APUSH 20-30

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Roosevelt proposed ending the cash-and-carry requirement of the Neutrality Act and permitting Britain to obtain all US arms it needed on credit. He said it would be like lending a neighbor a garden hose to put out a fire. The America First Committee campaigned against this bill

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's successor who adopted a foreign policy that depended more on investors' dollars than on the navy's battleships.

Alaska Purchase (1867)

Russia seeks Seward as a potential buyer for this land and he achieved the purchase for $7.4 million.

spheres of influence

Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France and Germany could dominate trade and investment within a particular port or region of China and shut down competitors

Teapot Dome

Scandal during the Harding administration involving Albert Fall granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money

Countee Cullen

"Heritage", "Any Human to Another", American Romantic poet, one of the leading African American poets of his time, associated with the generation of black poets of the Harlem Renaissance.

Huey Long

"Kingfish" from Louisiana, became a prominent national figure by proposing a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5000 for every American family, to be paid for by taxing the wealthy. In 1935 ______ challenged Roosevelt's leadership by announcing his candidacy for president, but was assassinated.

Ezra Pound

"Personae" Scathing commentary of America; "lost generation" poet, expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and the materialism of the business orientated culture.

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Grant Wood

(1891-1942) American Regionalist; works focus on rural scenes in Iowa; best known for American Gothic

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Scopes Trial

(1925) - Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties.

Korematsu v. US

(1944) Supreme Court upheld the US gov'ts internment policy as justified in wartime.

Smith v. Allwright

(1944) a Supreme Court ruling that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

The Catcher in the Rye

(1951) JD Salinger wrote about the individual's struggle against conformity, classic commentary on "phoniness" as viewed by a troubled teenager

22nd Amendment

(1951) Reacting against the election of Roosevelt as president four times, the Republican-dominated Congress proposed this constitutional amendment to limit a president to a maximum of two full terms in office.

Highway Act (1956)

(1956 - Eisenhower) authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all the nation's major cities. When completed, the US highway system became a model for the rest of the world.

The Lonely Crowd

(1958) Book written by Harvard sociologist David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what is right and wrong.

The Affluent Society

(1958) economist John Kenneth Galbraith wrote about the failure of wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good, influenced the Kennedy and Johnson administrations

Peace Corps

(1961 - Kennedy) an organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries

Trade Expansion Act (1962)

(1961 - Kennedy) authorized tariff reductions with the recently formed European Economic Community (Common Market) of Western European nations.

Alliance for Progress

(1961 - Kennedy) promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America

Catch-22

(1961) Joseph Heller satirized the stupidity of military and war, individual's struggle against conformity

Bay of Pigs

(1961) Kennedy's major blunder when first entered office, approved CIA scheme to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba, failed to set off uprising as planned, anti-Castro Cubans had to surrender and Kennedy didn't use US force to save them, Cuba got more $$ from USSR

Engel v. Vitale

(1962) ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in public schools violated the 1st Amendment's provision for the separation of church and state

regional artists

(Grant Wood and Thomas Hart Benton) celebrated the rural people and scenes of the heartland of America.

anthracite coal miners' strike (1902)

(Pennsylvania) miners demanded 20% increase in pay and reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours; owners refused to negotiate because they were confident that the public would react against the miners; Roosevelt threatened to seize control of mines; owners agreed to 10% pay boost and 9 hour work day

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

(SNCC) Founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms of grassroots protest.

causes of the civil rights movement

1. movement of millions of African Americans from rural South to urban centers of South and the North, African Americans in the North joined Democrats during the New Deal, political mobilization 2. US reputation for freedom and democracy was competing against communist ideology- racial segregation and discrimination stood out as glaring wrongs that needed to be corrected 3. Blacks serving in WWII, dying for country not equal in 4. Flourishing of the urban black middle class. 5.Education opportunities were more present. 6. Television showed how whites lived and the activities of national demonstrators

Security Council

15 members of the UN given the primary responsibility for maintaining international security and authorizing peacekeeping missions. The five major allies of wartime, the United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union, were granted permanent seats and veto power in the UN Security Council.

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Spanish-American War

1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism

great white fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power.

