aphug unit 5
rural settlement (village form)
any settlement in the areas defined as rural by a governmental office (the national census bureau)
intensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
food chain
a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
Von Thunen's model helps explain the contemporary distribution of what?
agricultural regions (e.g. dairy, horticulture, wheat)
staple grains
grains that can be stored and used throughout the year (grains, such as corn, wheat, and rice)
mineral fuels
natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources. coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. metals have a wide variety of uses
livestock ranching
raising of animals for use or for pleasure
explain issues related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture.
A. agricultural innovations (e.g. biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, organic farming, aquaculture) have resulted in ongoing debates over environmental, cultural, and health impacts. B. environmental issues related to agriculture include sustainability, soil degradation, reduction in biodiversity, overgrazing, river and aquifer depletion, animal wastes, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use. C. patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by food-choice issues (e.g. organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements).
analyze the economic forces that influence agricultural practices.
A. agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices, or intensive or extensive use of land. B. intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock systems, etc. C. extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching, etc.
explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural practices.
A. agricultural regions are influenced by the natural environment (e.g. climate, soils, landforms). B. populations alter the landscape (e.g. terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands) to increase food production.
early hearths of domestication of plants and animals include
Southwest Asia (e.g. the Fertile Crescent), Southeast Asia, and the Americas.
survey patterns (township-and-range)
land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range), which are also further divided
environmental systems are affected by...
land use/land cover change (e.g. irrigation, desertification, deforestation, wetland destruction, conservation efforts)
agricultural origins
latin america, sub-sahara africa, southwest asia, central asia, east asia, and southeast asia
second agricultural revolution
occurred from 1700 to 1900 in developed countries. used technology provided by the Industrial Revolution to increase production and distribution of products
Von Thunen's model helps to explain what?
rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market
plant and animal production is dependent on climatic conditions including...
spatial variations in temperature and rainfall
agricultural industrialization
started to specialize, mechanize, use chemical pharmaceutical inputs, consolidate, and concentrate the market (20th century)
globalized agriculture
system of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scale and organization
has the role of women in food production has changed?
yes (e.g. food gathering, farming, managing agribusinesses)
commercial agriculture (intensive)
yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming (uses a small amount of land)
commercial agriculture (extensive)
yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land)
shifting cultivation (slash and burn)
another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning debris
agribusiness
commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
truck farm
commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or the "exchange of commodities"
survey patterns (metes and bounds)
commonly used wherever survey areas are irregular in size and shape. the land boundaries are run out by courses and distances, and monuments, natural or artificial, are fixed at the corners, or angles
the transformation of agriculture into large-scale agribusiness has resulted in...
complex commodity chains linking production and consumption of agricultural products
extractive industry
consists of any operations that remove metals, mineral and aggregates from the earth
negative consequences of the Green Revolution include...
environmental damage resulting from irrigation and chemical use (e.g. pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers) and the cost of technology and seeds
patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by...
food-choice issues (e.g. organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements)
johann heinrich von thüene
german economist in the 19th century who came up with the von thüene model and theory
food is part of a global supply chain; products from less developed low-latitude regions (e.g. coffee, bananas) are often consumed...
globally
double cropping
harvesting twice a year from the same field.
forestry
the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests
what did the development of agriculture led to?
the widespread alteration of the natural environment
"tragedy of the commons"
transform livestock and agricultural products into products for intermediate or final consumption
analyze the application of von Thunen's land use model to agricultural production in the real world.
A. Von Thunen's model helps explain the contemporary distribution of agricultural regions (e.g. dairy, horticulture, wheat). B. regions of specialty farming (e.g. South Florida, California's Central Valley) do not always conform to von Thunen's concentric rings.
compare and contrast the land use zones of von Thunen's model.
A. Von Thunen's model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market.
identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals and patterns of diffusion in the first (Neolithic) agricultural revolution
A. early hearths of domestication of plants and animals include Southwest Asia (e.g. the Fertile Crescent), Southeast Asia, and the Americas. B. patterns of diffusion (e.g. Columbian Exchange) resulted in the globalization of various plants and animals.
evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices.
