Apple Certification

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - Indicate Parent Directory

..

What's a profile? How do you manage profiles?

A profile is a document with the filename extension .mobileconfig that contains system settings as defined by an administrator. When you open a profile document, macOS High Sierra installs the profile and configures the settings. You can manage installed profiles through Profiles preferences.

What are some of the advantages of APFS?

APFS makes common operations such as copying files and directories instantaneous, helps protect data from power outages and system crashes, and keeps files safe and secure with native encryption.

Which major volume formats are supported by macOS High Sierra?

APFS—Used for solid-state drive (SSD) or other all-flash storage device. Mac OS Extended—Used before macOS High Sierra. Also known as HFS Plus. FAT—A legacy volume format used by Windows PCs. ExFAT—Created specifically for large flash storage disks larger than 32 GB. NTFS—The Windows default native volume format. macOS can read but can't write to or start up from NTFS volumes.

How do ACLs differ from standard UNIX file system permissions?

Access control lists (ACLs) expand the standard UNIX permissions architecture to allow more file and folder access control, similar to what's available on Windows-based NTFS and UNIX file systems

What two methods are used to hide items from the Finder?

Adding a period to the beginning of a filename. Enabling the hidden file flag.

What are some advantages of using the command-line interface?

Additional administrative and troubleshooting options More access to the file system A remote login using the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol The ability to run commands as root using sudo The ability to automate repetitive tasks using scripting The ability to remotely administer multiple Mac computers simultaneously using Apple Remote Desktop (ARD).

What are the types of local user accounts in macOS High Sierra? How are they different?

Administrator—Administrator user accounts are part of the admin group and are allowed full access to all apps, preferences, and shared resource locations. Standard—Standard users are allowed to take advantage of nearly all the resources and features of a Mac, but they generally can't change things that might affect other users. Managed with parental controls—A managed account is a standard account with parental controls enabled. Guest—The default guest account is similar to a standard user, but it doesn't require a password. When a guest user logs out, the home folder is deleted, including any home folder items that would normally be saved, like preference files or web browser history. Sharing only—"Sharing only" accounts allow you to share files with someone on a different computer, but they can't log in to your Mac. System Administrator (root)—The System Administrator account has unlimited access to almost everything on a Mac. It is turned off by default on macOS. Group—A group account is a list of user accounts that gives you greater control over file and folder access.

What are some privacy and security concerns with Spotlight?

Although Spotlight indexes file and folder permissions, other users can search the contents of locally attached nonsystem volumes when ownership is ignored on those volumes.

Which app should you open to initiate Apple software updates?

App Store app

How can you control which software applications automatically update on a Mac?

App Store preferences. You can further restrict a user's ability to use the App Store by configuring parental controls for the user's account.

What is the default file system for Mac computers with all-flash storage running macOS High Sierra?

Apple File System (APFS)

How does two-factor authentication provide added security to your Apple ID?

Apple ID account can be accessed only on devices you trust, like your iPhone, iPad, or Mac.

What are the four default top-level folders visible in the Finder?

Applications—Apps that local users have access to. Library—System resources that local users have access to. System—System resources. Users—Local user home folders.

Why would you use an archive file instead of a disk image? Why would you use a disk image instead of an archive file?

Archive files are much simpler to create in the Finder and are compatible with third-party operating systems. Disk images are more difficult to create and manage but offer greater flexibility, primarily because they can be easily modified and converted. However, macOS High Sierra disk images aren't compatible with third-party operating systems.

How does an alias differ from a symbolic link?

Both aliases and symbolic links act as a shortcut to an original item. However, an alias contains additional information that allows the system to keep track of the original item if it's renamed or moved within the same volume. In contrast, any change to an original item breaks a symbolic link.

What does macOS High Sierra use bundles and packages for?

Bundles and packages are used to combine complex items into individual folders. Packages have the additional advantage of appearing as a single item in the Finder. This allows software developers to combine resources into a single item and prevents users from seeing and potentially damaging those resources by deleting or moving files.

What action on macOS High Sierra is set as the default for opening zip archive files?

By default on macOS High Sierra, double-clicking a zip archive causes the system to expand the contents of the zip archive next to the same location as the original zip archive.

Which key features do you gain by setting up iCloud?

Cloud storage and communication services for apps, including Mail, Contacts, Calendars, Reminders, Notes, Safari, Keychain, Photos, and any other apps that support iCloud integration. iCloud also provides Find My Mac technology for help locating a lost or stolen Mac.

