APHG Unit 5 Study Set

I can describe and provide examples of extensive commercial agriculture.

A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output. Livestock ranching.

I can describe the concept of vertical integration.

The combining of a companies ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods.

I can evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices: Slash and burn agriculture

slash and burn contributes to numerous environmental problems, including massive deforestation (loss of forest lands) and soil erosion—the wearing away of topsoil by wind, rain, and other phenomena.

I can explain the economic reasons for commercial agriculture to be more likely located in core countries.

Commercial agriculture takes place in places like MDC's with infrastructure, and in places with infrastructure they have certain things like modern farm equipment, advanced technologies, and large plots of land are all characteristics of commercial agriculture.

I can identify and explain developments of the second agricultural revolution.

New developments with technology, there was new machinery like the seed drill, the McCormick reaper, and the Deere Plow.

I can explain how the second agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution are connected.

Railroads allowed food to travel farther distances, and technology allowed food to become better preserved, there was a boom in factories and a higher workforce.

I can explain the following general settlement patterns: Long Lot System

Divides land into narrow panels back from roads, rivers, etc., developed in Quebec.

I can describe how economies of scale have led to the growth of agribusiness.

Large scale farming can be more cost-effective when fixed costs are spread over a greater area and lower bulk prices are negotiated for inputs, like seed or fertilizer.

I can explain how dietary preferences impact agriculture.

In the U.S., the consumption of meat has increased over 50%. The consumption of beef has declined ⅓ the demand for chicken has increased over double. There is a direct link between level of income and consumption of animal protein.

I can explain how food and other agricultural products are part of a global supply chain.

A global supply chain is basically like a commodity chain but on a global scale, they enable the distribution of a product between two or more different countries.

I can describe strategies both governmental and NGOs have utilized to address negative environmental effects.

A governmental lot of focus is going into Conservation, and these conservation initiatives often as laws or education encourage farmers to modify their practices. And with NGO one example of these efforts is called EcoLogic, which helps communities to try and sustainability, preserve natural resources, and restore ecosystems.

I can explain how the following contribute to global food insecurity: Food distribution

A large amount of food goes to us to eat but also to animals as livestock feed. Decreasing the amount of food crops used to feed livestock and make biofuels could in turn help decrease food insecurity.

I can explain how government policies impact agricultural production.

A lot of governments intervene with the agricultural market in a few ways. They provide payments to farmers for growing certain crops, and some for not growing others, they place regulations on agricultural imports and exports, or establish price supports.

I can explain the advantages and disadvantages of monocropping.

Advantages - efficiency, (you can buy things in bulk, machines and chemicals are specific, and focusing on crops specific to the environment), and Disadvantages - strips nutrients from the soil, less nutrients = more fertilizers, more pollution from chem exhausts, and high stakes (everything is invested on one crop)

I can explain why the von Thunen model does not always apply to the real world.

Because in order for it to be a perfect model it needs no land features, the market needs to be an isolated, self-sufficient state, one single market, and one type of transportation (ox-carts), and these do not apply to our world today.

I can explain why small, family-run farms are disappearing.

Because it's becoming too expensive to farm and people are selling their farms because they cannot afford it.

I can analyze positive and negative impacts of the Green Revolution.

Positive: Able to produce larger quantities of food, more crops on the same amount of land with a similar amount of effort, high yields became consistent, and cheaper prices for foods. Negative: Poor infrastructure, high transportation costs, and limited investments in irrigation systems.

I can explain how the invention of agriculture changed society, both positively and negatively.

Positively because food was more dependable and more food supply, people could stay in the same place and they didn't have to move around anymore. Negative because diets were less diverse, and less leisure time.

I can explain how the following contribute to global food insecurity: Instability and chronic poverty

Countries like the DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is ranked one of the least food-secure countries, and severe food insecurity nearly doubled in this area between 2017 and 2018.

I can explain how changes in food preferences have impacted the geography of food production.

Food preferences really tell farmers what to farm, if there's a higher demand for beef, more cows are going to be farmed, and so on.

I can identify and explain what factors led to an increase in farm size and reduction in the total number of farms in the United States.

Many people are selling their farms to larger operations to withstand the harsh market. And nearly 3,000 farms closed in the United States in 2018.

I can explain how the second agricultural revolution impacted society.

Society started working a lot more in factories as well as farmers working to feed people in cities.

I can define monocultures.

The specializing in one type of crop of livestock.

