APHY 201 LECTURE EXAM 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS - INCOMPLETE
A Pacinian corpuscle is most responsive to: A. pressure B. chemical stimuli C. temperature change D. sound waves E. light waves
A
All somatic sensory information from the skin of the trunk and extremities is relayed to the somatic sensory cortex by the: A. thalamus B. hypothalamus C. frontal lobe D. temporal lobe E. cerebellum
A
Cones are: A. receptors for color vision B. found only in the optic disc C. receptors for night vision D. found primarily in the periphery of the retina E. two of the preceding
A
Cutaneous pain from the right thigh travels to the somatic sensory cortex via the: A. left anterolateral pathway of the spinal cord B. right posterior columns C. left spinocerebellar tract D. anterior corticospinal pathway E. left lateral corticospinal tract
A
Parasympathetic stimulation: A. increases gastrointestinal motility B. increases pupil diameter C. increases heart rate D. increases airway diameter E. increases production of saliva that is very thick causing dry cotton mouth feeling
A
The constant exposure to loud noise near 20,000 Hz would result in loss of hair cells on the basilar membrane: A. near the base of the cochlea B. near the apex of the cochlea C. at a location midway between the base and the apex D. at the helicotrema E. two of the preceding
A
The eustachian tube functions: A. to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane B. to help maintain equilibrium C. to magnify sounds D. to protect sounds E. all of the preceding
A
The gamma motorneurons of an extensor muscle: A. are inhibited when the alpha motorneurons of the opposing flexor are stimulated to produce flexion B. increase firing frequency as the opposing flexor muscle contracts. C. form motor units within the muscle D. are voluntarily activated by the temporal cortex of the cerebrum E. two of the preceding
A
The visual defect corrected by a concave lens that occurs because the image is focused in front of the retina is: A. myopia D. emmetropia B. hypermetropia E. cyclopia C. astigmatism
A
Which nerve controls heart rate, gastric secretion, and pancreatic secretion? A. C.N. X B. C.N. IX C. C.N. VII D. C.N. XII E. C.N. XI
A
Which of the following (is) are dominated by the right cerebral hemisphere? A. artistic creativity B. solving math problems C. motor control of speech D. logical thought E. two of the preceding
A
Which of the following functions is associated with the frontal lobe of the cerebrum? A. initiation of skeletal muscle contraction B. recognition of sound frequency and amplitude C. discrimination between thermal and mechanical stimuli D. discrimination between visual and auditory stimuli E. two of the preceding
A
Which of the following is (are) dominated by the left cerebral hemisphere? A. solving math problems B. artistic creativity C. intuitive thought D. understanding jokes E. two of the above
A
Which of the following is not one of the pigments found in cones? A. yellow C. red B. blue D. green
A
Which of the following nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers: A. tenth thoracic spinal nerve B. trigeminal nerve C. eighth cervical nerve D. facial nerve E. optic nerve
A
Which of the following nerves contains preganglionic sympathetic fibers? A. tenth thoracic spinal nerve B. trigeminal nerve C. eighth cervical spinal nerve D. facial nerve E. vagus nerve
A
Which of the following reflects increased sympathetic activity? A. vasodilation in skeletal muscle B. decreased airway diameter C. decreased heart rate D. pupillary constriction E. two of the preceding
A
Which tract is used to initiate rapid, fine-skilled movement? A. lateral corticospinal B. anterior spinothalamic C. lateral spinothalamic D. posterior column E. spinocerebellar
A
A blindfolded patient can feel or sense the weight of an object as well as its texture (rough, smooth, etc.) when olaced in his/her right hand but cannot identify its shape (cube, sphere, disc, etc.) based on how it feels. A probable area of brain damage is the: A. left frontal association cortex B. left parietal association cortex C. right temporal association cortex D. right occipital association cortex E. left hypothalamus
B
A blindfolded person can sense the weight of an object as well as its texture when placed in his/her left hand but cannot identify its shape. A probable area of brain damage is the: A. left frontal association cortex E. left hypothalamus B. right parietal association cortex C. left temporal association cortex D. right occipital association cortex
B
A near-sighted (myopic) individual: A. has a shortened eyeball B. use a biconcave lens for correction C. has a visual acuity of 1.00 D. has the image of an object focused behind the fovea E. two of the preceding
B
A nearsighted individual: A. has a shortened eyeball B. use a biconcave lens for correction C. has the image of an object focused behind the fovea D. both A and B E. A, B, and C
B
