APHG UNIT 5 - agriculture

shifting cultivation (slash & burn agriculture)

- opposite of pastoral nomadism - areas w/ high temp & abundant rainfall - swidden (cleared area), deplete it, and move on; lasts about 3 years - corn, manioc (cassara) and millet or sorghum; typically multicrop - not efficient; change to livestock or timber - leads to deforestation - takes up a lot of land (extensive)

why the Green Revolution worked

- political stability - transportation system - cultural acceptance -capital availability - knowledge/education

livestock ranching

- ranching commercial grazing of livestock over a huge area; soil is not good enough to support agriculture - pampas raise cattle/sheep for export - feedlots

economics of farming in modern agriculture

- small farms have had to change to compete - increase cost and necessity of mechanization and global competition - rise in agribusiness: the ability for family farms to survive, food products being used from something else - worldwide competition due to refrigeration - increases urbanization (farms getting forced out)

results of the 3rd revolution

- biotechnology or genetic engineering - new/higher yield (hybrid) seeds; rice production could be doubled or tripled; miracle seeds

plantation farming in general

- cotton, coffee, rubber, tobacco etc. - owned by transnational corporations to grow crops to sell in MDC's - import workers & provide them with food, housing, & social services

Green (3rd) Revolution effects

- crop yields have increased in LDC's; agricultural productivity increases faster than population; EXCEPT sub-saharan Africa - growth of the modern supermarket - loss of family farms/small farms (not earning enough $) - increase in pollution

pastoral nomadism

- dry areas of the world - herding of domesticated animals; use all parts of the animals, trade them for grains - camels in N. Africa & SW Asia (goats will eat anything) - takes up a lot of land (extensive)

3rd revolution increase in productivity

- expanded use of fertilizers - new irrigation systems - leaning towards more commercial farming

von Thunen model

- explains the balance needed among transportation cost, bid-rent (cost of land) cost and weight of product; Bid Rent Theory by Alanso - a commercial farmer decides which crop to grow and what animals to raise based on location & transportation to the market - friction of distance

plantation farming in MDC's

- fair trade - organic - specific tastes - production - coffee shops

genetically modified organisms in modern agriculture

- genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products - grow bigger & quicker - add more nutrients - disease resistant - use of fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides

grain farming

- grain-seed from various grasses (wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet, etc.) - crops are for human consumption - wheat is the largest exported crop in the world - cereal grain oats, rye, barley, and wheat

plantation farming in LDC's

- helps economic development - single commodity - commercial vs. subsistence - environmental issues

long term limits of the Green Revolution

- increased cost - pollution: soil & water - women get loans - desertification - water supply

the need to be sustainable/environmentally friendly in modern agriculture

- limit factory farms, feedlots, monoculture (producing the same thing over & over again) - growth of organic farming - growth of urban farming - sustainable agriculture: 1. sensitive land management 2. limited use of chemicals 3. better integration of crops of livestock

mixed crop & livestock - commercial agriculture

- livestock fattening = crucial part - most of the crops are fed to animals - corn is the most important crop in the US; also soybeans - crop rotation helps get nutrients for all the crops

effects of the 2nd revolution

- more food - increased population & urbanization - improved technology/mechanization (seed drill) - farm size increased - new markets - better livestock

the need to meet increasing demand in modern agriculture

- more people & more food produced than ever before 1. expanding the land area used for agriculture; loss of prime agricultural land 2. increasing the productivity of land now used for agriculture 3. identifying new food sources (aquaculture) 4. increasing trade 5. eliminate food waste

Which is a good example of subsistence agriculture?

A family growing its own vegetables

Which country has MOST strongly experienced higher food productivity as a result of the Green Revolution?

China

where is hunting and gathering present in the world today

Spinifex in Australia, Bushman of Botswana and Namibia; less than 0.0005% of the world

Where is Mediterranean agriculture not practiced?

