APUSH 1844-1877 (ch 15: Reconstruction)

Booker T. Washington

"Atlanta Compromise" - Considered not forceful enough (gradualist) - Believed that A-A should work hard and worry about economic, not social, equality to earn respect - Rose up from slavery with help of benefactors and est. vocational school in AL - Believed blacks and whites should stay separate, but work together to better the nation "In all things that are purely social we can be separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." Different from WEB Dubois

W.E.B. Dubois

"Souls of Black Folk" - Demanded legal justice and fighting in courts - Prevails

Abraham Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction

"With malice toward none" Believed: - CW was a revolt led by disloyal individuals -President led/conducted war with them - No state can leave the union - President can grant pardons 10% plan: - statehood is restored when 10% of the state's electorate signs a loyalty oath - by 1863, LA, TN, and AK are restored - angered the radical republicans

Freedmen's Bureau (1864)

- 1864 - led by US army and general Otis Howard - Helped with housing, food, and legal advice

Thomas Nast

- 19th century political cartoonist in Harper's Weekly - Gave us images of Santa and political party animals - Criticized Reconstruction through cartoons

Civil Rights Act of 1866

- Freedmen have full civil rights that are enforced by the federal army - Passed despite Johnson's veto Johnson's plan for reconstruction anger all of the republicans. Worried they would lose their majority in Congress, the conservatives threw their support to the radicals, which strengthened them in Congress and enabled them to pass this and Freedmen's Bureau Act

Efforts to help freedmen

- Freedmen's Bureau (*) - Thaddeus Stevens (*)

Andrew Johnson

- Lincoln's VP, who took over when Lincoln died - Tennessee War Democrat - Supports states rights, but inherits Lincoln's Republican cabinet and Congress - Racist, stubborn, violent, a drunk

10% plan

- Lincoln's plan for reconstruction - Southern statehood is restored when 10% of the state's electorate signs a loyalty oath - by 1863, LA, TN, and AK are restored - angered the radical republicans

Sharecropping

- Planters needed labor and freedmen needed land - Sharecropper allowed to farm portion of land and kept a % for self - Gave sense of independence, but dependent on landowners still - Must give income and harvest to the landowner, leading to permanent debt and servitude - Landowners persuaded blacks not to vote 90% of blacks in south

Plessey vs. Ferguson (1896)

- Plessey tried to ride on an integrated train car (only 1/7 A-A) and told to move, so sued - Chief Justice Henry Brown: 8 to 1 decision (8 justices from the North) - "Separate but equal" railroad cars is constitutional! (Races can be kept separate, but have equal rights) - Dissenting opinion by John Harlan, Kentucky: - "Constitution must be colorblind." - This decision gives constitutional protection for Jim Crow Segregation!

Problems faced by freedmen

- Poverty and homelessness - Need jobs, training, and education - No political or civil rights - White hostility

Johnson's Senate Impeachment Trial

- Presided over by Salmon Chase - After HoR voted to impeach him for breaking bogus Tenure of Office Act - Brave Republicans voted "no" because Johnson was not removed Significance: - Presidents were weak from here on out - Republicans discredited for going too far - Impeachment is no longer a political tool to remove an unpopular president like Johnson

Impact of Civil War on Economy

- Property and industry damaged/destroyed - Slavery abolished --> source of labor and wealth gone - Individual and state debts - State treasuries are bankrupt (They borrowed money to overthrow the gov't, which failed and now cannot be repaid) - Cotton economy severely damaged (Main source of wealth in South) Society (South): - Lots of poverty, disease, and confusion - 4 million freedmen (ex-slaves), poverty, and homelessness (& not protected by Constitution due to Dred Scott decision) - Planter aristocracy weakened and angry - Yeomen farmers; bitter and struggling

Andrew Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction

- Swift and lenient, but more severe than Lincoln's plan Beliefs: 1. Ratify 13th Amendment 2. Repudiate war debts 3. Renounce secession 4. Only "suggested" black civil rights, but never explicitly stated it - President must pardon the ex-confed leaders Results: 1. He gave easy pardons 2. States re-elected old confed. leaders and state gov't officers 3. Black codes (*): racist and economic restrictions on freedmen - Restored white supremacy - Race riots - Angered all republicans, who feared losing majority in Congress (specifically, conservatives threw support to radicals, strengthening them and enabling them to pass civil rights acts)

Freedmen's Bureau Act of 1866

- Tried to provide housing, education, health care, etc to freedmen - Vetoed by Johnson Johnson's plan for reconstruction anger all of the republicans. Worried they would lose their majority in Congress, the conservatives threw their support to the radicals, which strengthened them in Congress and enabled them to pass Civil Rights Acts, but not this

Otis Howard

- US army general put in charge of Freedmen's Bureau by Andrew Johnson

Rise of Jim Crow or "Bourbon South)

1. Segregation 2. Sharecropping/crop lien system 3. Voting restrictions 4. Lynching- vigilante mobs used violence to punish suspects of crimes or "improper behavior" (excuse to hurt/kill/arrest freedmen)

Blanch Bruce

1/2 black US Senators during radical reconstruction after US Grant elected

Hiram Nevels

1/2 black US Senators during radical reconstruction after US Grant elected

Josiah T. Walls

1/20 representatives in HoR during radical reconstruction after US Grant elected

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

14th amendment dealt only with Federal privileges and rights. It offers no protection against state/corporation infringement/discrimination. Most rights of citizens are state, not national.