A patient can see a stop sign, describe its shape and color, but is unable to interpret the meaning or significance of the sign. Assuming the patient has had a stroke (CVA) the area of probable damage would be the: A. frontal lobe cortex B. temporal-occipital association cortex C. brainstem D. thalamus E. post-central gyrus
B
A patient comes in who has lost control of many muscles on the right side of his body. Strangely, he is able to sense pain, temperature, touch, pressure and vibrations from a tuning fork all over his body on both sides. This patient has most likely suffered: A. an injury in the posterior white columns of the spinal cord B. a cerebral hemorrhage in the left primary motor cortex C. a cerebral hemorrhage in the right primary motor cortex D. injury to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum E. a complete transection of the spinal cord in the cervical (neck) region
B
As a person ages a loss of near vision occurs as the lens gradually loses its elasticity and the near point of accommodation recedes. This is know as: A. myopia B. presbyopia C. emmetropia D. hypermetropia E. glaucoma
B
As in walking, when the brain initiates contraction of a flexor muscle via the alpha motor neuron, it also: A. increases gamma activity in the opposing extensor B. decreases gamma activity in the opposing extensor C. decreases activity in the flexor D. increases alpha activity in E. does none of the above
B
As regards sensory systems, one method of informing the brain about the intensity of a stimulus involves a frequency code. Another method involves: A. a labeled-line code B. a population code C. a Morse code D. the law of Specific Nerve Energies E. the law of Adequate Stimulus
B
Autonomic alpha-one adrenergic receptors are: A. blocked by nicotine B. sympathetic receptors that mediate contraction of vascular smooth muscle C. stimulated by alpha-two receptors D. excitatory everywhere except the heart E. two of the preceding
B
Autonomic alpha-one adrenergic receptors are: A. blocked by norepinephrine B. sympathetic receptors that mediate contraction of vascular smooth muscle C. stimulated by alpha-two receptors D. excitatory everywhere except the heart E. extinct
B
Before sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex, it is processed and integrated by the: A. cerebellum B. thalamus C. hypothalamus D. brainstem E. alpha motor neurons
B
Damage to the gamma motor neuron system would most likely result in: A. spastic paralysis B. inability to coordinate muscle activities C. flaccid paralysis D. loss of myotatic reflexes E. two of the preceding
B
Damage to the right anterolateral pathways at spinal segment C3 could result in: A. loss of pain sensation from the right arm B. loss of temperature sensation from the left leg C. loss of pain sensation from the right leg D. loss of left patellar reflex (knee-jerk) E. two of the preceding
B
General parasympathetic stimulation results in: A. dilation of the pupil B. a decrease in heart rate C. secretion of thick, scant saliva D. a decrease in pancreatic enzyme secretion E. difficulty in swallowing
B
If the sensory portion of this nerve were cut, facial anesthesia would result: A. C.N. Ill B. C.N. V C. C.N. II D. C.N. IX E. C.N. VI
B
In the somatic motor system, intended movement is compared with actual movement and motor output adjusted to accomplish coordinated activity. The comparator function is accomplished by the: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. pons D. mesencephalon E. thalamus
B
Interpretation of the magnitude or intensity of a pressure stimulus applied to the skin involves: A. the amplitude of the sensory nerve fiber action potentials B. the number of sensory nerve fibers activated simultaneously C. lateral spinothalamic tracts D. parieto-occipital association cortex E. two of the preceding
B
Involuntary control of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and the depth of breathing are functions of the: A. seventh cranial nerves B. medulla oblongata C. eighth cranial nerves D. eleventh cranial nerves E. two of the preceding
B
Localization and differentiation of thermal vs. mechanical (pressure) cutaneous stimuli involves the _____________ cortex of the cerebrum. A. frontal B. parietal C. temporal D. occipital E. occipito-temporal
B
Nicotinic receptors: A. are adrenergic receptors B. can be found on both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons C. respond to muscarine D. are the same as curariform receptors E. are designated as alpha or beta receptors
B
Otoliths (calcium carbonate) play a role in the function of: A. the crista B. the macula C. the organ of Corti D. the tympanic membrane E. none of the preceding
B
Rotation of the body around a vertical axis, as in spinning on iceskates, is detected by: A. otoliths of the saccule B. hair cells in the ampullae of semicircular canals C. hair cells in the organ of Corti D. the cochlear division of cranial nerve VIII E. maculae of the vestibules
B
Stimulation of extensor gamma motorneurons: A. reduces stretch sensitivity of the opposing flexor B. increases stretch sensitivity of the extensor C. causes isometric contraction of the extensor D. inhibits the contralateral flexor E. none of the above