Ukraine and Western Russia

when did the 3rd revolution occur

during the second half of the 20th century

The clearing of tropical rain forest for agriculture frequently results in

a shift to animal raising

plant and animal domestication

animal labor first used for planting before food

milkshed

area in which milk can be transported without spoiling; transporting has increased this area

plantation in farming in MDC's led to an increase in...

coffee consumption

how has corn evolved

corn is used more for animal consumption than human consumption

agricultural hearth in the Americas

corn/maize

friction of distance

cost of the land vs. cost of transporting products to market - increase in time/effort/energy as distance increases

One of the main characteristics of mixed crop and livestock farming is

crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans

agriculture

deliberate modification of Earth's surface through the cultivation of plants and animals to obtain nutrition or economic gains

The overgrazing of pasture areas in arid climates has caused which problem?

desertification

As industrialized countries continue to develop economically, agriculture in the MDC's tends to have characteristics of:

larger farm size and increasing corporate ownership of farms

more people in the agricultural labor force indicates....

less developed countries w/ subsistence farming

In what zone of von Thünen model would the fruit production method of framing best fit?

market gardening

An example of intensive agriculture in von Thünen's model is

market gardening and dairy

food security

physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious foods that are enough to meet the daily needs for a healthy and active life

food deserts

places that don't have access to fresh food

Which five principal features distinguish commercial agriculture from subsistence agriculture?

purpose of farming, percentage of farmers in the labor force, use of machinery, farm size and relationship of farming to other businesses

Shifting cultivation, or swidden agriculture is usually practiced in areas where the natural landscape is

rain forest

pampas

raise cattle/sheep for export

5th ring of Von Thünen Model

ranching

agricultural hearth in China

rice

Some commercial farms are converting to sustainable agriculture which is distinguished by...

ridge tillage, limited chemicals, better integration of crops & livestock, sensitive land management

In von Thünen's Model, in which ring around market centers is animal grazing most likely to take place?

ring 4

transhumance

seasonal migration between mountains & highlands

The type of agricultural most often practiced in rain forest zones is:

shifting cultivation

What pair of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area?

shifting cultivation & nomadic herding

What are examples of extensive subsistence agriculture?

shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism

what area of the world has been LEAST impacted by the Green Revolution?

sub-saharan Africa

The greatest percentage of people in the world participate in which type of agriculture?

subsistence agriculture

A small family-run farm in an LDC that produces a variety of crops including corn, vegetables, eggs, and milk would most likely be an example of:

subsistence farming

what influences what is being produced

the environment and/or cultural factors

effects of agribusiness

the farm is no longer the center of agricultural activity, transnational corporations often control agricultural activity abroad, agriculture has become multilevel process of production, processing, marketing , and consumption, and some corporations essentially dictate agricultural production in other countries besides their own

Livestock ranching is the most common type of agriculture in

the pampas of Argentina

Swidden agriculture can have negative environmental impacts if

the period of fallow is too short for proper nutrient regeneration

A crop commonly associated with intensive subsistence farming is

wet rice

According to von Thünen's model, what product is most likely to be farmed farthest away from the market?

wheat

Which type of animal is NOT well suited to the lifestyle of pastoral nomads?

chickens

women in modern agriculture

- 43% of agricultural labor force and well over 50% in LDC's - men migrate to the city leaving women to do the agricultural work & men don't share the income all the time - lack: land ownership, credit, seeds, market - cultural issues - children

intensive subsistence agriculture

- 75% of the population - most w/ manual labor of animals - climate dictates what is grown - use of manual equipment - use all the land & minimize waste - wet rice!!!

dairy farming

- Northeast US, SE Canada, and NW Europe; growing in South & East Asia - milkshed - very labor intensive & expensive

commercial gardening & fruit farming

- SE United States: long growing seasons & humid climates - truck farming: grow fruits & vegetables that are in demand, can be sold out of the "back of the truck" - large scale operations