What are the four parts of a command string?

Command name Command options Arguments Extras

What are the different macOS Recovery options and start up key combinations?

Command-R—Install the latest macOS that was installed. Option-Command-R—Upgrade to the latest macOS that is compatible with your Mac. Shift-Option-Command-R—Install the macOS that came with your Mac.

What are some of the common file flags used by macOS High Sierra?

Common file flags include the locked flag, which locks files from changes, and the hidden flag, which hides the item in the Finder.

How do you associate a new local user account with a manually migrated or restored user's home folder in macOS?

Copy the restored user's home folder to the /Users folder. Open System Preferences and select Users and Groups. Create a new local user account with the same account name that was used for the user's home folder. macOS will prompt you to associate the new local user account with the restored home folder.

Which apps does Software Update attempt to update?

Currently installed Apple-source software macOS bundled software

Which folders, by default, are contained in a user's home folder?

Desktop, Documents, Downloads, Movies, Music, Pictures, and Public folders.

Which two built-in macOS High Sierra apps can you use to gather information about storage devices?

Disk Utility and System Information can both be used to gather information about storage devices.

What are the five ways you can eject a volume or disk from the Finder?

Drag the disk icon to the Trash in the Dock. In the Finder sidebar, click the small Eject button next to the volume you want to eject. Select the volume you want to eject and then choose File > Eject. Select the volume you want to eject and then use the Command-E keyboard shortcut. Select the volume you want to eject and Control-click to reveal a pop-up menu. Select Eject.

How can you ensure that audio recordings used for Dictation service remain private?

Enhanced Dictation option is enabled by default. When you use Enhanced Dictation, your Mac converts what you say into text without sending your dictated speech to Apple. Only if you turn Enhanced Dictation off is what you say is sent to Apple to be converted to text.

How does the default organization of the file system allow users to safely share local files and folders?

Every home folder contains a Public folder that other users can read and a Drop Box folder that other users can write to. All other subfolders in a user's home folder (except the optional Sites folder) have default permissions that don't allow access by other users. The Shared folder is also set for all users to share items.

What are six common system resources? What purpose does each resource serve?

Extensions—Attach themselves to the system kernel to provide hardware and peripheral driver support. Frameworks—Shared code libraries that provide additional software resources for apps and system processes. Fonts. Preference files—App and system configuration information. LaunchAgents and LaunchDaemons—Used by launchd to provide services that automatically start when needed at system startup or at user login. Logs—Text files that contain error and progress entries from nearly any app or system service.

What are file system tags? Where can you find tags in the user interface?

File system tags are a type of metadata that allow you to quickly assign keywords, or "tags," to any item. A user can customize the tag names and colors.

How does FileVault protect user data?

FileVault uses full-disk encryption to help prevent unauthorized access to the information on your startup disk.

What do you call the process of applying logic to storage in the form of partitions, containers, and volumes?

Formatting is the process of applying logic to storage.

After you configure macOS High Sierra, where can you manage iCloud settings?

From iCloud or Internet Accounts preferences.

Which type of partition schemes does macOS support?

GUID Partition Map (GPT)—This is the default partition scheme used by Mac computers. Apple Partition Map (APM)—This is the default partition scheme used by previous PowerPC-based Mac computers. Master Boot Record (MBR)—This is the default partition scheme used by most non-Mac computers, including Windows-compatible PCs. This partition scheme is commonly used by peripherals that store to flash memory.

Which industry standard allows a Mac running High Sierra to better deal with the rising popularity of 4K video?

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265

How do you resolve an issue where a Spotlight search doesn't find the correct items?

If you experience problems with local file searching, you can force Spotlight to rebuild the index databases by deleting them and restarting your Mac or by managing the Spotlight preferences, as covered later in this lesson.

When and why would you use an iCloud Security Code?

If you use an Apple ID that doesn't have two-factor authentication enabled, iCloud Keychain is automatically enabled. You should use the iCloud Security Code to grant access to use your Apple ID on additional devices.

How does resetting a user's account password affect that user's login keychain?

If your login password doesn't match your login keychain password, macOS creates new empty keychain items for you that match your login keychain. If the user remembers their old password, you can retrieve the archived keychain.

How are users' login keychains affected when they change their own account passwords?

If your login password doesn't match your login keychain password, when you login into your Mac, macOS creates new empty keychain items for you that match your login keychain.

Where can you find system information and repair and warranty coverage information for your Mac?

In the About This Mac window.

What app should you use to manage keychain settings?

Keychain Access

Where are keychain files stored?