B
That portion of the brainstem concerned with visual reflexes such as the pupillary reflex is the: A. pons B. mesencephalon C. medulla oblongata D. thalamus E. hypothalamus
B
The ability to bring the tips of your right and left index finger together with your eyes closed involves: A. the tactile sense B. the use of proprioreceptors C. nociceptors D. tonic discharge E. all of the above
B
The ipsilateral withdrawal reflex: A. is a monosynaptic reflex arc B. requires association or interneurons C. simultaneously activates ipsilateral extensors and flexors D. can easily be voluntarily inhibited once initiated E. two of the preceding
B
The right corner of the mouth and the right upper eyelid droop, there is noticeable lack of muscle tone in the right cheek. This person suffers from damage to: A. left C.N. V D. left C.N. IX B. right C.N. VII E. right C.N. VI C. right C.N. Ill
B
The right optic tract has been compressed by a tumor, blocking transmission in the optic fibers. The loss of vision: A. would exclusively involve the right eye B. would involve the visual fields of both eyes C. would involve the visual cortex of both right and left cerebral hemispheres D. would result in complete blindness E. would be called emmetropia
B
The structure of the cerebrum that functionally and anatomically connects the two hemispheres is called the: A. thalamus B. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus D. cerebellum E. superior colliculi
B
Transection (completely cutting through) of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves that supply the muscles of the anterior thigh would result in: A. inability to voluntarily extend the leg B. inability to elicit the knee-jerk (patellar) reflex C. spastic paralysis of anterior thigh muscles D. flaccid paralysis of the anterior thigh muscles E. two of the preceding
B
Which of the following is not part of the fight or flight response? A. increase in the force of heart contraction B. decrease in blood flow, to the skeletal muscles C. increase in pulse rate D. conversion of stored food into glucose E. more oxygen is made available by increased breathing
B
Which of the following reflects increased sympathetic activity? A. decreased heart rate B. increased airway diameter C. vasodilation in the gut D. pupillary constriction E. decreased skeletal muscle blood flow
B
. In the autonomic nervous system, beta receptors: A. are cholinergis B. can be blocked by curare C. when engaged with transmitter, increase heart rate D. are found only in skeletal muscle E. are muscarinic
C
According to the principle of reciprocal innervation: A. extensor alpha motorneurons are stimulated when the extensor gamma motorneurons are inhibited B. when flexors at a joint are stimulated, extensors at the same joint are stimulated C. when flexor alpha motorneurons are stimulated, the alpha motorneurons of the opposing extensor are inhibited D. stimulation of ipsilateral flexors is accompanied by contralateral stimulation of extensors E. all muscles are supplied by alpha and gamma neurons
C
Broca's area of the brain: A. controls hearing B. is usually in the right cerebrum C. controls speech D. involves taste E. two of the preceding
C
Considering the size and number of component motor units and the need for precise control of skeletal muscles, which of the following has the greatest area of representation in the somatic motor cortex? A. muscles that move the toes B. muscles that move the legs C. muscles that move the thumb and fingers D. muscles that move the arms E. muscles that move the trunk
C
Damage to the cranial nerve #1 would most likely interfere with the sense of: A. balance B. sight C. smell D. hearing E. taste
C
Damage to the following nerve may result in paralysis of facial muscles: A. C.N. Ill B. C.N. V C. C.N. VII D. C.N. X E. C.N. VI
C
Damage to the lateral spinothalamic pathway in the left brainstem could result in: A. loss of cutaneous pain on the left side of the trunk B. loss of light touch from the left arm skin C. loss of cutaneous temperature sensation from the right leg D. dilated left pupil E. spastic paralysis of the arm
C
Damage to the lateral white matter of the spinal cord on the right side of the body between the shoulder blades could result in: A. loss of spinal reflexes involving the left arm B. loss of spinal reflexes involving the right leg C. loss of sensation from the skin of the left leg D. paralysis of the right side of the face E. sensory but not motor loss involving the right leg
C
Damage to the left anterolateral pathway at spinal segment Tio could result in: A. loss of conscious muscle position in the right leg B. loss of fine skilled movement in the left leg C. loss of cutaneous pain sensation from the right leg D. loss of cutaneous pressure sensation from the left leg E. a sensory loss other than one of the above
C
Extension of the leg involves: A. inhibition of extensor gamma motorneurons B. stimulation of flexor gamma motorneurons C. stimulation of extensor alpha motorneurons D. stimulation of flexor alpha motorneurons E. two of the preceding
