APHUGE Chapter 9 Urban Developement
Spaces Of Consumption
Areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services' driven primarily by the global media industry.
What are the 3 problems with promoting development through the international trade model? (biggest)
uneven resource distribution
Which country has the highest HDI? A) USA B) Norway C) China D) Japan
B) Norway 0.971
What hinders Southwest Asia and North Africa's development? A) Lack of resources B) There resources are not needed on the global market C) Political unrest D) Religion/ traditional culture
D
What stage of Rostow's Development Index goes through the most development? A) 1 - traditional society B) 2 - preconditions of takeoff C) 3 - takeoff D) 4 - drive to maturity E) 5 - the age of mass consumption
D
What is Southwest Asia and North Africa's major economic asset?
Petroleum
What is the role of the world bank?
lend money to ledcs for development
Why are workers more productive in MDCs
more access to technology and equipment needed
Compare the numbers of the primary sector workers in MDCs and LDCs.
more in LDCs but on the decline
Why does gender inequality hinder development?
not fullest potential of equality
Urban
of, relating to, or designating a city or town.
What is Russia's biggest economic asset?
oil resources
What is the biggest problem that LDCs face in financing development?
paying back loans
Identify examples of quinary economic activities.
scientific research, high management
Which area of employment is increasing in MDCs?
teritiary (quarternary/quinary)
Under the self sufficiency model what three things hindered international trade?
tariffs, quotas, and licenses
Are all the indicators of development associated with one another?
yes
In upland areas where plantation agriculture is present, what are the two most common crops grown? Select one: a. Bananas and tea. b. Tea and sugar cane. c. Tea and coffee. d. Coffee and sugarcane. e. Sugarcane and bananas.
a
Legal crops such as coffee, tea, and tobacco grown on plantations in the tropics for export to More Developed Countries (MDCs) are commonly referred to as Select one: a. luxury crops. b. perishable crops. c. specialty crops. d. export crops. e. none of the above.
a
The area in Canada where fishing dominates the economy is Select one: a. the Maritime Provinces. b. Ontario. c. the Northwest Territories. d. the Prairie Provinces. e. British Columbia.
a
Extensive subsistence agriculture predominates in Select one: a. tropical rain forests. b. sub-tropical areas. c. semi-arid deserts. d. deserts. e. all of the above.
c
In the last twenty years the region of the world that has experienced a decline in food production compared to population growth is Select one: a. South Asia. b. Southeast Asia. c. Sub-Saharan Africa. d. Central America. e. East Asia.
c
Pastoral nomadism still a dominant way of life in many parts of Select one: a. western United States. b. central Australia. c. Central Asia. d. West Africa. e. Central America.
c
Shifting cultivation is still practiced in many parts of Select one: a. South Asia. b. East Asia. c. South America. d. North Africa. e. Central Asia.
c
The European Union refuses to purchase corn and soybeans from the United States because Select one: a. the prices are too high. b. they want to protect their corn crop. c. they are opposed to GMO crops. d. they import cheaper commodities from our competitors. e. they can grow more corn and soybeans in Europe.
c
The two most important crops grown in the Mediterranean region are Select one: a. dates and lemons. b. almonds and grapes. c. grapes and olives. d. olives and tomatoes. e. wheat and olives.
c
Township and range land division system most closely resembles what type of geometric pattern on the landscape? Select one: a. Linear. b. Circular. c. Square. d. Rectangular. e. None of the above.
c
What agricultural technique allows subsistence farmers in tropical and sub-tropical areas to support a large population with a small amount of arable land? Select one: a. Four-field crop rotation system. b. Intertillage. c. Double cropping. d. Swidden agriculture. e. Slash and burn agriculture.
c
Which of the following is not considered a luxury crop? Select one: a. Coffee. b. Tea. c. Banana. d. Cacoa. e. Tobacco.
c
Define GDI.
compares level of development of women with that of both sexes
City
conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
Hog production is nearly nonexistent in Southwest Asia and North Africa because Select one: a. the lack of rainfall inhibits production. b. the climatic conditions are not favorable. c. culturally the population prefers lamb. d. cultural taboos exist on eating pork. e. none of the above.
d
Horticulture could potentially include Select one: a. Mediterranean agriculture. b. market gardening. c. truck farming. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.
d
In Mediterranean agriculture farmers derive most of their income from Select one: a. sheep and goats. b. dairy products for various types of cheeses. c. wheat grown for bread and pasta production. d. fruits and vegetables. e. tomatoes.
d
In recent years what type of agricultural practice has been most responsible for deforestation of the rain forest in parts of Central and South America? Select one: a. Swidden agriculture. b. Intensive subsistence agriculture. c. Aquaculture. d. Livestock ranching. e. Truck farming.
d
Many farmers in New England turned to specialty farming, such as growing mushrooms, asparagus, herbs, and nursery plants because Select one: a. the climate is better for these types of operations. b. depopulation of rural New England has reduced the customer base. c. the "eat locally" movement has generated more demand for these products. d. dairy farming has become less profitable due to lower milk prices per unit and increasing operating costs. e. the increased use of refrigerated trucks has expanded the market area.
d
Functional Zonation
division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions
World Cities
dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy
According Carl Sauer, why did vegetative planting first start in Southeast Asia? Select one: a. The predictable annual flooding of rivers provided needed irrigation. b. The humid continental climate was ideal for experimentation. c. The extensive river valleys provided excellent soil for cultivation. d. The monsoon weather system was ideal for experimentation with plants. e. The region's high biodiversity allowed people to become more sedentary, which naturally led to experimentation with plants.
e
Another term for pastoral nomadism is Select one: a. extensive subsistence agriculture. b. nomadic herding. c. livestock ranching. d. grain agriculture. e. A and B only
e
Area(s) of the world traditionally known for their circular rural land use patterns include Select one: a. Northern Germany. b. Sub-Saharan Africa c. East Asia. d. South America. e. A and B only.
e
Dairy farmers locate near urban areas because Select one: a. it is expensive to transport product to market. b. milk has a limited shelf-life. c. land costs are high. d. of agglomeration pressures. e. A and B only.