I can describe the neolithic revolution.

The wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement.

I can explain the following general settlement patterns: Metes and Bounds

Uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land, Eastern United States

I can explain the difference between vegetative and seed planting.

Vegetative planting is the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants and seed planting is reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds.

I can explain how different crops and livestock diffused from their hearths.

When Europeans came to the Americas these crops intermixed with each other to find new places to be grown etc.

I can explain how farm subsidy programs and government tariffs impact commercial agriculture.

When the supply is high the prices of products go down, and at times like this products can cost less then they do to produce, and this can be catastrophic for farmers. Subsidies are low-cost loans given to farmers that can provide some relief to the rising costs of productions, and a tariff is a tax or duty to be paid on a particular imported product.

I can describe how agriculture leads to the following issues: Pollution

When water falls off farmland it can carry chemicals and nutrients from pesticides and fertilizers. All of these can pollute and damage ecosystems.

I can describe and provide examples of extensive subsistence agriculture.

Where a vast expanse of land is cultivated to yield minimal output of crops and animals for the primary consumption of the grower's family. Slash and burn agriculture, shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism.

I can explain how the Green Revolution led to increased use of chemicals and mechanized farming.

With more chemicals it made it possible to supply crops with extra nutrients and then increase yield, which leads to higher productivity.

I can compare and contrast the land use zones of von Thunen's model: Forestry

- In the 1800's, timber/firewood was extremely important. - heavy and bulky to transport, so close kept transportation costs down.

I can compare and contrast the land use zones of von Thunen's model: Market gardening and dairying

- extremely perishable products that cost a lot to transport. - critical to transport and sell within a limited time frame. - customers pay more for them, so they can be grown close to mart on expensive land.

I can explain how global food distribution networks are affected by the following: Infrastructure

- global ag interdependence requires infrastructure to efficiently produce and distribute crops and livestock. (communications systems, sewage, water, etc.) - core countries (MDC's) sometimes invest in the infrastructure of LDCs, which is mutually beneficial.

I can explain the positive consequences of the Green Revolution.

- helped produce more food and prevented the starvation of many people. - resulted in lower production costs and sales of produce

I can compare and contrast the land use zones of von Thunen's model: Livestock grazing

- land is cheap, so extensive agriculture is more likely. - transportation of livestock is cheap since they can walk themselves.

I can compare and contrast the land use zones of von Thunen's model: Grains and field crops

- less perishable and less bulky than other products. - easier to transport long distances.

I can explain the negative consequences of the Green Revolution.

- loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, soil toxicity. - diminishing water resources, pollution of underground water. - increased incidence of human and livestock diseases. - global warming.

I can explain how global food distribution networks are affected by the following: Political relationships

- political instability threatens supply chains. - supply chains are often relics of past colonial relationships (former colonies still sell products to former colonizers and grow things preferred by former colonizers) - neocolonialism

I can explain how global food distribution networks are affected by the following: Patterns of world trade

- trade in food products is growing rapidly (increased economic and population growth in semi-periphery and periphery countries has increased demand) - semi-periphery countries are becoming larger players in the agricultural economy. -food preferences are changing due to increased access to a variety of foods.

I can explain the global distribution of food insecurity.

11% of the world's population are undernourished, 9% of the world population is severely insecure, 1.9 billion people are moderately insecure.

I can explain how agriculture impacts dietary preferences.

A growing demand for processed foods impacts growers' choice in crops. And 5% of U.S. corn is harvested for sweeteners. The demand for packaged food between middle-income families, because it's quick and easy.

I can describe the debate over biotechnology and GMOs.

A lot of people think that foods with GMOs are not good for you but some scientists have no proof for or against GMOs so we really don't know much about them.

I can explain how the following contribute to global food insecurity: Climate change and adverse weather

A lot of people with food insecurity live near areas with adverse weather, and trying to grow crops in these areas with many storms makes people anxious about not being able to get food.

I can describe the concept of a commodity chain.

A network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product.

I can explain the following general settlement patterns: Township and Range

A rectangular survey system/grid system, divided into 1 square mile section.

I can explain the following general settlement patterns: Dispersed

A rural settlement pattern where houses are isolated from one another.

I can explain the following general settlement patterns: Clustered/Nucleated

A rural settlement pattern where residents live close to one another, with farm land surrounding.

I can explain the following general settlement patterns: Linear

A settlement in which houses are formed in a long line that usually follows a land feature of transportation route.