New Nationalism

1912: Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency, more government regulation, of business and unions, women's suffrage and more social welfare programs

16th Amendement

1913, authorized US govenrment to collect income tax

17th Amendment

1913- allowed for the voters in each state to elect their US senators directly. Previously, senators had been chosen by state legislatures. Progressive reform to expand democracy.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. most important for organized labor, the new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

Federal Trade Commission

1914 new regulatory agency was empowered to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation

Henry Ford

1914, perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles by means of an assembly line, improving methods of mass production, and increasing business productivity

Klu Klux Klan

1915 saw a resurgence of the _______, as strong in the Midwest as in the South. It attracted new members because of a popular silent film, Birth of a Nation. The new ____ used modern advertising techniques to grow to 5 million members by 1925. It drew most of its support from lower-middle-class Protestants in small cities and towns

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates

Pancho Villa

1916, Led a raid across the US/Mexican border, murdering people in NM and TX.

Russian Revolution

1917 revolution drives Czar Nicholas II from power; Russia withdraws from the war

T.S. Elliot

1920's "lost generation" poet, wrote "The Waste Land", one of most influential poems of the century,

Eugene O'Niell

1920's playwright, took to a life of drinking, expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of business-oriented culture

Washington Conference (1921)

1921 - Hughes held talks on naval disarmament, hoped to stabilize size of US navy relative to that of other powers and to resolve conflicts in the Pacific. Representatives to the _______ came from Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act

1922 and 1930, established by the Republican Congress under Warren Harding, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Chinese civil war

1927-1949, War between communist Mao Zedong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. The Chinese Communist Party were victorious.

Herbert Hoover

1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

1930 - Hoover signed this law scheduling tariff rates to be the highest in history. In retaliation, European countries enacted higher tariffs of their own against US goods, reducing trade for all nations and sinking the national and international economies further into depression.

debt moratorium

1931 - Hoover proposed a suspension on the payment of international debts because the Dawes plan for collecting war debts could not longer continue. The international economy suffered from massive loan defaults, and banks on both sides of the Atlantic scrambled to meet the demands of the many depositors withdrawing their money.

Only Yesterday

1931 book that enshrined the myth that Fundamentalism had died in the immediate aftermath of the Scopes Trial

Japan takes Manchuria

1931, Japan defied both the Open Door policy and the covenant of the League of Nations by marching into Manchuria, renaming the territory Manchukuo, and establishing a puppet government.

bonus march (1932)

1932 - a thousand unemployed WWI veterans marched to Washington, DC to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised to them at a later date (1945). Congress failed to pass the bill they sought. Hoover ordered the army to break up the encampment.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

1932 - government-owned corporation created by Congress as a measure for propping up railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. Hoover hoped the the benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses, but it only helped the rich.

Stimson Doctrine

1932, Secretary of State Henry Stinson declared that the US would honor its treaty obligations under the Nine-Power treaty by refusing to recognize the legitimacy of any regime like "Manchukuo" that had been established by force. The League of Nations endorsed this doctrine.

repeal of Prohibition

1933 - Congress passed the Beer-Wine Revenue act, which legalized the sale of beer and wine. Later, the ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment _________.

Soviet Union recognized

1933 - Roosevelt granted recognition to the Soviet Union, unlike his Republican predecessors, in order to increase trade and boost the economy

National Recovery Administration

1933 - directed by Hugh Johnson, the _____ was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor. With the antitrust laws temporarily suspended, the ____ could help each industry set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods. This also gave the right for workers to organize and bargain collectively.

Hundred Days

1933 - immediately after being sworn into office, Roosevelt called Congress into a __________ session. During this period, Congress passed into law every request of President Roosevelt, enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history.

bank holiday

1933 - the president ordered the banks to be closed for a ______ and would be reopened after allowing enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis.

Pan-American conferences

1933 in Montevideo, Uruguay -- FDR pledged to never again intervene in internal affairs of Latin American countries. 1936 in Buenos Aires, Argentina -- FDR personally pledged to submit future disputes to arbitration and warned of potential war with Germany

Nye Committee

1934 - An investigative committee led by General Gerald Nye of North Dakota concluded that the main reason for US participation in the World War was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers. This committees work influenced isolationist legislation in the following years.

reciprocal trade agreements

1934 - Roosevelt favored lower tariffs in order to increase trade, so (suggested by Cordell Hull) Congress gave the president power to reduce US tariffs up to 50 percent for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for US imports.

Independence for Philippines

1934 - Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Tydings-McDuffie Act which provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the gradual removal of US military presence from the islands.

Etheopia

1935 - in a bid to prove fascism's military might, Mussolini ordered Italian troops to invade _________. The League of Nations objected but did nothing to stop him.

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act (1935)

1935 - replaced the labor provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act, after that law was declared unconstitutional. The ______ guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. It also outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor and created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce worker's rights.