US vs. Cruikshanks (1876)

14th amendment did not give federal government right to punish whites who oppressed blacks

US vs. Reese (1876)

15th amendment didn't automatically give vote to everyone, merely you can't deny vote based on race

Radical Reconstruction (1868-1876)

1868-1876 Radicals took control of recon. b/c of the moderate and conservative republican support and control of Congress Because of: 1. Abe's assassination; he became a martyr of the CW 2. Pres. Johnson's lenient ex-confed pardons 3. Black codes and resumption of white supremacy 4. Election of 1866 and 2/3 control of congress - Enforced Civil Rights acts politically and militarily (fed. troops in South) - Established freedmen schools - Black voting and participation (ex-confeds not) - Some black Senators (Hiram Revels and Blanch Bruce) and House of Reps (Josiah T. Walls) - Carpetbaggers (*) and scalawags (*)

14th Amendment

Answer to Dred Scott Decision - Defined citizenship: anyone born or naturalized in US is a citizen - No state can deprive this without due process (which formally est fed. power over states b/c they have to follow Constitution) - Voided confederate debts - Disqualified and disenfranchised ex-confeds from gov't Shows that Johnson and his plans were being ignored/overridden

Radical Republicans' Plan for Reconstruction

Beliefs: - States gave up statehood and technically conquered territory - Only Congress can admit new states, so it should control recon. Wade-Davis Plan (*) 1. Implement a provisional gov't in each ex-confed state 2. Majority of state electorate pledge oath, not just 10% 3. New state constitutions (no slavery, disenfranchise ex-confed leaders, repudiate debt) 4. States must ratify 13th amendment - killed by Lincoln's pocket veto (*)

John Harlan

Believed Constitution should be "color blind" and disagreed with other 8 in Plessey vs. Ferguson

Election of 1872

Candidates: Republicans: - US Grant (but liberals really embarrassed w/ his corruption) - Charles Sumner and Carl Shurtz (civil service exam, hard $, lower tariffs, and end of recon.) Democrats: Horace Greeley (*) US Grant won

Election of 1876

Candidates: Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes Democrats: Sam Tilden (anti-civil rights and anti-recon.) - campaign is ugly: Republicans: wave bloody shirt (*) Democrats: told people Hayes had syphilis and had shot his mother Tilden won popular vote, but no majority in electoral college, so called Congressional Electoral Committee to decide the winner. Republicans had majority in Congress, so rest of votes went to Hayes. This angered Dems, so made 1877 Compromise (*)

Amnesty Act (1872)

Congress restores citizenship/suffrage to former Confederates

De facto segregation

Customary or traditional segregation "It's how it is" (Natural prejudice). Mostly in north.

"Wave Bloody Shirt"

Def: to blame emotionally sensitive events on the other political party ex) Democrats are from the south and the south started the CW, so it's their fault

Pocket veto

Def: to reject a bill simply by not responding to it - What Lincoln used to reject the Wade-Davis Plan - Began political fight b/w moderates/Lincoln vs. radicals in his own Congress - Lincoln didn't have to deal with this fight b/c he died

First Reconstruction Act (1867)

Despite Johnson's veto - Invalidated Presidential reconstruction - Established 5 military districts w/ federal troops and military courts to protect civil rights - Readmissio requirements: 1. New state constitutions w/ black suffrage 2. New state legislatures and gov't 3. Disenfranchise ex-confeds 4. Ratify 14th Amendment

Salary Grab

Ex. of Grantism 50% increase for Congress income; 100% increase for President; not illegal, just immoral to do during a depression

Credit Mobilier

Ex. of Grantism Federal $ used by private railroads to create a phony construction company; $ went to railroad executives instead and as bribes to Congress and VP Schyler Colfax to keep quiet and provide $

Black Friday (Sept. 24, 1872)

Ex. of Grantism Gold market collapse due to Fisk and Gould use of insider info from Grants BIL that gave them advantage

Benjamin Belknap

Ex. of Grantism Grant's Indian Affairs agent who allowed businesses to provide crappy products like unhealthy food and cheap clothing with bribes

Sanborn Fraud

Ex. of Grantism Republican political fundraising scandal when wealthy man gave campaign $ to candidates to spend on selves