Mediterranean agriculture

- around the sea, California, Chile, SW Africa, & Australia - horticulture - California needs to be irrigated while Greece does not

challenges of modern agriculture

1) need to meet increasing demand 2) is genetic modification an answer? 3) meed to be sustainable/environmentally friendly while still being economical 4) role of women

differences between commercial & subsistence farming

1. Purpose: sell or eat 2. Percentage of farmers in the labor force: 5% in MDC's, 50% in LDC's 3. Use of technology: driving w/ GPS tractors 4. Farm size: amount of land devoted to agriculture has increased in America 5. Relationship of farming to other businesses: farming integrated w/ other industries (agribusiness)

wet rice

1. field prepared w/ animals (terraced/inter-tillage, in SE Asia) 2. field flooded to create a paddy (Sawah in Indonesia) 3. rice seedlings transplanted 4. rice harvested using knives

types of commercial agriculture in MDC

1. mixed crop & livestock 2. dairy farming 3. grain farming 4. livestock ranching 5. Mediterranean agriculture 6. commercial gardening & fruit farming

types of subsistence agriculture

1. pastoral nomadism 2. shifting cultivation (slash & burn agriculture) 3. intensive subsistence agriculture

when did the 2nd revolution occur

1750-1900; same time as industrial revolution

The seed drill, reapers, and threshers were all inventions that promoted the...

2nd agricultural revolution

LDC agriculture for export

4. plantation farming

According to von Thünen's model, why is wheat farmed further from the market than dairy is?

Diary generates more revenue per acre.

In which area of the world is intensive subsistence farming most commonly practiced?

East & South Asia

The von Thünen model describes agricultural activity as it takes place in relation to the market. What statement generally represents the agricultural landscape according to the model?

Goods that are expensive to transport and spoil quickly must be located closer to the market

subsistence agriculture is located in ____________ countries

LDC

von Thünen model of rural land use is based on what premises?

Land values decrease farther from the urban center

Beans and cotton were first domesticated in which agricultural hearth?

Latin America

commercial agriculture is located in _______________ countries

MDC

What is the pattern in Von Thünen's model of land use?

Market gardening, dairy livestock fattening, commercial grain, livestock ranching

Olives, dates and grapes are agricultural products practiced in what type of farming?

Mediterranean agriculture

Von Thünen Model revolves around what fundamental principle?

The farmers in the area are all involved in commercial agriculture, selling their products to a market located at the center

Johann Heinrich von Thünen model of agricultural land use is centered on what basic concept?

The farmers sell all of their farm production to a market

plantation

a large farm that specializes in one or two crops

The dominance of corn production in the United States correlates with what other agricultural practice?

cattle production

agricultural hearth in SW Asia

barley, wheat, and large animals:

In LDCs, plantation crops like bananas, coffee and sugar are examples of

export-based agriculture

what are NOT an effects of agribusiness

family farmers, through increasing technology, are producing goods for the global economy AND it affects only the United States as one of the world's major agricultural producers

2nd ring of Von Thünen Model

forest

4th ring of Von Thünen Model

grain farming

Horticulture

growing of fruits, vegetables, nuts, flowers, and tree crops - wine, olives, wheat for pasta

A common criticism of the Green Revolution is...

has led to groundwater pollution by extensive use of fertilizers

1st ring of Von Thünen Model

horticulture & dairy

1st version of agriculture

hunting and gathering

A characteristic of commercial gardening and fruit farming is:

it is generally referred to as truck farming

3rd ring of Von Thünen Model

mixed crop & livestock (livestock fattening)

Farming in the United States, in particular, has experienced what pattern?

movement to agricultural industrialization

1st agricultural revolution

neolithic revolution (both environmental and cultural)

subsistence agriculture

produce food for consumption

commercial agriculture

produce food to sell

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by:

production only for family consumption

what is the 3rd revolution also called

the Green Revolution

one sentence that describes the 2nd agricultural revolution

the Second Agricultural Revolution brought mechanization into the farming process

cultivate

to care for

woman's role in hunting and gathering

to collect & gather

man's role in hunting and gathering

to hunt and fish

outside the rings of the Von Thünen Model

wildness - agriculture not sustainable