I can describe how hunger and conflict are connected.

About 60% of the world is hungry-490 million people, and these people live in countries affected by war. Conflict is one of the key factors affecting food security and nutrition.

I can describe aquaculture.

Aquaculture is the breading, rearing, and harvesting of animals in all types of environments. This is a type of fish farming that is less space and care intensive, it's one of the fastest growing good production sectors, and globally, aquaculture supplies more than 50% of seafood humans eat.

I can explain how the following contribute to global food insecurity: Loss of agricultural land

At the beginning of the 20th century, the shifting of population from cities into surrounding suburbs, has accelerated as an increasing number of city dwellers seek advantages such as cheaper housing, more space, and lower crime rates.

I can explain what humans were doing before the invention of agriculture.

Before the Neolithic Revolution humans hunted for animals, fish, wild fruits, and vegetables.

I can explain how climate zones impact the type of agriculture that is prominent in certain regions.

Climate is based on four things (distance from the equator, wind and ocean currents, proximity to large bodies of water, and topography), so depending on where you live the climate can really tell you what you can plant in a certain area compared to another.

I can explain how consumer preferences affect fair trade and value-added crops.

Consumer preferences affect fair-trade because fair trade is trading products between two or more countries and if consumers want something then the demand goes up and those products are shipped more and more. And with value added items, these are crops with added value for a higher profit, and when people see this they tend to buy it more often than usual, so a lot of products have started to add this to their labels.

I can identify the hearths of major crops and livestock.

Crops like Rice, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, Turnips, Sheep, Cows, and Pigs all came from the Old World. And Crops like Cacao (chocolate), Pineapples, Sweet Potatoes, Vanilla Beans came from the New World.

I can describe how agriculture leads to the following issues: Desertification

Desertification is when the water consumption significantly exceeds the rate at which it is replenished. Poor pastoral nomadism practices such as overgrazing can lead to desertification.

I can identify the hearth of the third agricultural revolution.

Developed in wealthy countries in the 1930s.

I can evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices: Draining Wetlands

Drained wetlands can be converted into agricultural land, but this results in a significant loss of habitat for fish, waterfowl, and mammals.

I can explain how the following impact food production practices: Distribution systems

Effective food distribution systems connect producers to consumers and allocate the food to meet local needs.

I can explain what environmental conditions are necessary for agriculture to exist.

Elevation, Soil, Topography, and Climate

I can evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices: Irrigation

Especially striking are the landscapes created by center-pivot systems that use enormous sprinklers that rotate around a central point, creating expansive green circles in otherwise dry regions.

I can define the concepts of food security and food insecurity.

Food security is reliable access to safe, nutritious food that can support a healthy and active lifestyle. Food insecurity is the disruption of a household's food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food.

I can explain why Norman Bourlag is significant.

He revived the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for healing reverse famine of India and Pakistan.

I can describe the conservation efforts of commercial agriculture.

In areas where commercial farming is most prominent, conservation efforts set goals such as reducing air pollution from heavy machinery, encouraging better stewardship of water resources, and seeking to minimize the amount of toxins seeping into groundwater from chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

I can describe the conservation efforts of subsistence agriculture.

In areas where subsistence farming is prominent, efforts take place in the form of the critical need to preserve soil fertility and prevent soil erosion while simultaneously increasing yields by intensifying land use.

I can explain how women's role in agriculture is different in LDCs and MDCs.

In periphery countries, women are largely limited to participation in subsistence agriculture. In the country of Malawi, the men received training related to market-oriented production, while the women received training related to subsistence farming and how to use the sweet potato crops in their roles as care providers of the household. Where in core countries women are less limited as compared to people in peripheral countries.

I can explain how the following impact food production practices: Government policies

In the United States, the rise of large-scale farming had led to sizable corporate landholders controlling most of the land used for agriculture.

I can describe how agriculture leads to the following issues: Land Cover Change

In the terms of agriculture, human's transform the Earth's surface for the purpose of growing food, and no matter what this purpose is, the environmental consequences can be difficult to change back. One example of this is deforestation by slash and burn agriculture.

I can describe the innovations of the Green Revolution.

Increased population, rice production increased by 66% between 1965 - 1985, India became self-sufficient in areas with wheat production, and gaps in MDC's and LDC's.

I can compare intensive and extensive agriculture.

Intensive is the practice where farmers put in a lot of effort to produce as high of yields as possible, and Extensive is where farmers have few inputs, little investment in labor and capital.