e
Even though post World War II population growth rates hit record numbers, what factor(s) prevented Malthus's predictions from becoming a reality in Least Developed Countries (LDCs)? Select one: a. The Green Revolution doubled and tripled crop yields in many developing countries. b. Massive relief on the part of the United States prevented worldwide famine. c. Technological advancements increased yields throughout the world. d. High yield varieties (HYVs) increased yields in many parts of the world. e. All of the above.
e
Globalization has impacted and changed agricultural practices with respect to plantation agriculture by Select one: a. increased concentration of ownership from More Developed Countries (MDC) companies. b. increased use of machinery. c. displacing more workers. d. increasing migration rates from rural to urban areas. e. all of the above.
e
This crop is often grown on plantations in the tropics and sub-tropics. Select one: a. Sugarcane. b. Palm oil. c. Cocoa. d. Tea. e. All of the above.
e
Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, market gardening would be located in Select one: a. the upper Midwest. b. California. c. Pacific Northwest. d. New England. e. southeastern states.
e
Define GDP.
gross domestic product
Define value added.
gross value of the product minus cost of raw materials and energy
Leadership Class
group of decision-makers and organizers in early cities who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others
What are the 3 categories that make up HDI?
Economic, social, and demographic
What is the Third zone of the Sector Model?
Education and Recreation
What is the First zone of the Concentric Zone Model?
Central Business District
What is the First zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Central Business District
What is the GDP per capita of the US in 2009?
$45,600
Which country has the lowest HDI? A) Nigeria B) South Africa C) Haiti D) Niger
D) Niger 0.340
What are the 4 factors that make up HDI?
GDP, literacy rate, education, and life expectancy
What is GEM?
Gender Empowerment Measure
What are consumer goods?
They are items that make life easier
What is the AP definition of development?
process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
What was the GDP of the US in 2009?
$14 trillion
Most LDCs have a PC GDP of less than ______________.
$3,000
What is the highest possible HDI?
1.000
How many more developed regions are there?
2
Babies in LDCs are expected to live into their _______. A) 50 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80
B
How many regions haven less developed countries?
7
What two main regions suffer from poor human rights and low standing of women? A) Southwest Asia and North Africa B) Europe and South Asia C) South America and North Africa D) Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia
A
What is an important step in increasing development in LDCs? A) Improving education B) Trading more C) Focusing money on the military D) Using money to fund wars
A
Why do MDCs have a higher CDR than LDCs? A) High percent of elderly people B) High percent of young people C) Low percent of elderly people D) Low percent of young people
A
Multiple Nuclei Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
Blockbusting
A practice carried out by realtors before the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Realtors would purposefully sell a house in a white neighborhood to an African American. Then, the realtor would persuade the white residents to move because they're neighborhood was going downhill because an African American person or family had moved in
Agricultural Village
A relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend their crops.
Secondary Hearth
An early adopter of a cultural practicce or trait that becomes a central locale from which the practice or trait futher diffuse
Rank-Size Rule
An observed regularity in the city- size distribution of some countries. In a rank-size hierarchy, the population of any given town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy; that is, the nth-ranked city will be I/n the size of the largest city.
The gap between MDCs and LDCs has gradually _______ over time. A) Grown smaller B) Widened C) Stayed the same D) None of the above
B
What is the split of MDCs and LDCs known as? A) MDC-LDC split B) North-South split C) HDI split D) Development split
B
Which factors do NOT affect a country's level of development? A) Social B) Political C) Demographic D) Economic
B
Which two categories of the HDI indicators does the U.S. have a low score in? A) Education and literacy rate B) Life expectancy and education C) Life expectancy and literacy rate D) GDP and literacy rate
B
Griffin-Ford model
Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The remaining concentric zones are more poor, including the outermost zone and the disamenity sector. The disamenity sector is usually run by gangs or drug lords. The two final sectors are the industrial park and the gentrification zone, where historic buildings are preserved.
How many factors are taken into account when measuring HDI? How many from each category? A) 3; 1 economic, 1 social, 1 demographic B) 5; 1 economic, 2 social, 2 demographic C) 4; 1 economic, 2 social, 1 demographic D) 6; 1 economic, 2 social, 3 demographic`
C
What is the life expectancy in MDCs? A) ~50 B) ~60 C) ~70 D) ~80
C
Which of the following is NOT an important reason why many countries do not develop quickly? A) Low standing of women B) Corrupt government C) Increased liesure time D) The current recession
C
Who have access to technology related to transportation and communication in MDCs? A) Political figures B) Only the elite and powerful C) Everyone D) People who work in government related jobs
C
Why is the Middle East wealthy? A) Gold B) Manufacturing C) Oil D) Farming
C) Oil
Mesoamerica
Chronologically the fifth and last of the five urbanization hearths. The ancient cities were religious centers.
Mesopotamia
Chronologically, the first of the five urbanization hearths. It is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. There is signs of social inequality from the variants in housing. There was an established priest-king class. The ancient city in this region was usually covered by a mud wall. There were many temples. The conditions were very unsanitary.
Nile River Valley
Chronologically, the second of the five urbanization hearths. The interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation in this region distinguishes it from other urban hearths. There were no walls around the individual cities because of the singular control in this region. Power of rulers was demonstrated through the building of massive structures.
Indus River Valley
Chronologically, the third of the five urbanization hearths. The two major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. There was a leadership class, but houses were equal in size.
Megacities
Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II. All (BLANK) are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible polution, and widespread poverty.
What is the Fifth zone of the Concentric Zone Model?
Commuters' Zone (Suburb)(s).
Define GEM.
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making
What is the First zone of the Sector Model?
Core (Central Business District)
LDCs want MDC consumer goods as a symbol of _______. A) Sel-sufficiency B) Uniform society C) Cultural identity D) Development
D
Why does the U.S. not have a higher HDI? A) Lack of healthcare B) Lack of productivity C) High dropout rates D) A and C E) None of the above
D
Concentric Zone Model
Developed by Ernest Burgess. Model of Chicago. The model divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function.
Sector Model
Developed by Homer Hoyt. Focused on residential patterns. Proposes that the city grows outward from the center. Divided into high-rent residential, intermediate rent residential, low-rent residential, education and recreation,
What are some social indicators of development?