A. environmental systems are affected by land use/land cover change (e.g. irrigation, desertification, deforestation, wetland destruction, conservation efforts).
explain issues related to the location of food production facilities.
A. factors affecting the location of food-processing facilities include markets, economies of scale, transportation, government policies, etc.
explain the interdependence among regions of food production and consumption.
A. food is part of a global supply chain; products from less developed low-latitude regions (e.g. coffee, bananas) are often consumed globally. B. patterns of global food distribution are affected by political systems, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade.
explain the spatial organization of large-scale commercial agriculture and agribusiness.
A. large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms. B. the transformation of agriculture into large-scale agribusiness has resulted in complex commodity chains linking production and consumption of agricultural products. C. technological improvements have changed the economies of scale in the agricultural sector.
explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution.
A. new technology and increased food production led to better diet, longer life, and more people available to work in factories.
identify agricultural production regions associated with major bioclimatic zones.
A. plant and animal production is dependent on climatic conditions including spatial variations in temperature and rainfall. B. some agricultural regions are associated with particular bioclimatic zones (e.g. Mediterranean, shifting agriculture, pastoral nomadism).
identify rural settlement patterns.
A. rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear.
analyze the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment.
A. the Green Revolution began with the development of high-yield seeds (e.g. rice, wheat, maize), resulting in the increased use of chemical and mechanized farming. B. positive consequences of the Green Revolution include increased food production and a relative reduction in hunger at the global scale. C. negative consequences of the Green Revolution include environmental damage resulting from irrigation and chemical use (e.g. pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers) and the cost of technology and seeds.
explain the changing role of women in food production and consumption.
A. the role of women in food production has changed (e.g. food gathering, farming, managing agribusinesses). B. the role of women has changed the types of food a family consumes and the way food is prepared.
agricultural location model
An attempt to explain the pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices. (Von Thünen)
agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
extensive subsistence agriculture (shifting cultivation)
a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
suitcase farm
a grower of wheat or other crops who lives outside the community except during the plowing, seeding, and harvesting seasons, often has a farm without buildings, and does much of the farming by hired custom operators
collective farm
a jointly operation combining several small farms, especially one owned by the government
fishing
activity of trying to catch fish
mediterranean agriculture
agriculture done in those regions which are having Mediterranean type of climate
third agricultural revolution (mechanization)
allowed yields to go up, and more land to be efficiently used for cultivation (tractors, irrigation pumps)
third agricultural revolution
also called the Green Revolution and began in the 1930's. new agricultural practices were created to help farmers all over the world and eliminate hunger by improving the output and quality of crops
rural settlement (dispersed)
also known as a scattered settlement, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world
third agricultural revolution (chemical farming)
also known as intensive farming is the process of growing plants and produce using low crop rotation ratio and high use labour extensive chemical pesticides fertilizers farming
sauer, carl o.
an american geographer who wrote the article "Recent Developments in Cultural Geography," which considered how cultural landscapes are made up of "the forms superimposed on the physical landscape"
biotechnology
an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and microorganisms
feedlot
an area or building where livestock are fed or fattened up
cultivation regions
an area suited by climate and soil conditions to the cultivation of a certain type of crop or plant group
nonrenewable resources
available in limited supplies (coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas)
new technology and increased food production led to...
better diet, longer life, and more people available to work in factories.
biorevolution
branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments (post-humanisim)
what do changes in food production and consumption present?
challenges and opportunities
environmental modification (pesticides)
chemical preparations used to kill fungal or animal pests. it destroys the land over time.
rural settlement patterns are classified as...
clustered, dispersed, or linear
environmental modification (desertification)
degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting
farm crisis
describes times of agricultural recession, low crop prices and low farm incomes (most recent US farm crisis occurred during the 1980s)
sustainable yield
ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself (the surplus required to maintain ecosystem services at the same or increasing level over time)
agricultural landscape
farming activity is a key factor in shaping the visual features of rural areas and creating valuable habitats for wildlife. in many areas, farming practices and land management associated with highly valued landscapes are at risk
debt-for nature swap
financial transactions in which a portion of a developing nation's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measures
extensive subsistence agriculture (nomadic herding/pastoralism)
for many nomads, their herds provide meat, milk, and hides for their own use, as well as for trade (horses, musk-oxen, and yaks)
shifting cultivation (milpa)
form of swidden agriculture that is practiced in Mesoamerica (planted with maize, beans, and squash0
rural settlement (building material)
houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area
positive consequences of the Green Revolution include...