Schechter v. US

1935 - the NRA was declared unconstitutional

Rhineland

1936 - this region in Western Germany was supposed to be permanently demilitarized, according to the Versailles Treaty. Hitler openly defied the treaty by ordering German troops to march into the _______.

Quarantine speech

1937 - Roosevelt tested public opinion by making a speech proposing that the democracies act together to _______ the aggressor. Reaction to this speech was quite negative, so Roosevelt dropped the idea as politically unwise.

sit-down strike

1937 - at the huge GM plant in Flint, MI the workers insisted on their right to join a union by participating in a _______. Neither the president nor Michigan's governor agreed to the company's request to intervene with troops, so the company yielded to striker demands by recognizing the United Auto Workers (UAW) union.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 - Congress enacted the ______, which established a minimum wage, a minimum standard workweek and extra pay for overtime, and child-labor restrictions.

Sudentenland

1938 - Hitler insisted that Germany had the right to take over a strip of land in Czechoslovakia, the ________, where most people were German-speaking. At a conference in Munich, British and French leaders agreed to allow Hitler to take _______ unopposed.

Marian Anderson

1939 - A distinguished African American singer, who had been refused the use of Constitution Hall in Washington DC by the all-white Daughters of the American Revolution. Eleanor Roosevelt and Harold Ickes gave moral support to African Americans by arranging for her to give a special concert at the Lincoln Memorial.

Poland

1939 - German tanks and planes began a full-scale invasion of _______. Britain and France declared war against Germany, and soon afterward, they were also at war with its Axis Allies. WWII in Europe had begun.

destroyers-for-bases deal

1940 - Britain was under assault by German bombing raids, so Roosevelt gave Britain 50 older but serviceable US destroyers and gave the US the right to build military bases on British islands in the Caribbean.

FDR, third term

1940 - first president to break two-term tradition because of his familiarity and effective campaigning, promised to keep US out of war, ran against Wilkie and won because he was an experienced leader

America First Committee

1940, WWII had begun in Asia and Europe, isolationists formed the __________ to mobilize American public opinion against the war and engaged speakers such as Charles Lindbergh to travel the country warning against reengaging in Europe's troubles.

escort convoys

1941 - Roosevelt ordered the US Navy to escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials from US shores as far as Iceland. American destroyer Greer was attacked by a German submarine, so Roosevelt ordered to attack all German ships on sight, in effect fighting a naval war against Germany.

Four Freedoms speech

1941 - president gave speech proposing to lend money to Britain for the purchase of US war materials, justified by arguing that the US must help other nations defend ________: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear

Braceros program

1942 agreement with Mexico allowing Mexican farmworkers to enter the United States in the harvest season without going through formal immigration procedures.

War Production Board (WPB)

1942, established when US entered WWII to manage war industries, conversion of factories to war production

United Nations

1944 - Dumbarton Oaks, DC - Allied representatives from the US, Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China proposed an international organization to be called the ______. Then, in 1945, delegates from 50 nations assembled in San Francisco where they took eight weeks to draft a charter for it.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Charles Evan Hughes

Secretary of State under Warren Harding, former presidential candidate and Supreme Court Justice, one of the able men appointed to Harding's cabinet to make up for his limitations as president, initiated talks on naval disarmament at the Washington Conference in 1921.

Albert Fall

Secretary of the Interior under Warren Harding, incompetent and dishonest, accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming

Harold Ickes

Secretary of the interior who headed the Public Works Administration under FDR

Italian Fascist party

Seized Italy in 1922, attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of communism. Marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power.

Victoriano Huerta

Seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president

reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Napoleon III

Sent out French troops to occupy Mexico during Civil war. Got threatened by Seward with military action and backed down after that

Marshall Plan

1947 - A plan that the secretary of state George Marshall came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $17 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

1947 - Congress passed this pro-business act to check the growing power of unions. It became a major issue dividing Republicans and Democrats. Its provisions included outlawing closed shop, permitting states to pass "right to work" laws outlawing union shop, outlawing secondary boycotts, and giving the president the power to invoke a 80-day cooling-off period before a strike endangering the national safety could be called.

Loyalty Review Board

1947 - created by the Truman administration under pressure from Republican critics to investigate the background of more than 3 million federal employees (for loyalty to America)

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

racial integration of military

1948 - Truman ordered the end of racial discrimination throughout the federal government, including the armed forces. The end of segregation changed life on military bases, many of which were in the South.

Berlin airlift

1948-1949 - Truman ordered US planes to fly supplies into West Berlin when the Soviets cut off all access by land to the German city until the Soviets opened up highways to Berlin.