Education- the student/teacher ratio is more than 30 in LDCs but less than 20 in MDCs Literacy rate- the percentage of people who can read and write (greater than 98% in MDCs while less than 60% in LDCs)
What is GDI?
Gender-Related Development Index
What is value added?
Gross value of the product minus the costs of materials and energy
What are the indicators of development (specifics)?
HDI, literacy rate, *GDP per capita, job type, education, consumer goods, productivity, LE,
What is the Sixth zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Heavy-Manufacturing
What is the Second zone of the Sector Model?
High Rent Residential
What is the Fifth zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
High-Class Residential
What is the Seventh zone of the Sector Model?
Industrial
What is the Ninth zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Industrial Suburb
What is the Fourth zone of the Sector Model?
Intermediate Rent Residential
Why is development so low in Sub-Saharan Africa?
It has a lot of people in a small amount of land and they are not able to produce food. They also are hindered by a lot of civil wars between tribes
What is the secondary sector?
It includes workers that are manufacturers
What is the primary sector?
It includes workers who work through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry
What is the tertiary sector?
It is the issuing of goods and services in exchange for money. It includes retailing, banking, law, education, and government
What is the self-sufficiency approach?
It is when country's spread investments throughout the economy and their land so there is no area in poverty
If one teacher has a high amount of students, what type of country is most likely to be?
LDC
What less developed region has a higher percentage of people living in urban areas?
Latin America
Identify less developed regions
Latin America, East Asia, Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia
What is the Fifth zone of the Sector Model?
Low Rent Residential
What is the Third zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Low-Class Residential
What does MDC and LDC stand for?
MDC- more developed country LDC- less developed country
Why are MDCs more productive than LDCs?
MDCs have access to technology and education while LDCs don't have machines that can do the work for them
What is the difference in health between MDCs and LDCs?
MDCs have more money to spend on health care than LDCs. LDCs also eat less calories than average which leads to hunger and death
What is the life expectancy in MDCs and LDCs?
MDCs- in the 70's LDCs- in the 60's
What is gender inequality?
Many countries in LDCs have almost all of their income from men while MDCs have income from both genders
Southeast Asian City Model
McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.
What is the Fourth zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Middle-Class residential
Identify more developed regions.
North America Europe
Where are the more developed regions?
North America and Europe
Social Stratification
One of the two components that enable the formation of cities (The other being agricultural surplus). Led to the formation of the leadership class, or urban elite, who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others.
What is the Seventh zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Outlying Business District
Mining, agriculture, and drilling are examples of what types of jobs?
Primary
What patterns do we see between the 3 sectors?
Primary sector has decreased in LDCs but is still higher than MDCs. Secondary sector has decreased in MDCs and is now less than LDCs. Tertiary sector is large and still growing in MDCs.
The value of a product when compared to the amount of labor needed to make it is known as?
Productivity
What is the Eighth zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Residential Suburb
Automobile manufacturing, production of clothing, and making of other manufactured goods would fall under what category of jobs?
Secondary
Which level of jobs are associated with countries like Indonesia and Iran?
Secondary
Megalopolis
Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.
Who are the four Asian dragons?
Taiwan South Korea Hong Kong Singapore
What are the 3 barriers to international investments?
Taxes, quotas limiting the quantity of goods, and the requirement of licenses to restrict legal importers
The service industry falls under what category of jobs?
Tertiary
Which level of jobs are associated with MDCs?
Tertiary
What are some examples of international trade?
The Arabian Peninsula and the Four Asian Dragons (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong)
What is HDI?
The Human Development Index
What is life expectancy?
The average amount of time that people are supposed to live
First Urban Revolution
The innovation of the city that occured seperately in five different hearths. People became engaged in economic activities beyond agriculture, including crafts, the military, trade, and government.
What does per capita GDP show?
The potential for citizens to enjoy a comfortable life
What is developmemt?
The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of technology and knowledge
Zone
The purpose of that area of the city.
What are the 5 stages of Rostow's Development Model?
The traditional society, the preconditions for takeoff, the takeoff, the drive to maturity, and the age of mass consumption
What is productivity?
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
What is happening with Russia's economy?
Their HDI decreased after the Soviet Union, increased after the export of oil, and is now expected to decrease because of the global recession. It is currently at 0.73 HDI
What is happening with China's economy?
Their are paying their workers lower amounts of money than MDCs so they can manufacture more goods. Their HDI is 0.72
What does the IFR (infant mortality rate), NIR, and CBR have in common?
They are all larger in LDCs than in MDCs
What is happening in South Asia?
They get money from planting rice and wheat only if the monsoons arrive. (NO monsoons = NO money)
What is happening in Latin America?
They have MDCs conditions in large cities near the coast but have LDCs conditions away from the coast. Their HDI is 0.82
What is happening in Southeast Asia?
They have bad conditions for farming but plant things that help in manufacturing like palm oil. Their HDI is 0.73
What is happening with Japan's economy?
They sold products at low prices to gain control of the economy and are now selling high-value products like electronics and cars. Their HDI is 0.96
What are the 5 stages of Walt Rostow's model? Name a few characteristics of each.
Traditional society-lots of subsistence agriculture
What is the Sixth zone of the Sector Model?
Transportation
What are some problems with international trade?
Uneven resource distribution, increased dependence on MDCs, and market decline
How is Walmart helping China?
Walmart is manufacturing most of their products in China and then are shipping the products to the US for distribution
What is the Second zone of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Wholesale, light menufacturing
What is the Fourth zone of the Concentric Zone Model?
Zone of better residences
What is the Third zone of the Concentric Zone Model?
Zone of independent workers homes. (BLUE COLLAR)
What is the Second zone of the Concentric Zone Model?
Zone of transition. Characterized by residential deterioration and enroachment by business and light manufacturing.
