APP chapter 4 (part 2)

ESP refers to a. perception that occurs apart from sensory input. b. the ability to move objects without touching them. c. a readiness to perceive an object in a distorted fashion. d. the ability of our brain to use feature detectors. e. how we perceive patterns through neural images.

a

Psychologists are skeptical about ESP claims because a. studies claiming to demonstrate such abilities fail at replication. b. parapsychologists accept fraudulent evidence. c. such abilities cannot be tested scientifically. d. researchers have difficulty finding participants for such research. e. ethical concerns make testing such abilities relatively impossible.

a

After learning that her new school friend had experienced several episodes of depression during junior high, Erin incorrectly perceived her friend's laughter as artificial and phony. This best illustrates the impact of a. interposition. b. perceptual set. c. clairvoyance. d. the phi phenomenon. e. opponent-process theory.

b

Bipolar cells are located in the a. optic nerve. b. retina. c. blind spot. d. lens. e. cochlea.

b

Sensory adaptation refers to a. the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses. b. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. c. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. d. changes in the shape of the lens as it focuses on objects. e. increasing perception of a constant, annoying stimuli.

b

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as a. the opponent-process theory. b. Weber's law. c. feature detection. d. sensory interaction. e. the difference threshold.

b

Under very dim levels of illumination a. the iris expands to allow more light to reach the retina. b. rods are more light-sensitive than cones. c. foveas react to increase the sensitivity of the optic nerve. d. feature detectors in the retina activate. e. rods fire according to place theory to perceive the available light.

b

Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of a. absolute thresholds. b. difference thresholds. c. sensory adaptation. d. sensory interaction. e. parallel processing.

b

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? a. rods b. cones c. bipolar cells d. feature detectors e. optic nerves

b

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates a. Weber's law. b. accommodation. c. sensory adaptation. d. the volley principle. e. transduction.

c

As Maria and her little brother looked up at the clouds, he exclaimed, "That one looks like a giant dinosaur!" Maria thought it looked more like a giant duck. Which of the following concepts best explains their different interpretations of the same ambiguous stimuli? a. shape constancy b. context effects c. perceptual set d. selective attention e. difference thresholds

c

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as a. sensory accommodation. b. blindsight. c. sensory adaptation. d. transduction. e. equilibrium.

c

In experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. In these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of a. accommodation. b. tinnitus. c. priming. d. blindsight. e. prosopagnosia.

c

Psychologists are skeptical about the existence of ESP because a. ESP researchers frequently accept evidence that they know is fraudulent. b. there is no way to scientifically test claims of ESP. c. many apparent demonstrations of ESP have been shown to be staged illusions. d. ESP experiments show the impact of ESP, but correlational studies do not. e. researchers have difficulty finding participants for ESP studies.

c

Rods are a. more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. b. less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. c. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. d. less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. e. more frequency sensitive and less amplitude sensitive.

c

Sensory adaptation helps us to focus our attention on what kind of stimuli? a. familiar b. subliminal c. novel d. intense e. transduced

c

Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a. a feature detector. b. perceptual adaptation. c. a perceptual set. d. a difference threshold.

c

The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called a. bipolar cells. b. ganglion cells. c. rods and cones. d. feature detectors. e. opponent processors.

c

When researchers added a few drops of vinegar to a brand-name beer, the beer tasters disliked it only if they had been told they were drinking vinegar-laced beer. This best illustrates the impact of a. kinesthesis. b. interposition. c. perceptual set. d. the McGurk Effect. e. feature detectors.

c

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? a. ganglion cells b. bipolar cells c. rods and cones d. feature detectors e. occipital cells

c

Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye? a. lens, cornea, pupil, retina, iris b. retina, lens, cornea, rods, cones c. cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina d. pupil, optic nerve, retina, lens, rods e. pupil, cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve

c

A perceptual set is a a. tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete, whole object. b. readiness to perceive an object in an unfairly negative fashion. c. tendency to view objects higher in our field of vision as closer. d. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. e. conditioned response to a perceived event.

d

Compared with rods, cones are a. more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. b. less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail. c. more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail. d. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. e. more sensitive to any light and less sensitive to fine detail.

d

In 1972, a British newspaper published pictures of a "Loch Ness Monster." Many people readily perceived photographs of a floating tree trunk as the partially submerged monster. This illustrates the powerful influence of a. feature detectors. b. sensory adaptation. c. interposition. d. perceptual set. e. sensory interaction.

d

Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of a. sensory adaptation. b. interposition. c. retinal disparity. d. priming. e. prosopagnosia.

d

The axons of ganglion cells converge to form a. the basilar membrane. b. bipolar cells. c. the auditory nerve. d. the optic nerve. e. the olfactory epithelium.

d

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the a. fovea. b. optic nerve. c. cornea. d. retina. e. iris.

d

The most light-sensitive receptor cells are the a. ganglion cells. b. cones. c. bipolar cells. d. rods. e. iris.

d

Accommodation refers to the a. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. b. system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints. c. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation. d. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages. e. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

e

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates a.the opponent-process theory. b.accommodation. c.the McGurk effect. d.sensory adaptation. e.Weber's law.

e