C
General sympathetic stimulation results in: A. a decrease in heart rate B. an increase in gastrointestinal motility C. dilation of the pupil D. increased watery saliva secretion E. temporary paralysis of skeletal muscle
C
Hypermetropia: A. occurs when light is focused in front of the retina B. is another name for presbyopia C. can be corrected by placing a convex lens in front of the eye D. means vision which is extraordinarily good E. none of the preceding
C
If one of the optic tracts were cut, the resulting blindness would involve: A. only one eye B. right and left thalamus C. one half the visual field of both eyes D. both occipital lobes of the cerebrum E. none of the preceding
C
Interpreting sound intensity (loudness) involves: A. the parietal cerebrum B. the hypothalamus C. the organ of Corti D. the utricle E. two of the preceding
C
Obstinence, irreverence, changes in motor behavior, overreaction to inconsequential stimuli, excessive anger, rage, and other disturbances of personality suggest possible damage to the: A. temporal association cortex D. mesencephalon B. medulla oblongata E. spinal cord C. prefrontal cortex
C
Regardless of the modality of a stimulus, the sensation perceived when the receptor is stimulated is always the same. This is known as the: A. law of adequate stimulus B. all or none law C. law of specific nerve energies D. Murphy's law E. Starling's law
C
Rotation of the eyeball in the orbit requires cranial nerves A. 5-6-7 B. 2-3-5 C. 3-4-6 D. 2-4-6 E. 3-4-5
C
Sensory receptors are most sensitive to one modality of stimulus. This is known as the law of: A. Murphy B. specific nerve energies C. adequate stimulus D. threshold stimulus E. ESP
C
Severe damage to this area of the brain may result in cessation of breathing. It is the: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. medulla oblongata D. thalamus E. hypothalamus
C
So that the tympanic membrane can vibrate normally, the ___________ allows air pressure to become equal on either side. A. pinna B. cochlea C. eustachian tube D. semicircular canal E. utricle
C
Stimulation of the eye's photoreceptors by a pressure stimulus results in the perception of a visual sensation rather than a pressure sensation. This demonstrates the law of: A. adequate stimulus B. all or none C. specific nerve energies D. averages E. Murphy
C
The autonomic receptors on the postganglionic neuron are: A. muscarinic B. adrenergic C. nicotinic D. sensitive to epinephrine E. none of the preceding
C
The modality (type) of a somatic or special sensory stimulus is determined by the brain using a_code. A. frequency B. population C. labeled-line D. bar E. Morse
C
The motor division of cranial nerve V on the right side of the brainstem has become nonfunctional. As a result, the subject has lost entirely or partially the ability to: A. raise the right eyebrow B. frown C. clench teeth D. sense pain from the right cheek skin E. shed tears
C
The organ of Corti: A. is responsible for equilibrium B. is located within the scala tympani C. is responsible for hearing D. is located within the scala vestibuli E. two of the preceding
C
The part of the body with the greatest sensitivity to somatic sensory stimuli, and therefore the par with the greatest representation in the post central gyrus is (are) the: A. arm B. hand C. fingers and thumb D. toes E. hips
C
The primary somatic sensory cortex: A. receives information from the organ of Corti B. is located in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum C. perceives pain D. is located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum E. stores information regarding somatic sensations such as what it feels like to touch a hot stove
C
The trichromatic theory of color vision is based on: A. rods, not cones B. red rods, blue cones C. red, blue, and green cones D. red, white and blue cones E. Dr. Shinobu Ishihara
C
The withdrawal reflex: A. is monosynaptic B. is a brainstem reflex C. is primarily an ipsilateral D. requires input from the cerebral cortex E. involves ipsilateral stimulation of extensors
C
This part of the brain contains the body's thermostat: A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. hypothalamus D. cerebral cortex E. cerebellum
C
This structure issues commands (excitatory and inhibitory) to the gamma motor neurons: A. primary somatic motor cortex B. thalamus C. cerebellum D. temporal lobe of the cerebrum E. occipital lobe of the cerebrum
C
What is contained in the medulla oblongata? A. centers that control core body temperature B. corpus callosum C. primary cardiovascular control center D. superior and inferior colliculi E. nuclei for cranial nerves 2,3, and 4
C
Which of the following describes autonomic tone? A. The sympathetics excite; the parasympathetics inhibit. B. Most viscera have sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. C. The two divisions of the ANS usually oppose each other and are always active, although their levels of activity vary. D. Alpha and beta receptors have opposite effects. E. Two of the preceding.