Local login keychains are stored in /Users/username/Library/Keychain/login.keychain. Other local keychains are stored in /Users/username/Library/Keychains/others.keychain iCloud keychains are stored in /Users/username/Library/Keychains/UUID/ . System keychains are stored in /Library/Keychains/System.keychain. System Root keychains for trusted networks do not appear by default, but can be located here: /System/Library/Keychains/ Other keychains can be found throughout macOS. You should leave these files alone unless you're instructed by a trusted source to resolve an issue.

What are the different types of passwords you use to secure a Mac?

Local user account password. Apple ID and password—For iCloud, iTunes, and the App Store. Keychain passwords—To protect authentication assets in encrypted keychain files. Resource passwords—Such as email, websites, file servers, apps, and encrypted disk images. Firmware password—Prevents your Mac from starting up up from any disk other than your designated startup disk.

How does Keychain Access help protect your information?

Manages encrypted files that are used to securely save your items. They are impenetrable unless you know the keychain password. If you forget the keychain password, you lose the file contents forever.

What's file system metadata? What are some examples?

Metadata is information stored outside of a file or folder. It provides additional information about files and folders. Examples include file flags, extended file attributes, and permissions.

What are system requirements to upgrade to macOS High Sierra?

OS X Mountain Lion 10.8 or later 2 GB of memory 14.3 GB of available storage space

Which utilities are available when you start up from macOS Recovery?

Restore from Time Machine Backup Install/Reinstall macOS Get Help Online through Safari Disk Utility Startup Disk Firmware Password Utility Network Utility, Terminal Reset Password.

What options do you have when you delete a local user account?

Save the home folder in a disk image. Don't change the home folder. Delete the home folder.

Which tool guides you through the initial macOS High Sierra configuration?

Setup Assistant guides you through the macOS High Sierra configuration process.

Where does Spotlight store its metadata index databases and its plug-ins?

Spotlight metadata index databases are stored at the root of every volume in a /.Spotlight-V100 folder. However, a Legacy FileVault user's database is stored in the user's encrypted home folder. And the Mail app maintains its own database in each user's home folder at ~/Library/Mail/V2/MailData/Envelope Index. Spotlight plug-ins can be located in any of the Library folders in a folder named Spotlight.

What's the best way to learn what software is installed on a Mac?

System Information shows all software installed through the App Store or the Installer app, including installations from either Apple or third parties.

How does System Integrity Protection (SIP) help ensure that macOS High Sierra system resources remain secure?

System Integrity Protection prevents users and processes with administrator or root access from modifying core macOS High Sierra items. Protected items include the /System, /bin, /sbin, and /usr folders along with core macOS High Sierra apps.

Which items are always installed, by default, through automatic software updates?

System files and security updates

What type of file does the Finder create when you select the Archive option?

The Archive option in the Finder creates compressed zip archive files.

Why does the Finder hide certain folders at the root of the system volume?

The Finder hides traditional UNIX resources from average users because they don't need access to those items. If users do need access to UNIX items, they can use Terminal.

How can you identify duplicate fonts?

The Font Book app shows a small dot next to the name of any font that has duplicate resources.

How does the macOS installer know which firmware updates to download for your Mac?

The Installer uses your Mac model number to locate and download firmware updates for your Mac.

What's unique about the permissions of the /Users/Shared folder?

The Shared folder is set up to allow all users to read and write files, but only the user who owns an item can delete it from the Shared folder. The "sticky bit" permissions setting prevents other users from deleting items that they don't own.

How does the Spotlight search service use metadata?

The Spotlight search service creates index databases of file system metadata so that it can perform normally time-intensive searches almost instantly. File system tags can be found in the Finder sidebar, Spotlight search, and any Open or Save document dialogs.

Why is the root (or beginning) level of a user's home folder visible to other users?

The root level of a user's home folder is visible to other users so they can navigate to the Public shared folder.

What purpose does the ~/Library/Containers folder serve? What items are in this folder?

The ~/Library/Containers folder contains resources for sandboxed apps. macOS High Sierra creates and maintains a separate container folder for each sandboxed app that a user can open. A sandboxed app is more secure because it can access only items inside its container. Only items intended for sharing are in a group container folder.

Which feature can significantly improve Apple ID security on Mac computers that have iCloud enabled?

Two-factor authentication can improve Apple ID security if iCloud is enabled.

What does the Disk Utility First Aid feature do?

Use the Disk Utility First Aid feature to verify and repair the partition scheme and directory structure of a volume. These elements contain the information used to locate files and folders on the volume.

