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During the late nineteenth century, all of the following innovations occurred in consumer goods EXCEPT the A. emergence of ready-made clothing. B. formation of credit card companies. C. ability to refrigerate foods artificially. D. opening of large department stores. E. development and mass production of tin cans.

Answer: B

According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by A. scientific inquiry. B. inherited ideals. C. democratic tradition. D. moral principles. E. religious faith.

Answer: A

Between 1890 and 1910, incomes in the United States A. rose for almost all Americans. B. declined for most unskilled workers. C. remained the same for most Americans. D. increased for white Americans, but decreased for most other ethnic groups. E. grew more unequal, while the middle class shrunk.

Answer: A

The national network of grocery stores that started in the 1850s was A. A & P. B. Food Lion. C. Seven-Eleven. D. Piggly Wiggly. E. Harris Teeter.

Answer: A

During the late nineteenth century, college education for American women A. did not exist. B. had expanded significantly. C. offered no coeducational opportunities. D. allowed women to be schooled only by male faculty. E. had no real effect on the marrying age of nineteenth-century women.

Answer: B

In the 1890s, Jacob Riis A. favored stopping immigration as a way to improve urban American cities. B. crusaded to expose political corruption in major American cities. C. documented the stories of wealthy Americans who came from humble origins. D. reported on the living conditions of the urban poor to encourage improvements. E. pushed for the creation of mass transit systems and outlying suburbs in America's cities.

Answer: D

In the late nineteenth century, political "machines" in cities owed their existence to A. the rapid growth of urban America. B. the influx of millions of immigrants. C. disillusionment with heavy-handed and powerful city governments. D. the rapid growth of urban America and the influx of millions of immigrants. E. the influx of millions of immigrants and disillusionment with powerful city governments.

Answer: D

By the 1890s, the largest number of immigrants to the United States came from A. southern and eastern Europe. B. Mexico and Central America. C. Great Britain and Germany. D. China and Japan. E. Ireland and Italy.

Answer: A

In 1882, the first group of immigrants to be excluded from the United States on the basis of nationality were A. Chinese. B. Japanese. C. Mexicans. D. Slavs. E. Irish.

Answer: A

Which American thinker is LEAST associated with study using scientific methods? A. Henry James B. William Graham Sumner C. Charles Darwin D. John Dewey E. Edward A. Ross

Answer: A

Theodore Dreiser's 1893 novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, dealt with A. his belief that religious organizations were perverting society. B. the qualities of the upper class. C. the need to return to a more rural and natural life. D. the dehumanization of mass communications. E. social dislocations and injustices of the present.

Answer: E

Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? A. It was a period of rapid expansion for public schools. B. By 1900, most states required compulsory school attendance. C. Educational opportunities extended to Indian tribes as well. D. Southern blacks had far less access to education than southern whites. E. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, the Tammany Hall political machine A. saw its most famous boss, William M. Tweed, sent to prison. B. was one of the few machines that did not engage in graft and corruption. C. operated out of Chicago. D. operated out of Chicago and saw its most famous boss, William M. Tweed, sent to prison. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: A

In the nineteenth century, vaudeville theater A. consisted of a variety of stage acts. B. only employed white performers. C. had been created in the United States. D. both consisted of a variety of stage acts, and only employed white performers. E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer: A

The Equitable Building in New York City, completed in 1870, was the first in the United States to A. be built with an elevator. B. be called a skyscraper. C. be constructed with steel girders. D. be connected underground to the subway. E. reach twenty stories.

Answer: A

The principle force behind the creation of great public buildings in the late nineteenth century was A. wealthy residents. B. community service organizations. C. state governments. D. the federal government. E. ethnic political machines.

Answer: A

Which American writer is LEAST associated with the trend toward social realism in literature in the late nineteenth century? A. Mark Twain B. Upton Sinclair C. Frank Norris D. Stephen Crane E. Theodore Dreiser

Answer: A

At the turn of the twentieth century, motion pictures A. had been invented by D. W. Griffith. B. were the first true mass entertainment medium. C. operated under strict morality codes. D. both were the first true mass entertainment medium, and operated under strict morality codes. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: B

In 1894, the Immigration Restriction League A. sought a ban on all immigration to the United States for fifteen years. B. proposed screening immigrants to allow only the "desirable" ones to enter. C. sought a ban on immigrants from Europe, but not Asia. D. called for the establishment of a tax on all immigrants. E. pushed strongly for the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Answer: B

In the late nineteenth century, efforts to reduce poverty in America A. saw the Salvation Army focus primarily on establishing shelters for the homeless. B. saw charitable organizations try to limit aid to only those deemed "deserving poor." C. included federally-funded studies attempting to identify the causes of poverty. D. generally were led by reformers who had grown up in impoverished communities. E. included public works programs funded by municipal property taxes.

Answer: B

The "city beautiful" movement in the United States was inspired, in part, by A. the economic depression of 1893. B. the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. C. the new technology of skyscrapers. D. both the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and the new technology of skyscrapers. E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer: B

The 1920 census of the United States revealed that A. the western frontier had ended. B. a majority of Americans lived in "urban" areas. C. for the first time since 1790, American women outnumbered men. D. the majority of the nation's population had arrived as immigrants since 1880. E. California was now the most populous state.

Answer: B

The designers of New York City's Central Park A. tried to make it a meeting place for immigrant leaders. B. deliberately created a public space that would look as little like the city as possible. C. thought of the park as a place where city government could meet in the open air. D. were hoping that the park could be a source of local agriculture and food production. E. initially wanted it to be exclusively accessible to the wealthy of the city.

Answer: B

The nineteenth-century game of "rounders" became the modern sport of A. basketball. B. baseball. C. golf. D. football. E. soccer.