C
Which of the following functions is associated with the parietal lobe of the cerebrum? A. initiation of skeletal muscle contraction B. recognition of sound frequency and amplitude C. discrimination between thermal and mechanical stimuli D. two of the preceding E. none of the preceding
C
Which of the following is (are) true concerning retinal function? A. Cone vision is best at low levels of light intensity. B. Color vision is mediated by rods. C. Rod vision is of low acuity. D. Visual acuity is highest in the peripheral retina. E. blind spot = fovea centralis
C
Which of the following is associated with damage to the cerebellum? A. spastic paralysis B. flaccid paralysis C. past-pointing D. inability to sense body position E. loss of myotatic reflexes
C
Which reflex is monosynaptic and ipsilateral? A. pupillary dilator B. babinski C. knee-jerk D. withdrawal E. two of the preceding
C
Which type of receptor is found on target cells of postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers? A. beta receptor B. alpha receptor C. muscarinic receptor D. nicotinic receptor E. curariform receptor
C
A loss of taste and salivation could result from damage to the_____________cranial nerve. A. fifth B. twelfth C. second D. seventh E. none of the preceding
D
A time when you would want to simultaneously increase spindle sensitivity in both flexors and extensors at a given joint. A. when walking B. when running C. when swimming D. when standing at attention E. there is never such a time
D
According to the motor homunculus (disproportionate human figure), the largest area of motor control by the cerebral cortex is dedicated to controlling muscles of the_. A. toes B. legs C. arms D. thumb and fingers E. anterior and posterior trunk
D
Alpha receptors: A. are cholinergic B. are muscarinic C. are nicotinic D. are adrenergic E. can be blocked by curare
D
An application of pressure to the eyeball results in a visual sensation even though the usual stimulus modality for photoreceptors is light. The experiment demonstrates the law of: A. neutrality E. Newton B. adequate stimulus C. all or none D. specific nerve energies
D
Angular acceleration of the body is detected by receptors in the: A. utricle B. saccule C. vestibule D. semicircular canals E. cochlea
D
As an object in your visual field is moved closer to your eyes, the visual image of the object remains clear because: A. the ciliary muscle relaxes B. your eyes diverge C. you have passed the near point D. the ciliary muscle contracts E. the pupils constrict
D
Based upon the changes in the frequency and amplitude of the brain's electrical activity there are_states of sleep. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6
D
Blindfolded, a person is unable to identify the shape of a wooden cube placed in the left hand although the person can sense when the object was placed in the hand. The most probable location of a lesion is the: A. right temporal association cortex B. Broca's area left cortex C. right prefrontal cortex D. right parietal association cortex E. left primary somatic sensory cortex
D
Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes: A. the eyeball to rotate laterally B. the pupil to become smaller C. the lens to become thinner (flatten) D. the lens to become thicker (bulge) E. the near-point to recede
D
Cutaneous two-point discrimination requires: A. lateral spinothalamic tracts B. anterior corticospinal tracts C. premotor cortex D. posterior columns E. anterior spinocerebellar tracts
D
Damage to alpha motorneurons may result in: A. spastic paralysis of skeletal muscle B. paralysis of smooth muscle C. loss of awareness concerning muscle strength D. flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscle E. two of the preceding
D
Damage to cranial nerve V would most likely interfere with: A. vision B. hearing C. swallowing D. chewing E. balance
D
Deviation of the tongue to the left suggests damage to the: A. right C.N. XII B. left C.N. V C. left C.N. IX D. left C.N. XII E. left C. N. VII
D
If the right eighth thoracic spinal nerve (upper back) were cut, there would be: A. a loss of pain sensation from the toes of the left foot B. spastic paralysis of right leg muscles C. flaccid paralysis of right leg muscles D. loss of all reflex activity in body region supplied by RTg spinal nerve E. two of the preceding
D
If your spinal cord was completely severed between C3 and C4 vertebrae you would lose: A. pain sensation from the face B. myotatic reflexes of the lower extremities C. myotatic reflexes of the upper extremities D. upper motorneuron control of respiratory muscles E. reflex emptying of the urinary bladder
D
Muscles of facial expression are controlled by motor fibers in the ___________ cranial nerves. A. first B. third C. fifth D. seventh E. ninth
D
Primary control of heart rate and blood pressure is a function of the: A. thalamus B. mesencephalon C. fifth cranial nerve D. medulla oblongata E. two of the preceding
D
Reflexes of the brainstem or spinal cord: A. are always multisynaptic B. can always be voluntarily inhibited C. are always excitatory, never inhibitory D. may be ipsilateral or contralateral E. always require skeletal muscle as an effector
D
Repeated exposure to the high intensity sounds of hard rock music (noise) has left you with an inability to hear sound frequencies at and near 20,000 Hz. A likely site of damage to the auditory system is the: A. organ of Corti, apical cochlea B. semicircular canal, superior C. saccule D. organ of Corti, basal cochlea E. spiral ganglion