According to the von Thunen model, the first ring is used for Select one: a. dairy. b. forestry. c. mixed crop and livestock. d. crop rotation. e. grain farming.
a
All of the following are benefits of purchasing locally produced foods except Select one: a. the prices are lower. b. it reduces the consumption of fossil fuels. c. it is fresher and therefore usually tastes better. d. it helps support local and regional rural economies. e. it helps small farmers compete against corporate farms.
a
All of the following are true regarding contemporary hunting and gathering societies except Select one: a. their way of life is preserved by many governments. b. they tend to be isolated from modern societies. c. they provide insight into prehistoric cultures. d. they exist in the Arctic, the interior of Africa, Australia, and South America. e. their numbers are rapidly declining.
a
Boserup theorized that when population increased in a subsistence agriculturally-based community the level of technology and labor efforts must Select one: a. increase to meet the demands of increased population pressures. b. increase by purchasing new machinery from More Developed Countries (MDCs). c. increase by sending students to technical schools. d. decrease due to the high cost of machinery. e. decrease because more children need to finish their education.
a
Dairy operations locate on the suburban fringe of metropolitan areas because Select one: a. access to market is greater. b. it is outside the milkshed. c. city residents don't like to live near farming operations. d. it is a break-of-bulk point. e. none of the above.
a
Due to increased interregional migration, an increasing percent of vegetables in China are being produced Select one: a. in urban plots. b. in rural villages. c. on collective farms in the countryside. d. on commercial operations in the south. e. on the suburban fringe of major metropolitan areas.
a
Herders who seasonally move their animals between mountain pastures and lowland valleys practice Select one: a. transhumance. b. seasonal variation. c. swidden agriculture. d. livestock ranching. e. extensive subsistence agriculture.
a
Livestock ranching and pastoral nomadism both Select one: a. exist in environments too harsh for crop production. b. suffer from low wages. c. rely on the same animals for their livelihood. d. flourish in central Asia. e. suffer from undue government regulations.
a
Pastoral nomads do not typically herd Select one: a. cattle. b. llamas. c. sheep. d. goats. e. camels.
a
Pastoral nomads potentially contribute to desertification by Select one: a. overgrazing. b. using poor cultivation techniques. c. moving animals frequently. d. all of the above. e. A and B only.
a
Prior to the industrialization of agriculture and the trend towards monocrops, most farms in the upper Midwest were Select one: a. mixed crop and livestock. b. focused on growing only grains. c. intensive subsistence operations. d. engaged in market gardening. e. outside the milkshed.
a
Subsistence agriculture dominates in Select one: a. less developed countries. b. more developed countries. c. mid-latitude climates. d. newly-industrialized countries. e. none of the above.
a
Technology essential for intensive subsistence agriculture is Select one: a. irrigation. b. precision agriculture techniques. c. biotechnology. d. advancements in pesticide research. e. all of the above.
a
The agricultural practice most commonly associated with intensive subsistence agriculture is Select one: a. paddy rice farming. b. swidden agriculture. c. plantation agriculture. d. market gardening. e. none of the above.
a
The linear agricultural land use pattern commonly found in Quebec and Louisiana is Select one: a. the long lot system. b. the range and township land survey system. c. the metes and bounds land ownership method. d. a result of the Enclosure Movement. e. none of the above.
a
The most widely produced grains in the world are Select one: a. wheat, rice, and maize. b. wheat, rice, and oats. c. rice, maize, and oats. d. rice, maize, and millet. e. rice, wheat, and barley.
a
The percentage of the labor force in the United States that works directly in agriculture is Select one: a. 2-5%. b. 5-7%. c. 7-9%. d. 10-12%. e. 13-15%.
a
The primary purpose of commercial agriculture is to Select one: a. make a profit. b. produce a superior product. c. produce a product in a sustainable manner. d. provide jobs for a large percentage of the population. e. sustain the rural way of life.
a
The production and harvesting of fish and shell fish in sectioned off coves and land-based ponds is technically referred to as Select one: a. acquaculture. b. water based agriculture. c. intensive subsistence agriculture. d. fish farming. e. none of the above.
a
The single most important factor contributing to rural land use patterns for most of the Great Plains in the United States is a result of the Select one: a. township and range land survey system. b. metes and bounds land property division method. c. physical geography of the region. d. extensive river systems. e. capitalist economic system.
a
The trend whereby large corporations buy and control many different steps in a food-processing industry is commonly referred to as Select one: a. agribusiness. b. commercial agriculture. c. biotechnical revolution. d. industrial agriculture. e. all of the above.
a
This type of business practice significantly reduces the commodity chain for an agricultural product such as coffee or tea. Select one: a. Fair trade movement. b. Sustainable agriculture. c. Organic farming. d. Integrated management. e. Wholesale shopping.
a
Today circular rural settlements are most commonly associated with Select one: a. Sub-Saharan Africa. b. Southeast Asia. c. Latin America. d. Central America. e. the Middle East.
a
Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume London, England, and Paris, France, is the single market for Europe. Dairy agriculture would be located in Select one: a. southern England. b. Scandinavia. c. southern Spain. d. the steppes of Russia. e. Hungary.
a
Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, dairy agriculture would dominate in Select one: a. New England and upstate New York. b. southeastern states. c. California. d. the Pacific Northwest. e. none of the above.
a
Primate City
a country's largest city- ranking atop the urban hierarchy- most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well
When comparing the Koppen Climate Regions Map with the Whittlessey Agricultural Regions Map one can conclude that Select one: a. there is a direct relationship between the patterns on both maps. b. many agricultural regions exist outside their respective climate zones. c. climate is not a limiting factor on the distribution of agriculture. d. agricultural regions have changed a great deal in the 20th century. e. Whittlessey's map is outdated.
a
Which statement regarding agricultural region(s) with respect to Whitttlessey's Agricultural Regions map is no longer applicable? Select one: a. Plantation agriculture doesn't exist in North America anymore. b. Grain regions have become smaller over time. c. Mediterranean agriculture has declined in importance. d. Areas of shifting cultivation have become more prominent. e. Commercial gardening in the U.S. is still dominant along the east coast.
a
_____________ did not contain an agricultural hearth. Select one: a. Europe. b. Asia. c. Africa. d. South America. e. Middle America.
a
Suburb
a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls
Edge Cities
a term introduced by american journalist joel garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the united states away from the central business district (CBD) toward the loci of economic activity at the urban fringe (extensive amounts of office and retail space, frew residential areas, modern buildings, less than 30 years old)
Mediterranean agriculture products include Select one: a. grapes. b. olives. c. dates. d. lemons. e. all of the above
e
Identify examples of primary economic activities.
