cultural landscapes should be the fundamental focus of geographic inquiry
Functional Region
A ______ defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it. Ex - pizza delivery, school districts, cable service providers. Also known as a nodal region.
Perceptual Region
A ______ that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically outlined area. May be different from person to person. Example - What is considered part of the Southern United States will vary from person to person. Also known as a vernacular region.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user. Layering of data
Five Themes
Developed by the Geographic Educational National Implemention Project (GENIP), the _______ _____ of geography are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement.
Formal Region
A region that is defined by some trait of homogeneity including political boundaries, a common language, or climate. Als called uniform region.
cultural trait
A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.
Isoline Map
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
Quantitative research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.
Map (cartographic) Scale
Small scale = large area such as the world, Large Scale = small area such as a city
cultural barrier
Something that stops the spread of a culture or a culture trait
activity space
The area within which people move freely on their rounds of regular activity
spatial distribution
The arrangement of phenomenon across the Earth's surface
Cartography
The art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns.
Time-Distance Decay
The declining spread of an idea or innovation due to increasing time and distance from its hearth.
contagious diffusion
The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person. - type of expansion diffusion
Absolute Location
The exact position of a place on the earth's surface. Given in latitude and longitude or address
Environmental Determinism
The idea that the natural environment will determine how and what a culture develops
location
The position of anything on Earth's surface. Absolute or relative
diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Relative Location
The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Also referred to as situation.
expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. - type of expansion diffusion
independent invention
The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other
Mercator Projection
a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. Distorts the poles.
culture complex
a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group
Polar projection
an azimuthal projection that is centered on one of the poles
latitude
an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator, measures distance north or south of the equator.
Eratosthenes
calculated the circumference of the earth
Gall-Peters Projection
equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)
Two categories of diffusion
expansion and relocation
Movement
how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another
Choropleth Map
map based on colors to show patterns
Graduated Symbol Map
map in which point or line data are displayed by varying symbol size or thickness
spatial
pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic.
site
physical character of a place, includes absolute location, climate, type of soil
Prime Meridian
the earth's zero degree of longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich, England.
Globalization
the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes & impacts to the global scale and impact.
International Date Line
the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian
longitude
the lines on a map that run north to south, but measure distance east or west of the prime meridian.
sequent occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
hierarchical diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places - type of expansion diffusion
Fieldwork
the study of geographic phenomena by visiting and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places. Observing geography in action.
Human Environment Interaction
the study of the interrelationship between people and their physical environment
political ecology
the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes
cultural landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
Place
uniqueness of a location - What it is like somewhere.
terra incognita
unknown land
location theory
A logical attempt to explain the location of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. Should a Chick-fil-a come to Crestwood?
Contour Map
A map using contour lines to show elevation
Remote Sensing
A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (such as satellites or drones) that are distant from the area or object of study.
Perception of Place
Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures.
culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Possibilism
Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human descision making, not the environment, is the critical factor in cultural development.
geographic scale
Level of imapct or spread - local, regional, national, regional, globabl
Five Themes of Geography
Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region
cultural hearth
Locations on Earth's surface where specific cultures first arose.
generalized maps
Maps that show general trends, but do not show all cases of a given phenomena. The scale may be too broad to show all information.
Reference Maps
Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features. Examples include: physical, political and road maps
Thematic Maps
Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon. Examples include: choropleth, dot, graduated symbol, isoline
Dot Map
Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.
Qualitative research
Market research concerned with collecting data on attitudes, opinions, beliefs, intentions etc.
Human Geography
One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.
Physical Geography
One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
Sense of Place
State of mind developed through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. The way a place you have visited makes you feel.
Cultural Ecology
The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment. Similar to human-environment interaction.
toponym
The name of a place, often can provide details about the area or who settled there.
Flow Map
Used to show the sequence of events or organizational structure.