D
The ability to describe the shape of an object held in the hand by a blindfolded subject requires normal functioning of the subject's: A. occipital cerebral cortex D. parietal cerebral cortex B. prefrontal cerebral cortex E. hypothalamus C. tectum of the mesencephalon
D
The anterior root of the spinal nerve Ts has been severed. In the area of the body supplied by Ts there would be loss of: A. cutaneous pain sensation B. cutaneous light touch sensation C. conscious sense of joint movement D. voluntary control of skeletal muscle and reflex control E. reflex control of skeletal muscle but not voluntary control
D
The following statement is true (if more than one is true, choose E): A. efferent fibers in the PNS are sensory B. afferent fibers in the PNS are motor C. all cranial nerves are classified as mixed D. all spinal nerves are classified as mixed E. more than one of the above statements is true
D
The most likely result of irregular curvature of the cornea is: A. myopia B. hypermetropia C. emmetropia D. astigmatism E. nyctalopia
D
The primary purpose or function of the gamma motorneuron is to: A. prevent flexors and extensors from contracting at the same time B. facilitate the withdrawal reflex C. maintain posture of the body D. adjust sensitivity of the neuromuscular spindle E. inhibit the alpha motorneuron
D
The sensory information carried by fibers in the optic tract on the right side of the brain is derived from: A. the entire right visual field B. the nasal component of the left and right visual fields C. the temporal component of the left and right visual fields D. the nasal component of the right visual field and the temporal component of the left visual field E. the nasal component of the left visual field and the temporal component of the right visual field
D
The trichromatic theory of color vision is based on: A. red, yellow, green cones B. red cones, green cones, rods C. rods and cones D. blue, red, and green cones E. purple, orange, and pink cones
D
Transection (completely cutting through) of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves that supply the muscles of the posterior thigh would result in: A. inability to voluntarily extend the leg B. inability to elicit the knee-jerk reflex C. spastic paralysis of posterior thigh muscles D. flaccid paralysis of posterior thigh muscles E. two of the preceding
D
Transection (completely cutting through) of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves that supply the posterior thigh would result in: A. inability to elicit the knee-jerk reflex B. spastic paralysis of posterior thigh muscles C. flaccid paralysis of posterior thigh muscles D. anesthesia of posterior thigh E. two of the preceding
D
Upon stepping on a tack, a person lifts the injured foot and extends the opposite leg to maintain balance. The extensor reflex: A. is monosynaptic B. is ipsilateral C. requires the brain for activation D. is contralateral E. two of the preceding
D
When the ciliary muscle contracts: A. the lens becomes thinner B. the pupil becomes smaller C. the pupil becomes larger D. the lens becomes thicker E. the eyeball moves laterally
D
When the sympathetic system is activated one sees: A. increased blood flow to the skin B. increased secretion of gastric enzymes C. increased urine production D. increased airway diameter E. increased production of thin watery saliva
D
Which of the following is (are) dominated by the left cerebral hemisphere? A. artistic creativity B. intuitive thought C. subtle meanings of language D. logical thought as in science E. A & D
D
Which of the following is (are) not dominated by the right cerebral hemisphere? A. artistic creativity B. intuitive thought C. subtle meanings of language D. logical thought as in science E. two or more of the preceding
D
Which of the following is most likely to be associated with a lesion (area of damage) of the frontal cortex? A. partial anesthesia B. flaccid paralysis C. altered mood D. spastic paralysis E. partial deafness
D
Which of the following motor activities best exemplifies the case where there is a *simultaneous* increase in gamma motorneuron activity to both agonist and antagonist muscles at a given joint? A. walking D. standing at attention B. running E. lifting barbells C. swimming
D
Which of the following nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? A. tenth thoracic spinal nerve B. trigeminal nerve C. eighth cervical nerve D. facial nerve E. optic nerve
D
Which of the following tracts transmits pain information from the skin on the left thigh? A. left anterior spinothalamic B. right anterior spinothalamic C. left lateral spinothalamic D. right lateral spinothalamic E. left posterior column
D
With respect to simple spinal reflexes: A. all reflex arcs are multisynaptic B. all reflex arcs involve a sensory, internuncial, and motor neuron C. all neurotransmitters used in synaptic transmission are excitatory D. all sensory information is relayed to higher neural centers E. none of the preceding
D
You accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot and reflexively withdraw your foot. The: A. contralateral flexors of the knee were stimulated to contract B. ipsilateral extensors of the knee were stimulated to contract C. the contralateral extensors of the knee were inhibited D. the ipsilateral flexors of the knees were stimulated to contract E. two of the preceding