agriculture fishing, mining, forestry
All of the following are farm subsidies except Select one: a. giving farmers a minimum price for their product regardless of market conditions. b. giving farmers tax breaks if they meet production quotas. c. establishing import barriers on imported products. d. paying farmers not to produce more than a certain quantity of a particular crop. e. giving farmers special tax incentives for conservation efforts.
b
All of the following are types of subsistence agriculture except Select one: a. pastoral nomadism. b. truck farming. c. shifting cultivation. d. swidden agriculture. e. intensive rice farming.
b
All of the following are ways for a country or region to increase the food supply except Select one: a. increase the amount of land in production. b. increase farm subsidies. c. increase agricultural productivity. d. identify new sources of food. e. import more food.
b
Boserup's basic thesis with respect to population growth in cultures that practiced subsistence agriculture was that Select one: a. population increase would decimate local resources. b. population increase would be accompanied by an increase in how intensely land would be used. c. population increase would become unsustainable. d. population increase would lead to out-migration. e. population increase would lead to competition for limited resources.
b
The land division system most responsible for dispersed rural settlements in many parts of the United States is the Select one: a. long lot system. b. township and range system. c. metes and bounds system. d. enclosure movement. e. none of the above.
b
Clustered rural settlements are most commonly associated with Select one: a. the mid-Atlantic region. b. New England. c. the lower Mississippi Valley. d. the Southeast. e. the Ohio River Valley.
b
Dairy farmers specialize in other products rather than fresh milk because Select one: a. of the low profit margin of milk. b. they are located outside the milkshed. c. of the high cost of feed. d. of the high cost of land. e. none of the above.
b
Humans survived prior to the invention of agriculture by engaging in Select one: a. shifting cultivation. b. hunting and gathering. c. pastoral nomadism. d. hunting big game animals. e. slash and burn cultivation techniques.
b
Suitcase farms are most associated most with Select one: a. mixed crop and livestock farming. b. grain farming. c. market gardening. d. dairy farming. e. luxury crops.
b
The country that produces the most maize in the world is Select one: a. Canada. b. United States. c. Ukraine. d. Brazil. e. Argentina.
b
The invention in the late 1800s that changed the geography of cattle ranching was Select one: a. the harvester. b. barbed wire. c. the steel tipped plow. d. the John Deere tractor. e. none of the above.
b
The main difference between coffee and tea is that Select one: a. coffee is consumed where it is produced. b. tea is consumed where it is produced. c. coffee is grown in upland areas in the tropics and subtropics. d. tea is grown in low-lying areas in humid continental climates. e. A and B only.
b
The major reason why intensive subsistence farmers do not grow rice is because Select one: a. it takes too much effort. b. of the climate. c. they do not have the expertise. d. they have a cultural taboo against rice. e. they can make more money from growing other crops.
b
The region with the lowest percent of the labor force directly engaged in agriculture is Select one: a. Western Europe. b. North America. c. Eastern Europe. d. North Africa. e. East Asia.
b
The second agricultural revolution coincided with Select one: a. the Enlightenment. b. the Industrial Revolution. c. Imperialism. d. the Age of Revolutions. e. the first wave of European migration.
b
This type of farming practice helps preserve soil conservation by planting crops on the tops of hills. Select one: a. Intertillage. b. Ridge tillage. c. Crop rotation. d. Cover crop planting. e. None of the above.
b
Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume New York City is the single market for the United States, mixed crop and livestock agriculture would be located in Select one: a. New England. b. the Midwest. c. the Pacific Northwest. d. southeastern states. e. Great Plains.
b
What best characterizes intensive commercial agriculture? Select one: a. Commercial agriculture dominates in More Developed Countries (MDCs). b. Due to globalization and competition, profit margins have decreased. c. Farmers must specialize in order to stay competitive. d. Farmers are part of a complex and highly integrated system called agribusiness. e. All of the above.
b
Which famous cultural geographer theorized that the invention of agriculture took place in multiple hearths? Select one: a. Ester Bosrup. b. Carl Sauer. c. Henrich von Thunen. d. Walter Christaller. e. William Burgess.
b
Which of the following are examples of extensive subsistence agriculture? Select one: a. Swidden and dairy. b. Slash and burn agriculture and nomadic herding. c. Shifting cultivation and livestock ranching. d. Livestock ranching and slash and burn agriculture. e. Nomadic herding and plantation agriculture.
b
Why do different regions of the United States specialize in different dairy products? Select one: a. Soil fertility varies from region to region. b. Their relative location with respect to the milkshed. c. Other crops are more economical. d. Historical customs differ for various dairy products. e. All of the above.
b
Why do societies practicing shifting cultivation only farm the same plot of land for one to two years? Select one: a. Shifting cultivation depletes nutrients from the soil faster than other methods. b. Tropical soils are nutrient poor. c. Pressure from the government keeps tribes moving. d. Since they don't own the land, tribes must keep shifting location. e. All of the above.
b
Where are petroleum reserves of Southwest Asia clustered?
border the Persian Gulf
According to the von Thunen model, what type of agricultural practice would locate in the outer most concentric ring? Select one: a. Dairy. b. Forestry. c. Grazing. d. Mixed crop and livestock. e. Horticulture.
c
Agricultural first diffused to Europe from Select one: a. North Africa. b. South Asia. c. Southwest Asia. d. West Africa. e. Southeast Asia.
c
All of the following are aspects of commercial agriculture except Select one: a. a heavy reliance on machinery. b. the product is consumed off the farm. c. there is little relationship to other businesses. d. a small percentage of the workforce is engaged directly in agriculture. e. the average size of farms is hundreds of acres.
c
All of the following are forms of farm subsidies except Select one: a. establishing a minimum price for their product regardless of market conditions. b. importing barriers on foreign agricultural products. c. paying farmers to grow specialty crops. d. paying farmers not to produce more than a certain amount for their product. e. giving farmers tax incentives for various conservation measures.