Answer: B

Compared with the first generation, second-generation immigrants were more likely to A. hold on to their old ethnic habits. B. lose faith in the United States due to the hardships they experienced. C. break from their traditional culture. D. resist external social pressures to assimilate. E. return to the Old World for good.

Answer: C

In 1869, Princeton and Rutgers played the first intercollegiate game in America of A. baseball. B. boxing. C. football. D. basketball. E. soccer.

Answer: C

In the early twentieth century, efforts to improve environmental problems in American cities A. were nonexistent. B. focused on the wealthy and ignored the urban poor. C. included a new federal environmental regulatory agency. D. led many cities to ban horses from their streets. E. did not yet include the construction of sewage disposal systems.

Answer: C

In the late nineteenth century, many immigrants to the United States A. were already experienced as urban-dwelling, industrial workers. B. found the transition to their new country to be fairly easy. C. formed close-knit ethnic communities within cities. D. totally cut their links to their native countries. E. read English-language newspapers and frequented chain stores.

Answer: C

In the late nineteenth century, suburbs on the edges of American cities were largely populated by A. very poor people. B. the working class. C. moderately well-to-do people. D. people from all income backgrounds. E. very wealthy people.

Answer: C

Tenement buildings in urban America were A. first constructed in Chicago in the 1880s. B. intended to be occupied as single-family dwellings. C. initially praised as an improvement in housing for the poor. D. subsidized by city governments. E. considered luxury housing by most urban residents.

Answer: C

The American artistic movement known as the "Ashcan school" A. portrayed an idealized image of rural life. B. was strongly influenced by Old World masters. C. included the painter Edward Hopper. D. was most identified with the work of John Singer Sargent. E. rejected expressionism and abstraction as artistic fads.

Answer: C

Which of the following statements regarding Coney Island is FALSE? A. The average daily attendance at Luna Park in 1904 was 90,000 people. B. Many visitors relaxed their conventions of Victorian social behavior. C. The park developed a reputation for wholesome family attractions. D. The park experienced phenomenal popularity until after World War I. E. The park provided lavish reproductions of exotic places and spectacular adventures.

Answer: C

4. In the late nineteenth century, immigrants in the United States A. were generally better educated than immigrants who arrived a generation before. B. took up semi-skilled craft jobs. C. avoided ports like Ellis Island for fear they would be denied entry. D. generally lacked the capital to buy farmland. E. settled overwhelmingly in the relatively empty Northwest.

Answer: D

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the growth of newspapers A. resulted in most large cities being serviced by one dominant paper. B. led to a significant decline in the telegraph industry. C. was largely due to national population growth. D. saw circulation increase much more rapidly than the general population. E. did not coincide with a rise in journalists' salaries.

Answer: D

In the 1890s, Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League sought to A. encourage immigrants to become greater consumers. B. improve the safety and quality of consumer products. C. protect family businesses from the competition of corporate retailers. D. force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions for women workers. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: D

The primary goal of the American Protective Association was to A. require immigrants to sign loyalty oaths to the United States government. B. limit immigration to those who already had relatives living in the United States. C. give "native" Americans preference over immigrants in employment opportunities. D. stop immigrants from entering the United States. E. make English the official language of the United States.

Answer: D

5. Roughly what percentage of the populations of Chicago, New York, and Detroit was made up of immigrants by 1890? A. 20-30 percent B. 40-50 percent C. 50-60 percent D. 60-70 percent E. 80-90 percent

Answer: E

By 1890, populations in the biggest urban areas A. increased mainly as a result of longer life expectancy. B. experienced massive growth even where there was little immigration. C. rose as the number of children born into urban families doubled. D. soared as the rates of infant mortality and disease significantly declined. E. consisted mostly of foreign-born immigrants and their children.

Answer: E

By 1900, the transportation systems of American cities included A. elevated railroads. B. subways. C. electric trolleys and cable cars. D. suspension bridges. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

Charles Darwin's theories of evolution met initial resistance from A. theologians. B. scientists. C. educators. D. both theologians and educators. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

Compared to most other immigrant ethnic groups in the late nineteenth century, Jewish immigrants A. advanced rapidly economically. B. placed a high value on education. C. huddled together in ethnic neighborhoods. D. both advanced rapidly economically, and huddled together in ethnic neighborhoods. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

During the early decades of the twentieth century, most Americans began to view leisure time as A. the province solely of children and the elderly. B. the equivalent of laziness. C. something not attainable for the average worker. D. something reserved for the extremely wealthy. E. increasingly desirable.

Answer: E

In 1894, the population density of Manhattan in New York was A. significantly lower than the density of New York today. B. equal to the density of Paris. C. significantly lower than that of most major European cities. D. greater than in all major American cities except Boston. E. greater than the most crowded European cities.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, American universities A. significantly grew in number due to the Morrill Land Grant Act. B. were sometimes started by philanthropists that wanted to perpetuate their family names. C. began to form relationships with the private sector and the government. D. significantly grew in number due to the Morrill Land Grant Act, and began to form relationships with the private sector and government. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, crime in large American urban centers A. led many city governments to create professional public police departments. B. swelled in the twenty years between 1880 and 1900. C. was often blamed on the violent proclivities of immigrant groups. D. was often blamed on the violent proclivities of immigrant groups, and led many city governments to create professional public police departments. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, leisure activities tended to be divided by A. gender. B. class. C. race. D. both race and gender. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, the assimilation of immigrants was encouraged by A. the sale of American products. B. public education. C. church leaders. D. religious reform. E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, urban political bosses did all of the following EXCEPT A. reward followers with patronage. B. win votes for their political organization. C. provide material assistance to the poor. D. enrich themselves through graft and corruption. E. reduce the costs of city services.

Answer: E