Appraisal

What is used by police departments to screen candidates to become police officers?

LEAB Assessment. The Law Enforcement Aptitude Battery Assessment is an example of an aptitude test that is used to predict if a person has the characteristics and capability of becoming and performing the duties of a police officer

A speed test

Measures speed (i.e. how many gadgets can an employee package in ten minutes)

The TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) test ...

Is a projective test that uses picture for client to interpret.

Reliability refers to...

... the consistency of a test. Although valid instruments are always reliable, reliable instruments are not always valid.

Most psychological tests have a reliability co-efficient of...

0.70.

A 0.60 reliability co-efficient means that

60% of the scores are accurate.

personality test has shown to have a .90 reliability coefficient. This means that:

A .90 reliability coefficient has a plausible error of 10%. Plausible error is determined by multiplying the reliability coefficient by 100 and the subtracting the reliability coefficient from 100.

Psychological report

A psychological report is a summary of a client's assessment results that is written for the benefit of other professionals that may be involved in the client's care including any sources of referral for additional or the continuation of care. A psychological report will contain information regarding the demographic and background information of a client, any behavioral observations, test results and interpretations, recommendations and a summary.

A multiple-choice test is what kind of test?

A recognition test.

A standardized test

A standardized test is a testing instrument that is developed according to certain standards or established norms and has fixed directives for administering and scoring. Standardized test are designed in ways that the questions, conditions for administering, scoring procedures and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner.

A ______ test is always ________ and ________ a test's length increases reliability.

A valid test is always reliable. A valid test is one that measures what it claims to be measuring. A reliable test produces consistent results over time. A test can be reliable and measure something consistently, but might not be valid if it measures something other than what it claims to measure. Increasing a test's length increases its reliability. Conversely, if you shorten a test, you reduce its reliability.

What does an aptitude test assess

An aptitude test is designed to assess a person's capability to perform. An aptitude test can be used to predict the ability of a person to be able to learn or perform given the right training or education. An aptitude test helps to predict a person's level of competency to perform a task.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2, (MMPI-2) is considered an example of a _________________ test.

An objective test or assessment usually invokes an answer that is factual. For example, answers are either right or wrong, or a client can choose to answer yes or no, or agree or disagree to certain statements. The client or test-taker's answers are clear-cut and therefore require little or no judgment on the part of the counselor to score the test or assessment. The counselor is to be aware of the patterns of answers that can lead to a conclusion regarding a diagnosis.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is an example of

Cognitive instrument.Cognitive instruments are test that assess cognition. Cognitive instruments are used in the testing or assessment of cognitive functions that involve skills related to intelligence, functioning, perceiving, processing, concrete and abstract thinking, and memorization

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring is known as:

Construct validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Criterion validity is based on specific variables and how one set of variables predicts an outcome on another set. Predictive validity refers to the degree to which any measure can predict future or independent past events. Reliability refers to how consistent a test is at measuring an attribute.

Self-report tests like the BDI:

Depend much on the present state of the person taking it & May not always be accurate (Self-report tests by their very nature make accuracy difficult. They can be useful tools to assess current symptoms, however. )

What was Binet attempting to do when he founded the first intelligence test in 1907?

Discern between intelligent children and those needing alternative education methods

Interest inventories measure aptitude.

False - Interest inventories measure interest only, not aptitude. One of the criticisms of interest inventories is that they are geared towards white-collar, professional jobs and not skilled-trade jobs.

A test should be considered a single source of reliable data and its data can be generalized.

False - Tests are fallible and should never be used solely as a determining factor, but should be used in conjunction with other assessed material.

Test given in a group setting.

Group tests

Harry scores a 72 on the WAIS-IV IQ test. His score is within ____ compared to the mean.

Harry's score is within 2 standard deviations. The mean of the WAIS-IV is 100 and one standard deviation is 15 points. For Harry to be within one standard deviation, his score would have to fall between 85 and 115. Two standard deviations is between 70 and 130, which is where Harry's score falls.