c
All of the following were vegetative planting (root crop) hearths except Select one: a. West Africa. b. Southeast Asia. c. Southwest Asia. d. Peruvian Highlands. e. All of the above.
c
Commercial agriculture practiced in the tropics and subtropics is called Select one: a. intensive subsistence agriculture. b. paddy rice farming. c. plantation agriculture. d. double cropping. e. none of the above.
c
The biotechnical agricultural revolution is best characterized by Select one: a. the integration of crop rotation systems with technology. b. the use of remote sensing in determining irrigation levels. c. the incorporation of genetically modified crops. d. the use of integrated pest management. e. the development of more palatable grains.
c
The most important large-scale commercial wheat producing countries in the world include all of the following except Select one: a. United States. b. Ukraine. c. Switzerland. d. Argentina. e. Australia.
c
The process by which people engaged in shifting cultivation plant crops of varying heights in order to protect lower crops is called Select one: a. ridge tillage. b. swidden agriculture. c. intertillage. d. shifting cutivtion. e. subsistence agriculture.
c
The technical definition of horticulture includes the cultivation of Select one: a. flowers. b. flowers and fruits. c. flowers, fruits, and vegetables. d. flowers and carnations. e. flowers and nursery plants.
c
What area of the world first incorporated domestication of both plants and animals? Select one: a. Ethiopian Highlands. b. Southwest Asia. c. Southeast Asia. d. East Asia. e. Middle America.
c
What has been the trend with respect to dairy farming in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) since the 1970s? Select one: a. Production has declined relative to income. b. Production has declined due to government regulations. c. Production has increased as a total percent of world production levels. d. Production has increased due to foreign aid. e. None of the above.
c
What is the best reason for why many dairy farmers in Wisconsin choose to produce butter and cheese rather than fresh milk? Select one: a. Most dairy farmers are located too far from Milwaukee and Chicago. b. The profit margin is higher on cheese. c. The entire country is their market area for these products. d. Wisconsin's peripheral location within the United States is ideal. e. All of the above.
c
What is the best reason why market gardening farms grow highly perishable fruits and vegetables? Select one: a. Favorable climate. b. High soil fertility. c. Farms are located close to urban centers. d. Transportation costs are low. e. Government subsidies make it possible.
c
What type of diffusion is most closely associated with the Columbian Exchange? Select one: a. Stimulus diffusion. b. Expansion diffusion. c. Relocation diffusion. d. Hierarchical diffusion. e. Contagious diffusion.
c
Which pairing of animal(s) and region is not correct? Select one: a. Water buffalo, pig, and chicken - Southeast Asia. b. Llama and alpaca - South America. c. Cattle - South Asia. d. Goat and sheep - Southwest Asia. e. All of the above.
c
____________has increased its production by 20% per year for the last twenty years. Select one: a. Sustainable agriculture. b. Viticulture. c. Organic agriculture. d. Chicken production. e. None of the above.
c
Where are the highest levels of development in Latin America found?
coastal areas Brazil
According to Carl Sauer, what best characterized the invention of plant domestication? Select one: a. The process was gradual. b. A number of independent hearths were established. c. Hearths developed in areas with high biodiversity. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.
d
Agriculture is associated with the Select one: a. secondary sector of the economy. b. quaternary sector of the economy. c. tertiary sector of the economy. d. primary sector of the economy. e. service sector of the economy.
d
All of the following are characteristics of pastoral nomads except Select one: a. they consume mostly grains rather than meat. b. they trade meat and skins for grains. c. they stay in one place when rainfall is plentiful. d. they only consume animal products and animal by-products. e. they primarily depend on animals for their survival.
d
All of the following are characteristics of shifting cultivation except Select one: a. people usually live in small villages. b. farmers clear land using a slash (vegetation) and burn (debris. Technique) c. crops are grown on land until the nutrients in the soil are depleted. d. primogentric land ownership dominates shifting cultivation societies. e. farmers usually return to the same area approximately twenty years later.
d
All of the following are major wheat producing states except Select one: a. North Dakota. b. Nebraska. c. Kansas. d. Iowa. e. Montana.
d
Due to over harvesting of fish stocks and increased demand for seafood, what form of agriculture has substantially grown in the last thirty years? Select one: a. Factory deep sea fishing. b. Commercial plantation agriculture. c. Agribusiness. d. Aquaculture. e. Monoculture.
d
Europeans evolved from farming a single field in early medieval times to rotating crops into how many different sections or fields by the 18th century? Select one: a. One. b. Two. c. Three. d. Four. e. Five.
d
Even though climatic conditions are suitable for wine production in North Africa and Southwest Asia, why is this form of agriculture not practiced in these regions? Select one: a. Both areas need economic development to establish a wine industry. b. Strict government regulations discourage development of a wine industry. c. Lack of irrigation engineering is an impediment. d. There is not a cultural tradition of consuming wine in these regions. e. Desalination is still too costly for this type of economic activity.
d
Grain produced in the United States is used for all of the following except it is Select one: a. purchased by food processing companies for baked products. b. sent around the world as foreign aid. c. stored in grain elevators for and sold in the market when prices increase. d. consumed predominately by local communities throughout the Midwest. e. sent to sub-Saharan Africa for famine relief.
d
Growing only enough food to feed your family is an example of Select one: a. vegetative planting. b. market gardening. c. extensive commercial agriculture. d. subsistence agriculture. e. none of the above.
d
Growing or raising a single specialty crop on large tracts of land is called Select one: a. commercial agriculture. b. extensive commercial agriculture. c. industrial agriculture. d. monoculture. e. agribusiness.
d
Shifting cultivation is a threatened form of agriculture because of Select one: a. competition for resources from logging and mining companies. b. population increase. c. modern technology makes the practice obsolete. d. A and B only. e. none of the above.
d
The area in Canada most associated with grain farming is Select one: a. the Maritime Provinces. b. Ontario. c. the Northwest Territories. d. the Prairie Provinces. e. British Columbia.
d
The modern definition of agriculture includes Select one: a. animal husbandry and shifting cultivation. b. vegetative and seed planting. c. multiple hearths of origin. d. the deliberate domestication of plants and animals. e. none of the above.