I can provide examples of intensive versus extensive agriculture.

Intensive: Market Gardening, Mediterranean Agriculture, Intensive Subsistence - Rice, Intensive Subsistence - Non Rice, because of the little land involved and the large amount of labor. Extensive: Pastoral Nomadism, Shifting Cultivation, Plantation, Dairy Farming, Mixed Crop and Livestock, Grain Farming, Livestock Ranching, because of the large amount of land involved, and little labor.

I can explain how exporting agricultural products can lead to commodity dependencies.

International trade can be vital to a country's economy, and many rely on financial stability. Some LDCs depend on one cash crop for commercial production, and this can have negative consequences on the country.

I can explain how the Columbian Exchange impacted diets.

It changed Europeans diets, because they had never tasted the food before so consuming it changed their diets. There was more variety in diets.

I can explain how agricultural practices impact society.

It created like divisions in society, because there were laborers and people who owned the land and it basically created classes.

I can identify the hearth (location and time) of the second agricultural revolution.

Lasted from 1700's to early 1900's and began in Britain

I can identify major agricultural hearths.

Latin America, sub-saharan Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia.

I can describe food issues in the United States.

Like other countries, the United States is losing farmland to urban development. As suburbs have grown up around cities in the United States, land that was once cultivated by small-scale family farms has been brought by developers to build suburban neighborhoods.

I can explain the positives and negatives of commodity dependency.

Madagascar is a good example of commodity dependency with the vanilla production there. It takes three years for the beans to grow and harvest, and between 2016 and 2019 Madagascar experienced small crop yields and deadly storms that have impacted the vanilla production. So when the supply was limited the prices went up.

I can evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices: Terracing

Maintaining the terraces is critical in preventing dangerous runoff and mudslides.

I can explain how the following impact food production practices: Economies of scale

Many core economies, globally conscious diets are gaining followers as one way to help solve the problem of feeding everyone.

I can identify the hearth (place and time) for the Green Revolution.

Mexico and India in the 1940's

I can explain how technology has increased agricultural productivity.

Modern equipment, improved fertilizers and pesticides, and new types of seeds allow farmers to have higher yields. Technology has changed the growing season for many crops and improved production.

I can evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices: Pastoral Nomadism

Overgrazing can cause land degradation, which is long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life.

I can analyze the positive and negative impacts of organic farming.

Positive: Animals have a natural diet and are kept in free-range conditions, GMOs are not allowed under organic standards, there are lower levels of pesticides, and only a small number of chemicals are allowed in organic food production. Negatives: Lacks of subsidies, may not be truly organic, lack of infrastructure, higher costs, and more work.

I can describe how agriculture leads to the following issues: Soil Salinization

Salinization is the process when water-soluble salts build up in the soil, causing the salts acclimatizing in the root zone of the crop, and then the plants cannot extract the needed water. In areas like Egypt, they have struggled with it for years, because of the highly saline drainage water from the Nile Delta that is used to water the fields.

I can explain the advances and impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution.

Some advances of the 2nd agricultural revolution where technological developments (new machinery, crop rotation, and selective breeding of livestock), expanding workforce (population boom, mechanized pushed farm laborers into cities, and provided workforce in factories), and Expanding market (railroads allowing food to travel farther distances, better food preservation, and relying on farmers for food)

I can compare and contrast subsistence and commercial agriculture through the following topics: Level of Development.

Subsistence: In Less Developed countries. Commercial: In More Developed countries.

I can compare and contrast subsistence and commercial agriculture through the following topics: Climate.

Subsistence: Is mainly in rural areas where the climate is more tropical and dry Commercial: Are more common in North America and Europe where the temp is temperate.

I can compare and contrast subsistence and commercial agriculture through the following topics: Use of Machinery.

Subsistence: Less machinery is used. Commercial: More machinery is used.

I can compare and contrast subsistence and commercial agriculture through the following topics: Percentage of Farmers in the Labor Force

Subsistence: More farmers in the workforce. Commercial: Less Farmers in the workforce.

I can compare and contrast subsistence and commercial agriculture through the following topics: Farm Size.

Subsistence: Very small Commercial: Bigger farms

I can explain the developments of the third agricultural revolution.

The Biotechnological phase (synthetic herbicides and pesticides replace natural products), Genetically modified Organisms (plants and animals that have been genetically modified for benefits), Increased productivity (tractors and machines becoming more efficient), Electricity aiding crop storage, and Agri-buisness.