D
A lesion has blocked all transmission into and through the right half of the spinal cord at the 12th thoracic segment. The patient loses: A. touch and pressure sensation from left leg B. motor control of the right arm C. pain and temperature sensation from left leg D. motor control of the left arm E. two of the preceding
E
A lesion in the right primary auditory cortex could result in: A. complete right ear deafness B. complete left ear deafness C. partial right ear deafness D. partial left ear deafness E. answers (C) and (D)
E
A patient involved in a sailing accident has lost the ability to sense the flow of air across his left arm and leg and to perceive pain on the right side of his body. These symptoms are suggestive of: A. a hemisection of the right side of the brain stem above the level of the medulla B. a hemisection of the left side of the spinal cord at the cervical level C. a hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord at the thoracic level D. a hemisection of the left side of the spinal cord at the thoracic level E. none of the preceding
E
A simple spinal reflex such as a withdrawal reflex: A. is usually multisynaptic B. is usually ipsilateral C. usually requires input from the brain D. always involves anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots E. all of the above except C
E
Alpha motorneurons: A. are found in the posterior root of a spinal nerve B. are controlled by upper motorneurons C. are lower motorneurons D. adjust sensitivity of the neuromuscular spindle E. two of the preceding
E
Beta adrenergic receptors: A. are receptors for muscarine B. are nicotinic receptors C. can be blocked by curare D. are receptors for only norepinephrine E. increase heart rate when engaged with transmitter
E
Blocking nicotinic autonomic receptors would result in: A. decreasing sympathetic but not parasympathetic activity B. decreasing parasympathetic but not sympathetic activity C. increasing sympathetic and decreasing parasympathetic activity D. increasing parasympathetic and decreasing sympathetic activity E. decreasing both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity
E
Conductive hearing loss results from damage to: A. outer ear B. middle ear C. inner ear D. cerebral cortex E. two of the above
E
Considering the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which statement is true: A. The preganglionic transmitter is norepinephrine. B. The postganglionic transmitter is acetylcholine except in skeletal muscle. C. The preganglionic neurons are located in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments. D. Most postganglionic neurons are very short and located within the walls of viscera. E. None of the preceding statements are true.
E
Daily routine maintenance of visceral activities is the domain of the: A. primary somatic motor cortex B. cerebellum C. premotor cortex in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum D. sympathetic division of the ANS E. parasympathetic division of the ANS
E
Damage to the dorsal columns, such as may occur in tabes dorsalis (syphilis) would result in partial or complete: A. loss of cutaneous two point discrimination B. loss of skeletal muscle coordination C. loss of pain sensation D. loss of temperature sensation E. answers (a) and (b)
E
Damage to the dorsal columns, such as may occur in tabes dorsalis (syphilis) would result in partial or complete: A. loss of vibratory sensation B. loss of skeletal muscle coordination C. loss of pain sensation D. loss of temperature sensation E. answers A and B
E
Damage to the lateral white matter of the spinal cord on the right side of the body between the shoulder blades could result in: A. loss of spinal reflexes involving the left arm B. loss of spinal reflexes involving the right leg C. loss of sensation from the skin of the right leg D. paralysis of the right side of the face E. sensory but no motor loss involving the left leg
E
Discrimination of sound frequencies and intensities detected by the right ear involves: A. the right temporal cortex B. the left temporal cortex C. the frontal cortex D. the occipital cortex E. two of the preceding
E
Discrimination of sound frequencies and intensities detected by the right ear involves: A. the right temporal cortex B. the left temporal cortex C. the frontal cortex D. the occipital cortex E. two of the preceding
E
Flexion of the forearm is accompanied by: A. stimulation (+) of extensor alpha motorneurons B. stimulation (+) of extensor gamma motorneurons C. inhibition (-) of flexor alpha motorneurons D. inhibition (-) of flexor gamma motorneurons E. inhibition (-) of extensor gamma motorneurons
E
Gamma motor neurons: A. are found in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve B. stimulate intrafusal fibers C. inhibit extrafusal fibers D. are controlled by extrapyramidal tracts E. two of the preceding
E
One of the following statements applies to the sympathetic division of the ANS. Which one? A. The ganglia are usually within walls of viscera. B. The receptor for postganglionic transmitter is muscarinic. C. None of the receptors for transmitters are nicotinic. D. Atropine blocks the receptor for postganglionic neurotransmitter. E. Activation of the beta receptor usually causes smooth muscle to relax.
