APLAC Study Guide

denotation

dictionary definition

loose sentences

(this is actually the definition of strung-along sentence) the basic statement with a string of details added at the beginning or end

Structure

- setting, plot, and theme.

types of organization

-Chronological -Spatial, specific to general: starts on a small detail and broadens -General to specific: starts very general and then focuses in more on one specific thing -Least to most important (vis versa): tells least important info first then ends with most important details -Flashback or flash forward: flashback or forward to explain something happening in the present, flash forward to foreshadow -Contrast/Comparison -Cause and Effect

types of POV

1st Person 3rd Person Objective 3rd person omniscient 3rd person limited Stream of Consciousness

Passive Voice

A verb is in the passive voice when the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb. For example, in "The ball was thrown by the pitcher," the ball (the subject) receives the action of the verb, and was thrown is in the passive voice

Hyperbole

An over exaggeration to get the author's point across

Tone and Attitude

Author's Attitude: talking down (advisor or satirist), eye-to-eye (equal), talking up (subordinate)

Just Walk On By: Black Men and Public Space (p.339-343)

By:Brent Staples T: Discussing the effect his presence has on another person, specifically his presence on people at night or other scary situations A: The essay was written for Ms. Magazine so the intended audience was women. His audience could also include anyone that doesn't feel safe, alone and in the presence of a black man P: The author wants to make people aware that he isn't someone to be afraid of but that he also understands why they do it

simile

Comparison between two unlike things using like or as

Mode of Discourse (DANE)

DESCRIPTION- a writing that appeals to the senses ARGUMENTATION- genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner NARRATIVE: writing that tells a story, tells a sequence of events in a particular time frame for a specific purpose and has a specific point of view EXPOSITION: writing that explains or informs, mostly used in nonfiction, especially articles, essays and various books

Basic Sentence Types

Declarative- A statement. Interrogative- A question? Imperative- A command. Exclamatory- An exclamation!

metaphor

Direct comparison between two unlike things (without like or as)

personification

Giving non-human creatures or things human characteristics

Sensory Description

Imagery (Visual, Auditory, Tactile, Olfactory, Gustatory)

Onomatopoeia

The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (ex: sizzle, moo, cuckoo)

active voice

The subject of the sentence performs the action (ex: He played baseball.)

Connective Tissue Issue

Transitions Subject Consistency Tense Consistency Voice Consistency

Hemann's Rules

Use concrete nouns- should be able to feel, touch, taste and make essay come alive Active verbs: NOT "is, of, being" If you see an adjective- shoot it Remember audience and purpose Show don't tell

process

a method of clarifying the nature of something by explaining how it works step by step

definition

a method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning

Stream of Consciousness(POV)

a method of narration that describes a character's flow of thoughts, puts character's thoughts into text

Synecdoche

a subclass of metonymy in which a part of something is used to refer to the whole, for example "the White House revealed a plan to reduce hunger"

Periodic structure

additional details are added inside the basic statement. EX: Love, as everyone knows except those who happen to be afflicted with it, is blind

complex sentences

an independent clause that is joined with a dependent clause EX- I was snippy with him because I was running late for work."

rhetoric

an umbrella term for all of the strategies, modes, and devices a writer can employ to allow the reader to easily accept and understand his or her point of view

Symbolic aspects of Language Choices

anything that stands for or represents something else

Compound-Complex Sentences

at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses EX- Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much.

description

based on the five senses and aims to recreate or present something so the reader can experience it

The Fourth of July

by Audre Lorde T: Racism and Discrimination of African Americans A: To African Americans so they know they aren't alone and also to White people to show them how much discrimination has infiltrated other's lives and how it affects the people being discriminated against. P: To expose the discrimination that is present everywhere in America, even in our country's capital.

Shooting An Elephant (pg. 272-279)

by George Orwell T: Describing his experience shooting an elephant in Lower Burma A: Reader and Europeans in general P: To expose political injustices of the British Empire in Burma and also to warn against giving in to societal pressure

A Hanging

by George Orwell T: His experience witnessing the hanging of a Hindu prisoner in Burma A: Everyone, show British at the time the violence sort of personal catharsis, P: The traumatic experience of and taking part in the loss of human life. To show how the men attempted to make light of the execution at the end in order to hide their guilt and discomfort

Civil Disobedience (369-391)

by Henry David Thoreau T: Unjust laws, what people can do about them specifically about abolition A: Primarily for the people of the United States, but his theories have been put into practice around the world P: To convince people to act against unjust laws that are not moral, so that we can create a more just world

Notes of a Native Son

by James Baldwin T: To tell us about his father, his experience with white people, and his relationship with his father who hated white people. A: White people, anyone who reads it. P: To inform others what his life was like and how white people negatively affected it??