d
The region of the world that benefited the least from the Green Revolution was Select one: a. South Asia. b. East Asia. c. South America. d. Sub-Saharan Africa. e. Central America.
d
The two most widely used and distributed Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) crops are Select one: a. corn and wheat. b. wheat and millet. c. soybeans and wheat. d. soybeans and corn. e. corn and flax.
d
Using von Thunen's model as a basis for analysis, assume London, England, and Paris, France, is the single market for Europe. Extensive grain farming would take place in Select one: a. southern England. b. Mediterranean France. c. Italy. d. the steppes of Russia. e. the Benelux countries.
d
What area in Canada is most productive for timber? Select one: a. the Maritime Provinces. b. Ontario. c. the Northwest Territories. d. British Columbia. e. the Prairie Provinces.
d
What geographic factor best explains why a piece of land is used intensively or extensively for agriculture? Select one: a. Soil quality. b. Precipitation levels. c. Climate region. d. Distance to the market. e. Price of land.
d
Which combination of animals was domesticated in Southwest Asia? Select one: a. Water buffalo, pig, and chicken. b. Llama and alpaca. c. Cattle, camel, and goat. d. Sheep and goat. e. Yak and horse.
d
Which of the following are negative consequences of the Green Revolution in India? Select one: a. It increased environmental damage due to the increased use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. b. It increased interregional migration. c. It increased the gap between wealthy and poor farmers. d. All of the above. e. A and B only.
d
According to the von Thunen model, what costs does a commercial farmer consider when deciding what crops to plant? Select one: a. Transportation costs. b. Cost of land. c. Transaction costs. d. Cost of externalities. e. A and B only.
e
Agriculture is affected by all of the following except Select one: a. cultural taboos. b. distance to the market. c. political policies. d. level of economic development. e. all of the above.
e
All of the following are areas in the United States most susceptible to losing prime agricultural land except Select one: a. California's Central Valley. b. the Chicago-Milwaukee-Madison triangle. c. coastal California. d. South Florida. e. all of the above.
e
All of the following are examples of intensive commercial agriculture except Select one: a. dairy. b. truck farming. c. mixed crop and livestock. d. horticulture. e. paddy rice farming.
e
All of the following are ways that small farmers try to compete against corporate operations except Select one: a. establish a CSA. b. become an organic operation. c. sell their produce at farmer's markets. d. specialize in a high quality product. e. increase their use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers.
e
Another name for truck farming is Select one: a. specialty farming. b. market gardening. c. commercial gardening and fruit farming. d. intensive commercial agriculture. e. all of the above.
e
Globalization impacts dairy farming in all of the following ways except Select one: a. increased the use of feedlots. b. increased the percentage of ownership in fewer hands. c. increased the use of mechanization in dairy operations. d. increased the size of farms. e. increased the number of dairy cattle in the United States and the U.K.
e
How did the second agricultural revolution improve agricultural production? Select one: a. The four-field system increased yields and soil fertility. b. New technologies such as the drill press increased production. c. The Enclosure Movement encouraged the use of machinery. d. Advances in breeding livestock increased production of meat and dairy. e. All of the above.
e
How has containerization changed the geography of linkages between production areas and location of consumers? Select one: a. Due to economies of scale, production areas have shifted to many Least Developed Countries (LDCs). b. The Suez and Panama canals are less important because of containerization. c. Containerization has made long distance trade more efficient. d. Containerization has made long distance trade more profitable. e. All of the above.
e
How have globalization and improved transportation links changed the geography of production areas for products such as apples, grapes, and fresh cut flowers? Select one: a. Farmers will seek out areas with the lowest production costs. b. North American farmers no longer have a competitive advantage all year. c. Production areas have become more competitive in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). d. Southern hemisphere producers have increased production of these items. e. All of the above.
e
The most practiced economic activity in the world is Select one: a. commercial agriculture. b. manufacturing. c. providing a service. d. extensive subsistence agriculture. e. intensive subsistence agriculture.
e
Many countries in Europe and Africa are reluctant to import Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) produced foods from the United States because Select one: a. they could severely alter local agricultural economies. b. they could possibly crossbreed with domestic varieties. c. they would cause economic dependence on US corporations. d. they are considered less nutritious. e. all of the above.
e
Many feed fattening farms (feedlots) have located in the southeast and west of the United States because of Select one: a. proximity to growing markets in the south and west. b. less severe weather. c. lack of union organization. d. cheaper feed. e. A and B only.
e
Market gardening dominates in Select one: a. New Jersey and Delaware. b. parts of Florida. c. the west coast of Michigan. d. the Central Valley of California. e. all of the above.
e
Market gardening farms are located close to large urban areas because Select one: a. expensive land costs force farmers to grow crops with a higher profit margin. b. of the highly perishable nature of their crops. c. transport costs are high due to special handling requirements. d. farmers need large amounts of capital for specialized machinery. e. all of the above.
e
Mediterranean agricultural products are grown in Select one: a. Chile. b. the Central Valley of California. c. southern Spain. d. North Africa. e. all of the above.
e
Most cereal grains produced in the Untied States are Select one: a. exported to developing countries. b. given away as foreign aid. c. turned into processed foods such as breakfast cereals and breads. d. sold to food processing industries. e. fed to livestock.
e
Most plantation operations are found in Select one: a. Latin America. b. Sub-Saharan Africa. c. Southeast Asia. d. South Asia. e. all of the above.
e
On a global scale most organic products are sold in Select one: a. North America. b. Europe. c. Japan. d. All of the above. e. A and B only.
e
Pastoral nomadism is a threatened way of life because Select one: a. of competition for resources. b. the nomads often cross international borders. c. it is not an economically viable livelihood. d. increased population pressures. e. all of the above.
e
Pastoral nomads and livestock ranchers both Select one: a. suffer from low profit margins. b. have difficulty hiring seasonal workers. c. require extensive knowledge of irrigation systems. d. are in competition with alternative land uses. e. operate most efficiently in similar climates.
e
Pastoral nomads predominate in Select one: a. semi-arid deserts. b. deserts. c. subtropical grasslands. d. tropical rainforest. e. A and B only.