Who can install system software updates through the App Store?

Users with administrator and standard accounts

What are the four system resource domains? What purpose does each domain serve?

User—Contains apps and system resources that are specific to each user account. Local—Contains apps and system resources that are available to users on a local Mac. Network—Optional. Contains apps and system resources available to any Mac that has an automated network share. System—Contains apps and system resources that provide basic system functionality.

What steps should you take before you upgrade to macOS High Sierra?

Verify app compatibility. Back up important files and folders. Document critical settings. Open Software Update or App Store.

What happens when a user double-clicks a font file?

When you double-click a font file, it automatically opens a preview of the font in the Font Book app. From here, you can click the Install Font button to copy the font into ~/Library/Fonts.

How can you change your local computer account password?

You can change your own local account passwords from the General pane of Security & Privacy preferences.

How can you ensure that Siri doesn't send audio recordings to Apple?

You can prevent Siri from sending audio to Apple by disabling Siri from Siri preferences.

How can you reset the another user account password in macOS High Sierra?

You can reset other user account passwords from Users & Groups preferences by selecting the user account you want to change and then clicking Reset Password.

How can you turn on FileVault if you didn't turn it on when you were prompted by Setup Assistant?

You can turn on FileVault at any time from Security & Privacy preferences.

How can you limit a user account from having full access to all apps?

You can use parental controls to restrict what users can do

How do you identify the ownership and permissions of a file or folder in the Finder?

You can use the Finder Info window to identify an item's ownership and permissions.

How can you limit the use of Location Services?

You can use the Privacy pane of Security & Privacy preferences to configure app access to Location Services, Contacts, Calendars, Reminders, and social network services. When a new app requests information that is considered personal, macOS asks you for permission.

How can you reset a user's lost account password if they can't log in to their Mac?

You can use the Reset Password assistant available from macOS Recovery.

What are the two ways you can save the FileVault recovery key when you enable FileVault in Security & Privacy preferences?

You can use your Apple ID to unlock the FileVault volume and reset your password. Record the key that FileVault randomly generates.

What can you use to troubleshoot macOS installation issues?

You can view the Installer Log from the macOS Installer menu bar.

Which key should you use if you want to automatically complete filenames, pathnames, and command names?

You should use the tab key to automatically complete filenames, pathnames, and command names.

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - Change Directory

cd

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - Clear the terminal screen

clear or press Control-L

How can you create an external macOS installation disk?

createinstallmedia command-line tool in macOS Installer.

Where can you find Apple software updates if you need to manually install an update?

https://support.apple.com/downloads.

Which feature can you enable to find a lost Mac?

iCloud Find My Mac helps you find a lost Mac by allowing you to remotely access the Mac computer's Location Services service.

Which bundled apps are not automatically installed when you erase and reinstall macOS High Sierra?

iMovie, GarageBand and productivity apps—Pages, Keynote, and Numbers—are not automatically reinstalled if you erase the disk.

What are account attributes?

individual pieces of information used to define a user account.

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - List

ls

How does macOS tell you that a software update is available?

macOS displays an Updates Available notification in an alert

How can you get the macOS installer?

macOS is free to anyone with a qualifying Mac.

What are the differences between a macOS update, upgrade, and reinstallation?

macOS update—Installs an incremental update of the Mac operating system but doesn't upgrade it to the next major version. macOS upgrade—Installs the next major standalone version. Reinstall—Installs the same major version of macOS on a disk that already has macOS installed.

What capability does Metal 2 add to High Sierra?

machine learning, virtual reality, and external GPU support entertainment and professional creative apps.

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - Create a folder

mkdir

How does Firmware Password Utility help prevent users from making unauthorized password changes?

prevents users who don't have the password from starting up from any disk other than the designated startup disk.

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - Print working directory

pwd

Which types of items can you store in a keychain?

resource passwords, certificates, keys, website forms and secure notes. The keychain system can also securely store Safari AutoFill information, Internet Account settings, and secure text notes.

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - Run the command with Root account access

sudo

What does fast user switching allow you to do?

switch between user accounts without users having to log out or quit apps.

What does Migration Assistant enable you to do?

transfer settings, user accounts, and content from a Mac or Windows computer or from a Time Machine backup to your Mac.

When can you reset a login password with an Apple ID?

with an Apple ID if you provided your Apple ID when you created your first user account during Setup Assistant.

Which terminal command should you use to perform the following - Indicate current user home folder

~