increased food production and a relative reduction in hunger at the global scale.
economic activity (quaternary)
knowledge-based part of the economy (information technology, media, research and development; information-based services such as information-generation and information-sharing; and knowledge-based services)
survey patterns (long lots)
long, narrow land divisions, usually lined up along a waterway. in some instances, they line a road
intensive farming practices include...
market gardening, plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock systems, etc
factors affecting the location of food-processing facilities include...
markets, economies of scale, transportation, government policies, etc.
specialization
method of production whereby an entity focuses on the production of a limited scope of goods to gain a greater degree of efficiency
von thüene model
model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used
animal domestication
mutual relationship between animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction
agricultural innovations (e.g. biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, organic farming, aquaculture) have resulted in...
ongoing debates over environmental, cultural, and health impacts
green revolution
or Third Agricultural Revolution, is a set of research and technology transfer initiatives occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world
what are some agricultural regions are associated with?
particular bioclimatic zones (e.g. Mediterranean, shifting agriculture, pastoral nomadism)
core/periphery
periphery countries are those that are less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries
what do major agricultural regions reflect?
physical geography and economic forces
patterns of global food distribution are affected by...
political systems, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade
shifting cultivation (swidden)
preparing the cleared area for planting
plant domestication
process whereby wild plants have been evolved into crop plants through artificial selection
plantation domestication
process whereby wild plants have been evolved into crop plants through artificial selection
economic activity (secondary)
processing of raw materials (timber -> furniture)
economic activity (primary)
production of raw material and basic foods (timber)
economic activity (tertiary)
provides services to end consumers AND to the primary and secondary sectors, and is considered the most important sector in the chain (transportation, health care, food service, retail sales, advertising, entertainment, tourism, banking, law)
environmental modification (soil erosion)
refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage
agrarian
relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land
market gardening
relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants
renewable resources
replenished naturally and over relatively short periods of time
economic activity (quinary)
services that focus on the creation (re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies)
extensive farming practices include...
shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching, etc
large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing what type of farms?
small family farms
environmental issues related to agriculture include...
sustainability, soil degradation, reduction in biodiversity, overgrazing, river and aquifer depletion, animal wastes, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use
farming
the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock
dairying
the business of producing, storing, and distributing milk and its products
aquaculture
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
what do settlement patterns and rural land use reflect?
the cultural landscape
technological improvements have changed what?
the economies of scale in the agricultural sector
agricultural production regions are defined by what?
the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices, or intensive or extensive use of land
patterns of diffusion (e.g. Columbian Exchange) resulted in...
the globalization of various plants and animals.
the Green Revolution began with the development of high-yield seeds (e.g. rice, wheat, maize), resulting in what?
the increased use of chemical and mechanized farming
what do populations alter?
the landscape (e.g. terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands) to increase food production
what are agricultural regions are influenced by?
the natural environment (e.g. climate, soils, landforms)
growing season
the part of the year during which rainfall and temperature allow plants to grow
crop rotation
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
hunting and gathering
the primary institution is the family, which decides how food is to be shared and how children are to be socialized, and which provides for the protection of its members. they tend to be small, with fewer than fifty members
mining
the process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine
transhumance
the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
diffusion
the spreading of something more widely
the role of women has changed what?
the types of food a family consumes and the way food is prepared
adaptive strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense
intertillage
tillage between rows of crop plants
rural settlement (nucleated)
towns where buildings are close together, often clustered around a central point
third agricultural revolution (food manufacturing)
transform livestock and agricultural products into products for intermediate or final consumption
first agricultural revolution
transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming (occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East)
planned economy
type of economic system where investment and the distribution of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic and production plans
regions of specialty farming (e.g. South Florida, California's Central Valley) do not always conform to what?
von Thunen's concentric rings