e
Strategies used to increase the supply of food for a country could include Select one: a. putting more land into production. b. increasing the yield of land under cultivation. c. identifying new food sources. d. increasing food imports. e. all of the above.
e
Swidden agriculture refers to Select one: a. clearing land to farm using slash and burn techniques. b. only farming cleared land for one to two years. c. terracing steep hillsides for agricultural purposes. d. all of the above. e. A and B only.
e
The Enclosure Movement altered the geography and agricultural practices of rural England by Select one: a. consolidating oddly shaped fields. b. encouraging the use of more farm machinery. c. displacing farmers. d. all of the above e. A and B only.
e
The farm crisis in the United States during the late 1970s and 1980s resulted in Select one: a. many family farms going bankrupt. b. corporate farms playing a larger role in rural America. c. increased size of the average farm. d. making it more difficult for an individual to become a farmer. e. all of the above.
e
The goal(s) of sustainable agriculture is to Select one: a. reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage. b. help preserve the social fabric of rural communities. c. preserve the long-term productivity of the land. d. return to a better system of integrating crops and livestock. e. all of the above.
e
The major difference between subsistence and commercial agriculture is Select one: a. where the product is consumed. b. that commercial agriculture is primarily focused on profit. c. that land ownership in subsistence agricultural communities is often communal. d. that in subsistence agriculture the motivation is to feed one's family. e. all of the above.
e
What accounts for dramatic increased yields of wheat in developed countries since the 1950s? Select one: a. Increased use of machinery. b. Increased use of pesticides. c. Increased use of fertilizers. d. Development of improved seed varieties. e. All of the above.
e
What activity typifies extensive commercial agriculture? Select one: a. Wheat and grain farming. b. Livestock ranching. c. Banana plantations in Latin America. d. Mixed crop and livestock operations in Iowa. e. A and B only.
e
What advantages do cattle feedlots have over traditional methods of livestock ranching? Select one: a. Feedlots combine a number of steps in the meat packing industry in one location. b. Feedlots are more efficient at adding weight to cattle. c. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of cattle prior to being slaughtered. d. Feedlots reduce transportation costs of the finished product. e. All of the above.
e
What conclusion can one make with regard to the connection between the second agricultural revolution and the Industrial Revolution? Select one: a. Advancements in agricultural production helped feed the expanding population. b. Technological advancements helped increase agricultural production. c. Transportation improvements made more food available to urban populations. d. None of the above. e. A and B only.
e
What was the advantage of domesticating animals? Select one: a. Animals provided meat. b. Animals provided milk. c. Animals provided furs and skins. d. Animals were beasts of burden. e. All of the above.
e
Which of the following agricultural practices could be deemed sustainable? Select one: a. Intensive subsistence. b. Organic truck farming. c. Commercial livestock feedlots. d. Commercial dairy operations. e. A and B only.
e
Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the invention of agriculture? Select one: a. The process was gradual. b. There were multiple hearths throughout the world. c. The process was a sudden response to extreme environmental changes. d. Humans did little experimentation with plant domestication. e. A and B only.
e
Which region is not a major dairy producing area? Select one: a. Southeast Canada. b. Northeastern United States. c. Southern California. d. Northwestern Europe. e. Southeast United States.
e
Why did von Thunen include a forestry ring in his model of agricultural land use? Select one: a. Wood was quickly becoming a scarce resource. b. Wood was used for construction purposes and heating. c. Wood is heavy and therefore expensive to transport. d. Wood was a sustainable product. e. B and C only.
e
von Thunen's agricultural land use model assumes Select one: a. there is a flat isotopic plane. b. there are uniform soils across the landscape. c. there are no physical features present, such as rivers or mountains. d. all goods use the same form of transportation. e. all of the above.
e
Informal Economy
economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy
The self-sufficiency model stress equal investment in what areas?
economy and all religion
Identify characteristics of the fair trade movement.
fair pay, fair conditions
Agora
in ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized, and traded
Why did Southeast Asia have a traditionally low population?
heat/rainfall, typhoons, tsunamis, and volcanoes
McMansion
homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear-downs in american suburbs
How is healthcare in the US similar to that found in LDCs?
individuals have to pay 55% of it
India has embrace what economic model of development?
international trade alternative
Acropolis
literally "high point of the city." The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes.
Identify examples of secondary economic activities.
manufacturing, transforming, raw materials
Suburbanization
movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century
Are consumer goods common to most people in LDCs?
no
Agricultural Surplus
one of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural productionin exess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her family and which is then sold for sonsumption by others
New Urbanism
outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
The North American region is not the worlds leading producer of what energy resource?
petroleum
What was the key element in Saudi Arabia's international trade alternative?
petroleum reserves
What are the criticisms of structural adjustment programs?
poverty worsens, cuts i education,
What does it suggest when a country has a large percentage of people working in agriculture?
primary jobs, high illiteracy less GEM
Identify examples of quarternary economic activities.
real estate legal services maintenance
Trade Areas
region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant
Gated Communities
restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon
What types of jobs are in the tertiary sector?
retail banking law education government
Identify examples of tertiary economic activities.
retail, banking, law, education, government
Huang He and Wei River Valley
rivers in present day China; it was at the confluence of the Huang He and Wei Rivers where chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE
What was Japan's principal asset in development?
skilled labor force that specializes in high quality and high value for a low price
Where are LDCs located (in terms of the North/South divide, Core/Periphery, Brandt Line, and Domain/Sphere)?
south divide periphery below brandt
Forum
the focal point of ancient roman life combining the functions of the ancient greek acropolis and agora
Sunbelt Phenomenon
the movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern States to the South and Southwest regions(Sunbelt) of the United States
Gentrification
the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste.
Urban Morphology
the study of the physical form and structure of urban places
Central City
the urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs
Disamenity Sector
the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords
Central Place Theory
theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another
Shantytowns
unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard
Define gross domestic product.
value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time
When you look at the various levels of development within nations it can be concluded that there is a high degree of _____________ in the different regions. (Mexico, Brazil).
variation
Why does Southwest Asia and Norh Africa have greater potential for development?
very valuable petroleum
What is the key problem with using GDP or PC GDP as an economic indicator ?
wealth is not evenly distributed