Whiskey Ring

Ex. of Grantism Sec. of Treasury took bribes from whiskey companies so wouldn't have to pay tax

Election of 1868 (Reconstruction)

Focus on Reconstruction Candidates: Republican: US Grant Democrat: Horatio Seymour (wanted to end recon.) US Grant wins and takes majority in Congress and White House

Ku Klux Klan

Founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest Terrorized and lynched freedmen Disappeared by 1876, but will return in earlt 20th century

1877 Compromise

Hayes can have the 20 electoral college votes if: 1) One South Democrat on Hayes' cabinet 2) Internal improvements for South 3) Transcontinental railroad in south 4) Reconstruction ends! (People are tired of all the changes)

Redeemers

Leaders during return of white supremacy after radical reconstruction and 15th Amendment

De jure segregation

Legalized segregation "Its law!" (Separate restaurants, schools, train cars). Mostly in south

"New South"

New south following election of Hayes and end of Recon. -Economic diversity and progress -Segregationists, but saw poor as good, cheap workers -Southerners must develop industry, thrifty virtues and progress -White supremacy and racism -Steel/iron production increases Metal/tobacco/paper/railroad production rose, but not by enough to surpass the north's production

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved south to run schools and governments Southerners did not like them being there b/c came, ripped off, then left

The End of Reconstruction

Part of 1877 Compromise to let Hayes take presidency 1. federal gov't doesn't have to enforce civil rights, leaving most states under white control by 1872 2. Republican party changing (Radicals tiring out/dying out and discredited due to Johnson's impeachment; liberals angry with radicals and Grantism; courted S and W voters instead of black) 3. Public lost interest in recon.; 14th and 15th are sufficient

Tenure of Office Act

Passed by Congress to find a way to get Johnson impeached - Forbade the president from firing a cabinet officer without Senate approval - Johnson intentionally broke it to test constitutionality of the bill - Instead, impeached and put on trial by Senate

Grandfather Clause

People excused from voting restrictions in Bourbon South if grandfather was eligible to vote before Jan 1, 1867 (15th amendment) → allowed the poor white people to vote, but not blacks

Military Enforcement Acts

President authorized the use of the federal military in stopping the KKK

Black codes

Racist and economic restrictions on freedmen in Johnson's plan for reconstruction ex) curfews; not allowed to be charged in court against whites

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical republican; "40 acres and a mule!"

Wade-Davis Plan

Radical republicans' plan for reconstructio 1. Implement a provisional gov't in each ex-confed state 2. Majority of state electorate pledge oath, not just 10% 3. New state constitutions (no slavery, disenfranchise ex-confed leaders, repudiate debt) 4. States must ratify 13th amendment - killed by Lincoln's pocket veto (*) - Caused tension b/w moderates and radicals and would've been big fight if Lincoln hadn't died

Debate over who controls Reconstruction

Republican divisions: Conservatives (min): - Republican economics ( high tariffs, industry, railroads) - Not much interest in slavery issue - Supported radicals over moderates b/c radicals believed in punishing Democrats, which would weaken opposition) Radicals (min): - Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade - Civil rights and suffrage for freedmen - We should punish the south and ex-confeds - Congress should control reconstruction (to maintain republican majority) - Stevens wanted land distribution to all slaves Moderates (maj): - Lincoln - Swift and lenient reconstruction - President should control reconstruction - Abolish slavery, but leave civil rights question to the states

15th Amendment

Right to vote can't be denied based on race, creed, or previous condition of servitude -Thought this would gain Republicans even more support - Really, really angered South, causing KKK (*) and Redeemers (*)

Crop Lien system

Sharecropper used crops/harvest as collateral for seed, tools, and loan

Successes/Failures of Reconstruction

Successes: A.) 14th and 15th amendments B.) Blacks voted and participated in politics C.) Equitable state taxes more fair D.) Public schools, roads, hospitals built Failures: A.) Governments criticized as expensive and corrupt B.) Reconstruction wasn't permanent; blacks abandoned to white redeemers C.) No land reform or redistribution (By 1890: 90% of black farmers were "sharecroppers") D.) By 1877: Return to white supremacy "Bourbon" Rule (wanted to undo changes like Bourbons after FR in France) E.) Jim Crow (named after menstrual shows in which black people danced and made fun of black stereotypes)

Civil Rights Act of 1875

There can be no segregation of public facilities and Juries Not exactly followed; weak and watered down

Literacy Tests

Used to prevent poor and blacks from voting

Poll tax

Used to prevent poor and blacks from voting

Scalawags

White southerners who participated and cooperated with Reconstruction government Some even became republican ex) Confederate war hero James Longstreet

Horace Greeley

Wrote prayer for 4 million calling for Lincoln to abolish slavery; former abolitionist; believed he could communicate with dead; interesting beliefs Neard