NOT an example of a cyclical test

In a cyclical test, there are several sections that are spiral and the items become progressively more difficult as you move through the tests. Nearly all intelligence testing sections are spiral tests and the intelligence test themselves are cyclical. The SAT is an aptitude test that contains sections of randomly organized questions. The questions on the SAT do not increase in difficulty as you progress through them.

A power test

No time limit on the test.

To reduce the chance of cheating, and to reduce the effect that memory has on test results, sometimes different versions of the same test are given. What is this practice called?

Parallel tests

Examiner bias is likely to be present with the following test:

Projective test

Psychological measurement is also referred to as

Psychological measurements are also referred to as psychometrics, which is the measurement of psychological variables and constructs.

Who developed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test?

Raymond Cattell developed the Culture Fair IQ test in the 1940s and in the process, determined that there were two distinct types of intelligence fluid and crystal. Stanford developed the first IQ test and Pearson's research has to do with the correlation coefficient, r.

SBIRT

SBIRT is a brief intervention for assessment of substance use disorders. It stands for Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral and Treatment.

Which are some of the main factors in test bias?

Socio-economic level, gender and race.

tests in which items become progressively more difficult

Spiral tests

The GMAT, SAT, and LSAT are most well-known for their:

Tests with high predictive ability are used to screen for future behavior and are often used to predict success in academic programs of study.

Barnum effect

The Barnum effect, also called the Forer effect, is a general description of a personality trait or characteristic that is so vague that it could apply to anyone. The term Barnum effect was named after P.T. Barnum who stated, "we've got something for everyone" The Barnum effect refers to the "gullibility" of subjects that identify with or select generally vague-statements that describes personality traits or attributes they believe apply or accurately describe them. The Barnum effect describes every test subject identifying with the same description despite their differences and uniqueness.

The Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination, (CPCE) is an example of a:

The Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination, (CPCE), is an example of an achievement test. An achievement test measures how much knowledge, skill or information a person has achieved through training, instruction or experience. The CPCE is designed to assess counseling students' knowledge of counseling information viewed as important by counselor preparation programs.

The Flynn Effect

The Flynn effect is the increase in average test scores on intelligence test scores all over the world.

The National Counselor Examination (NCE) would be considered what type of test?

The National Counselor Examination (NCE) would be considered a "selected response test." Tests using multiple choice, true and false or matching items are examples of selected response tests. The objective of a multiple choice test is for the test-taker to be able to select the best choice answer among four or five other possible answers. The right answer is usually the best answer that is listed among several other possible answers which are set up to be "distractors." The purpose of this set up is to distinguish the person who has a good understanding of the subject matter from the person who does not. Most standardized test for state exams are achievement test. Achievement test are designed to test knowledge and skill and are made up primarily of multiple choice type questions.

Power Test

The National Counselor Examination, (NCE) is an example of a power test. The focus of a power test is not the speed in which the person completes the test but is the ability of the test-taker to answer the most number of questions correctly. The questions in a power test are often arranged with less difficult questions at the beginning with difficulty levels increasing throughout the test.

The Inkblot Test is a famous example of what type of test?

The Rorschach "Inkblot" test is an example of a projective test. A projective test is a type of personality test. The client is presented with images of different types of ambiguous scenes, or words or images. After exposing the client to the images, they are asked to share whatever thought they immediately associate with the image. The projective test comes from the school of psychoanalysis with the belief that the thoughts associated with the images are derive from the unconscious mind and the test was about uncovering unconscious desires and bringing them into conscious awareness to be processed.desires and bringing them into conscious awareness to be processed.

Projective test

The Rorschach test is a projective test, in that the test taker is expected to project feelings, either overtly or covertly, onto the inkblots and the results are then interpreted by the reviewer.

Strong Interest Inventory

The Strong Interest Inventory is a type of educational and career guidance tool designed to assess the individual's interest and preferences and match them with a variety of careers and or occupations based upon narrowing options and identifying the most compatible career and occupations in order to assist in the career decision-making process and possibly increase the potential for success in those identified careers

Thematic Apperception Test

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test where the client is given a picture of an ambiguous scene and asked to tell a story based on what they think is occurring in the interaction. The counselor will score or provide feedback to the client details of the story that can indicate a client's needs, underlying motives, anxieties, concerns or an idea of how they view the world. Projective tests, such as the TAT, were derived from the school of psychoanalysis and were used as an instrument to bring the hidden thoughts of the unconscious mind into the conscious to be processed.