I can explain the changing role of women in food production and consumption.

The United States provides examples of the varied and changing roles of women in agriculture. In 2017, it was reported that 36% of the countries 3.4 million producers involved in daily decision-making were female.

I can define monocropping.

The cultivation of one (or two) crops that are rotated seasonally.

I can define agribusiness.

The development of the business side of farming, resulting in branding referred to as "value-added, and an increased connected of farming and business (urban and rural)

I can define the green revolution.

The diffusion of agricultural technologies and practices to less developed areas.

I can explain how the following impact food production practices: The location of food-processing facilities and markets

The food processing facilities and markets where foods are sold are often located at considerable distances from one another.

I can describe subsistence agriculture.

The growing of crops and livestock for consumption by the farmer/family.

I can describe commercial agriculture.

The growing of crops and livestock for profit.

I can explain the local food movement.

The local food movement is all about turning unused areas into something that ends up producing food closer to the target consumer, like rooftop gardens in NYC. This creates more self-sufficient communities, and food ends up fresher and more healthy.

I can explain how, even though we have more than enough food to feed everyone globally, there is still food insecurity at the regions and local scale.

The main reason that there is still food insecurity in our world today is because of the distribution issues and economic decisions about what to do with the crops that are produced.

I can define agriculture.

The modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to gain substance of economic gain.

I can explain the spatial organization of large-scale commercial agriculture and agribusiness.

The organization of these large-scale businesses are small farmers having land that's technically owned by bigger farmers who control a lot of the land owned by these smaller farmers, who then are owned by even bigger companies.

I can analyze the positive and negative impacts of the Columbian Exchange.

The positive effects of the Columbian Exchange was a lot more food was introduced and combined together to make more food and to grow more and more, the new world got better work animals, and the negative impacts of it were diseases that the peoples in North and South America were not used to, or immune to so a lot of them died because they didn't build up an immunity for them.

I can explain the economic reasons for subsistence agriculture to be more likely located in semi-periphery and periphery countries.

The reason a lot of subsistence agriculture is found in LDCs is because of the poverty that people live in there, and they can't afford big machinery, and have limited access to capital. And they only have enough land to feed themselves.

I can explain the Colombian Exchange.

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, the Old World, and West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries.

I can explain what climate conditions are necessary for agriculture to exist.

There needs to be a lower elevation, or else the growing season is shorter due to the cold temperatures, there needs to be fertile soil, the slope of the land and the way the sun reaches the land affects agriculture, so those tend to be flat for the best growing conditions, and the climate really shows you what you can grow depending on where you live.

I can explain how the third agricultural revolution changed the roles of farmers in developed countries.

There was an increase in mechanization, replacing draft animals with machines, causing farming to become more efficient.

I can describe hunter gatherer societies.

These groups were small and men hunted game and women collected fruits, berries etc., and travel depended on seasonal growth of plants and migration patterns of animals.

I can explain why each ring is located where it is.

They are located based on the perishability of the product and transportation costs to the market.

I can describe and provide examples of intensive subsistence agriculture.

This is when farmers put in a lot of efforts to generate high yields to feed their families. These are normally found in less developed countries. Wet rice in Asia.

I can describe precision farming.

This is when you use precise tools to apply inputs to specific parts of a field. This maximizes crop yields, reduces waste, and protects the environment, it also can be costly, but has a long term reduction of expenses.

I can describe and provide examples of intensive commercial agriculture.

This is where farmers grow as much yield as they can to get more money. These are mainly located in more developed countries. Dairy farming and palm oil.

I can describe the concept of a dual agricultural economy.

This refers to two agricultural sectors in the same country or region that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand.

I can describe the second agricultural revolution.

This revolution had dramatic increases in yield, innovations and technology, and coincided with the Industrial Revolution.

I can explain the diffusion of the green revolution.

This was a rapid diffusion of new agricultural technologies, of mainly higher yielding seeds, technology, and pesticides.

I can evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices: Shifting cultivation

When the land does not have an adequate fallow period, the result is soil degradation. In areas where this is practiced they are full of planted crop fields, abandoned plots, and plots in various stages of regeneration.

I can explain the connection between women's role in agriculture and gender equality.

Women's roles in agriculture vary widely across the world, from region to region, and locally. Women throughout the world are involved in both crop and livestock production in subsistence and commercial settings.