E
Primary control of heart rate and blood pressure is a function of the: A. thalamus B. mesecephalon C. tenth cranial nerve D. medulla oblongata E. two of the preceding
E
Subconscious coordination and control of skeletal muscles as when maintaining balance requires normal function of the: A. parietal cortex of the cerebrum B. cerebellum C. cochlea D. otolith organs of the utricle and saccule E. two of the preceding
E
The ability to discriminate between two mechanical stimuli applied to skin requires normal functioning of the: A. anterior spinothalamic tracts B. ventral spinocerebellar tracts C. dorsal columns D. parietal cortex of cerebrum E. two of the preceding
E
The anterior root of spinal nerve T10 on the right side has been severed. Loss would include: A. cutaneous pain sensation from the right leg B. cutaneous temperature sensation from the left leg C. loss of voluntary activation of right leg skeletal muscles D. cutaneous touch and pressure from the area supplied by RTio- E. flaccid paralysis of muscles supplied by RT10-
E
The function of the ciliary muscle of the eye is: A. convergence B. to adjust the amount of light entering the eye C. to distinguish between light and dark objects D. to distinguish different colors E. none of the preceding
E
The hypothalamus: A. controls the internal environment of the body B. has neuroendocrine fibers C. controls basic biological rhythms D. provides motivation for drives E. all of the above
E
The intensity of a pressure stimulus is sensed as a result of: A. the frequency of action potentials generated in a single fiber B. the number of fibers activated C. the strength of each individual impulse D. the speed of conduction of each individual impulse E. both A and B
E
The organ of Corti is: A. located in the scala media B. responsible for hearing C. responsible for equilibrium D. located in the scala tympani E. two of the preceding
E
The perception of pain from the skin of the fingers requires normal functioning of the: A. frontal cerebral gortex B. anterior spinothalamic tracts C. parietal cerebral cortex D. lateral spinothalamic tracts E. two of the preceding
E
The primary function of the stapes is to: A. relay vibrations of the malleus to the incus B. relay vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the malleus C. relay vibrations of the incus to the vestibule D. dampen excessive vibration of the tympanic membrane E. none of the preceding
E
The retina contains: A. ganglion cells B. photoreceptors C. bipolar cells D. horizontal cells E. all of the above
E
This division of the brain controls visual reflexes such as accommodation of the lens. It is the: A. hypothalamus B. medulla oblongata C. pons D. thalamus E. mesencephalon
E
Transection (completely cutting through) of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves that supply the muscles of the anterior thigh would result in: A. inability to voluntarily extend the leg B. inability to elicit the knee-jerk (patellar) reflex C. spastic paralysis of anterior thigh muscles D. flaccid paralysis of the posterior thigh muscles E. two of the preceding
E
Upon stepping on a tack, a person lifts the injured foot and extends the opposite leg to maintain balance, the extensor reflex: A. is multisynaptic B. is ipsilateral C. requires the brain for activation D. is contralateral E. two of the preceding
E
Which of the following is not an effector for the ANS? A. smooth muscle cell B. secretory cell of the salivary glands C. cardiac muscle cell D. pacemaker cell of the heart E. skeletal muscle cell
E
Which of the following reflects increased parasympathetic activity? A. increased heart rate B. increased blood flow to gut C. decreased pupillary diameter D. increased airway diameter E. two of the preceding
E
Which of the following would you expect to observe in a patient with a tumor in the cerebellum? A. loss of vision B. loss of hearing C. inability to perceive pain D. inability to initiate voluntary movements E. inability to execute smooth, steady movements
E
Which of the following would you expect to observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum? A. loss of vision B. loss of hearing C. inability to perceive pain D. inability to execute any voluntary movements E. inability to execute smooth, steady movements
E
Which type of receptor is found on target cells of preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers? A. beta B. alpha C. muscarinic D. curariform E. nicotinic
E
You reach to pick up an object on a table. The command to pick up was issued by the _____________ and the part of the brain ensuring coordination of appropriate muscles and overall smoothness of the movement is the____________. A. medulla, pons B. cerebellum, cerebrum C. thalamus, hypothalamus D. cerebrum, mesencephalon E. cerebrum, cerebellum
E