NOT a group test

The WISC-V is not a group test. It is an intelligence test that is administered individually. The Otis Lennon is an academic measure; the SAT and MCAT are both easily administered in group settings.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is an individual intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16 which measures a child's general intellectual ability. The Wechsler can be administered without reading or writing. The test measures a subject in the area of verbal comprehension, working memory and executive functioning skills.

WPPSI-IV

The child to be tested is 4 years of age, so the WPPSI-IV is the appropriate intelligence test to administer. The Otis Lennon would be administered in a school setting and she is not yet school aged. The other Wechsler scales are designed for older children (WISC-V) and adults (WAIS-IV).

The difference between an assessment and a test

The difference between an assessment and a test is that an assessment focuses on gathering information and a test focuses on measurements of psychological constructs through the use of instruments.

The generally acceptable level for most psychological attributes is a reliability coefficient of

The generally acceptable level for most psychological attributes is a reliability coefficient of .70. A reliability coefficient of .50 is incorrect just as often as it is correct and .60 is not much better.

WAIS-IV mean and standard deviation

The mean on the WAIS-IV is 100 and the standard deviation is 15.

Measurement is:

The procedure of determining the dimensions of an attribute or trait. A measurement is the systemic procedure of assigning scores to determine the dimensions of human attributes, traits, characteristics or behaviors.

The purpose of an assessment in counseling is to

The purpose of an assessment in counseling is to collect information for the purpose of better defining a client's problem. Assessments are a part of the counseling process and are used to help identity the problem, plan interventions, evaluate progress and diagnose the client.

. Another word often used interchangeably for "appraisal" is:

The word evaluation is often used interchangeably with the word appraisal. Both words describe a tool used for measuring and making judgments regarding human attributes and behaviors.

Objective testing

There is a specified response set and the test can be scored in an objective way with limited interpretation. This is not a subjective test which is left up to interpretation because the answers are open-ended. The questions are about her behavior and attitudes, so it is not an intelligence or reality test.

A valid test is always reliable.

True - A valid test is always reliable because a valid test measures what it is intending to measure and will, therefore, perform well consistently. A reliable test, however, may not always be valid.

Which of the following are not for use with children under 16?

WAIS-III. The WAIS is an instrument to be used for ages 16 and older. Answers a and c are used for pre-school and primary school ages 2-6 and children ages 6-16, respectively.

What kind of test is the WISC-III?

WISC-III (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) is an intelligence test.

Social desirability

When a person answers questions in a way they think they should, they are said to possess social desirability.

Response set bias

You have answered all of the questions with the same response, committing response set bias. Instead of answering each question, you selected one response for the whole questionnaire.

Test-retest reliability ability

ability of a test to produce the same or very similar scores when the same person takes the test multiple times. Alternate form reliability would not apply since Brady is a population of one. Scorer reliability does not apply since there was one scorer at each administration.

Binet

appointed by the French government to develop and lead a commission to identify children in need of enhanced education.

The MBTI and 16-PF

assesses personality traits

PHQ-9 (Personal Health Questionnaire is a quick, 9-item assessment that can be administered over time to monitor for change. The GAD-7 is a measure for anxiety, the CAGE is a measure for alcohol use, and the MMPI-2 is a measure for personality. )

assessment tool that will allow you to screen individuals quickly for depression that is a self-report test.

Test-retest reliability

compares test results from tests given to the same person more than once. A test with high test-retest reliability will yield similar results during each administration

Intellignece testing (or IQ testing)

continues to produce debates among the experts. Some of the key issues of the debates include at what age should IQ testing start, the value it provides and how it is used in both academic and work settings. Intelligence testing historically measures convergent thinking, or a correct answer for a problem, and ignores divergent thinking, or creativity.