"On War" pp. 66-71

by James Boswell, T: The irrationality of war A: The general public, those who consider war good P: To persuade that the world would be better without war, and that nothing gained from war is as great as the loss it incurs

"On Keeping A Notebook" pg. 116-123

by Joan Didion T: The purpose of keeping a personal notebook A: Those who have kept a journal, those who want to be a writer P: Express the reasons people write and the motivations behind what they right, things written aren't usually about the relaying of fact, express bias when keeping notes, we note what becomes important to us and what affects us the most, keeping a note on others is about us and the feelings those people evoke

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

by MLK Jr. T: Better treatment for blacks A: Ministers to the public P: to convince ministers to join in requiring equal rights for all

On Being a Cripple ( Pages 226-238)

by Nancy Mairs T: Mairs describes her life and attitude on being a cripple/ living with MS A: People who think "cripple" is a bad word, others who are disabled P: Share her experiences, let others know that people are not defined by their disability

My Periodic Table

by Oliver Sacks

The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me

by Sherman Alexie T: how he learned to read and being advanced in reading, but being discriminated against for being a native american A: Aspiring writers who don't think that hey can do it because of how they grew up; public P: Show that it doesn't matter where you grew up or your ethnicity, you can do anything and you shouldn't discriminate against others because they can be brilliant and amount to great things.

Reading to Write

by Stephen King Topic- Reading is the most important pracitce you can do for writing. You can learn Audience- aspiring/struggling writers or those who won't commit to writing Purpose- to inspire and stress the importance of writer reading mv

Dear White America

by Yancy T: White privilege A: White America P: convince white American they are privileged and have a way to go in accepting black Americans

How it Feels to be Colored Me

by Zora Neale Hurston T: How Zora Hurston saw herself and how she felt to colored and aware that there was separation A: Other POC who feel as though they are at a disadvantage or didn't feel comfortable P: To convey her feelings toward identity and show that we are all similar underneath

Once More to the Lake

by: E.B. White T: To reminisce on his past time at the lake, and how it's changed over the years. A: Anyone that has had similar experiences or can relate to the family trips he took and how the passage of time has altered those. P: White explains how his son has become him, and he has become the father. He wants to share how the experiences he had with his father and now with his son have had an impression on him

I Have a Dream

by: Martin Luther King Jr. T: Segregation A: The people who showed up at the march on Washington DC, especially African Americans at that time P: To try and peacefully end segregation

I Just Wanna Be Average

by: Mike Rose T: education system, motivation in school, effect of learning environment on students A: high school students who are unmotivated to do well and their teachers P: to show how if teachers just have average expectations then students will just strive to be average

analogy

comparison between two unlike things explaining something unfamiliar by comparing it to something similar

discourse

conversation

purpose

is the reason an author decides to write about a specific topic

POV

method of narration in a literary work, perspective or vantage point from which story is told

pacing

movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another

style

not what is said, but how it is said

Contrast/Comparison

opposition between two objects highlighted to emphasize their differences

narration

recounts a course of events

metonymy

referring to a thing by using a closely related concept, for example "the pen is mightier than the sword"

alliteration

repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of several words

consonance

repetition of consonants at mid/end of words

assonance

repetition of the same vowel sound in words close to each other

oxymoron

self-contradictory combination of words, ex: wise fool, deafening silence

simple sentence

sentence with only one clause, single subject and predicate

voice

the acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker's or narrator's particular take on an idea. It can also refer to active or passive voice

connotation

the emotional freight a word carries, the emotional implications and associations

1st person (POV)

the narrator is a part of the action and uses first person pronouns (I, me, we) and the reader sees everything through this character's eyes

3rd person omniscient(POV)

the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters in the story

3rd person limited(POV)

the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of only one character

3rd Person Objective(POV)

the narrator tells the story without describing any character's thoughts, feelings, or opinions, unbiased point of view

classification

the process of sorting people, things or idea into groups to make them better understood

attitude

the relationship an author has toward his or her subject and audience

tone

the sense of a writer's attitudes towards self, subject, and readers revealed by words and sentence structure as well as content

Cause/Effect

the writer analyzes the consequences of an action

compound sentences

two or more independent clauses joined together with conjunction, EX- He didn't want to go to the dentist, yet he went anyways

selection of detail

what details does the author choose to emphasize over others

subject matter

what/who they are talking about

diction

word choice, part of the writer's style

synonym

words that have the same meaning

figurative language

writing or speech not meant to be taken literally, used to create an effect

satire

writing that ridicules or criticizes individuals, ideas, institutions, social conventions of other works of art, based on ridicule that criticizes