Bias testing

degree to which a test is designed or constructed to with irrelevant factors that systematically affect a specific group's performance. Also, the ways test results are interpreted and used that result in systematic disadvantages to certain minority groups. Identifying test bias requires and examination by the researchers or test developers to determine why one group does better or worse than another group on a particular test.

Item difficulty index

determined by taking the number of test takers and dividing it by the number of correct answers for an item. In this example, 5 people took the test, 5 people answered correctly for each item, giving those 5 items an index of 1.0

IQ is calculated by

dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100. For Taelyn, this produces an IQ of 121, higher than average. Average is 100.

hypothetical factor that accounts for differences in intelligence among people

g. (Spearman's g is the idea that there is one general intelligence. Choices b and c are types of reach measures, t scores and z scores.)

subjective test or assessmen

people project their own subjective feelings, thoughts or perceptions as part of their response or answer. Scoring a subjective test requires judgment on behalf of the counselor when interpreting answers.

Mental Status Examination

important part of the clinical assessment phase in counseling. A MSE is based on what the counselor observes about the client. It is a structured ways of observing and describing a client's current mental state for the purpose of making an accurate diagnosis and developing an effective treatment plan. The counselor observes and assesses the client in the following areas of appearance, mood, attitude, speech, thought process, orientation, cognitions, insight, judgment, functioning, daily patterns as well as risk conducts a risk assessment. The counselor also makes note of any symptoms that the client describes in order to develop a comprehensive clinical formulation.

Psychological constructs

ings like gender, height, weight, and age are variables that are easy to measure because the data can be easily obtained through measuring or simple questioning of the subjects. But things like personality traits, emotional states, attitudes, biases, abilities are not a clear-cut. They cannot be observed directly. A psychological construct is a variable that cannot be observed directly because it represents a tendency to behave in certain ways or a complex pattern of behavior and internal processes.

Projective and subjective tests often require high...

inter-observer reliability & inter-rater reliability (In order to increase the chances of measuring subjective data accurately, multiple observers must rate a behavior being measured and correlate their measures to determine reliability. An example is rating aggressiveness in children being observed. )

The MMPI

is a forced, or recognition test, meaning that you have to select an answer from the choices given. Essay, short-answer and free choice tests all allow the test taker to fill in an open ended response.

Content validity

is concerned with a tests ability to include or represent all of the content of a particular construct.

The Hawthorne effect

is related to increased performance when people know they are being studied

Subjective interpretation bias

occurs when a test taker determines personal meaning from test questions

Cultural test bias

phenomenon of a test's reliability measured with certain cultural elements

External validity

refers to the extent to which researchers can generalize their findings from a research study to real world settings. Test-retest reliability has to do with the same people taking the same test and having similar results.

the Yerkes-Dodson law

relates to an increase in performance when anxious.

Your supervisor suggests that you give your client a Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) Test. This is a(n)

self-report test (Tests that measure criterion based on a patient's report are called self-report tests. The BDI does not measure aptitude, intelligence or achievement. )

Cyclical tests

tests contain several sections of spiral tests

A high correlation means

that it has a high current validity. Having high current validity means the test in question has a high validity correlation to an already valid test.

A tests validity is...

the degree to which a test is measuring what it is intended to measure.

Sequential processing

the mental ability to arrange stimuli in sequential or serial order in which to process information. Cognitive instruments may test or measure sequential processing ability.

The Becks Depression Inventory (BDI),

was developed by psychologist Aaron Beck. The BDI is a self-reporting inventory questionnaire that measures the severity of depressive symptoms by asking the client to answer and rate a series of questions or statements that describe characteristics, attitudes and behaviors associated with depressive symptoms.

Examiner bias occurs

when the examiner's expectations about the outcome of the experiment influence the participants. This can easily occur with projective tests, where a neutral stimuli is presented. This is less likely in objective testing and IQ testing, where there are specific responses that determine evaluation. The use of a Likert scale also reduces examiner bias.

an IQ of 140

would be considered gifted. An IQ score of 130-144 is gifted. A score of 145 or greater is very gifted. The Stanford Binet does not use the term genius. A score of 100 is average. A score of 120 is superior.