Indochina

1950 - the anti-colonial war in _______ between the native Vietnamese + Cambodians vs. the French became a part of the Cold War rivalry. Truman gave US military aid to the French, Eisenhower refused.

NSC-68

1950, a National Security Council document that recommended to quadruple the US government defense spending to 20 percent of GNP, form alliances with non-Communist countries around the world, and convince the American public that a costly arms buildup was imperative to the nations defense.

Korean War

1950-1953 Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

US-Japanese Security Treaty

1951 - Japan surrendered its claims to Korea and the islands in the Pacific, and the United States ended formal occupation of Japan. One of the treaties also provided for US troops to remain in military bases in Japan for that country's protection against external enemies (e.g. communists)

Dennis et al. v. United States

1951, The Supreme Court upheld the conviction clearing the way for prosecution of other communist leaders. In July 1948, the administration charged eleven top communists with violating the Smith Act of 1940, which made it a crime to conspire to "advocate and teach" the violent overthrow of government. After ten months of trial and deliberation, a lower court declared the Smith Act constitutional and the communists guilty.

Korean armistice

1953 - Diplomacy, the threat of nuclear war, and the sudden death of Joseph Stalin finally moved China and North Korea to agree to an __2___ and an exchange of prisoners in 1953. ___1___ would remain divided near the 38th parallel, and no peace treaty was ever concluded between North and South ___1____.

Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare

1953 - Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs by creating this government department under Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman in a Republican cabinet.

Iranian overthrow

1953 - the CIA helped __2___ the ___1__ government that had tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies, allowing for the return of Reza Pahlavi as shah, who provided the West with favorable oil prices and made enormous purchases of US arms.

Rosa Parks

1955 - Montgomery, AL; when ordered to give up her seat for a white passenger, ________ refused, arrested for violating the segregation law, sparking a massive African American protest.

Southern Manifesto

1956 - 101 members of Congress signed the _________ condemning the Supreme Court of a "clear abuse of judicial power" in opposition to the Brown decision

Little Rock crisis

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class. (backlash to Brown decision)

Sputnik (1957)

1957 - Soviet Union launched the first satellites, ________ 1 and 2, putting the US's technological leadership into question. Fear of nuclear war was intensified by _____, since the middles that launched the satellites could also deliver thermonuclear warheads anywhere in the world in minutes.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 - led by Martin Luther King Jr., organized ministers and churches in the South to get behind the civil rights struggle and against segregation using nonviolent means

Eisenhower doctrine

1957 - pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism. This was applied in Lebanon in 1958 to prevent civil war between Christians and Muslims

NDEA (National Defense Education Act)

1958 - authorized giving hundreds of millions of federal money to schools for math, science, and foreign language education

NASA

1958 - created to direct the US efforts to build missiles and explore outer space. Billions were appropriated to compete with the Russians in the space race.

Communism in Cuba

1959 - Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator and ascended as communist leader, nationalizing American businesses and properties in Cuba, so the US retaliated by cutting off US trade with Cuba. The CIA trained Cuban refugees failed to stop Fidel Castro and communist rising.

sit-in movement

1960 - college students in Greensboro, NC started the _________ after being refused service at a segregated counter. To call attention to the injustice of segregated facilities, students would deliberately invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas.

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

1962- US reconnaissance planes discovered that the Russians were building underground sites in ____ for the launching of offensive missiles that could reach the US in minute. Kennedy responded by setting up a naval blockade of ____ until the weapons were removed. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from ___ in exchange for Kennedy's pledge not to invade it and to remove missiles from Turkey

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

1963 - Soviet Union and the United States along with 100 other nations signed ________ to end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. This first step in controlling the testing of nuclear arms was offset by a new round in the arms race for developing missile and warhead superiority.

War on Poverty

1964 - LBJ declared ____________ to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly, Office of Economic Opportunity established with a billion-dollar budget to achieve this goal

24th Amendment

1964 - the __________ was ratified, abolishing the practice of collecting a poll tax, a measure that discouraged poor people from voting

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; advocated ending the welfare state, including TVA and Social Security, quick to involve US in nuclear war. Lost by the biggest landslide in history, but energized many young conservatives.

Medicaid

1965 - provided funds for states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled

Medicare

1965 - provided health insurance for all people 65 and older

Richard Nixon

1968 Republican nominee for president, more positive, "hawk" on the Vietnam war, defeated Herbert Humphrey in a very close popular vote but majority electoral vote. Nixon and Wallace's popular vote was 57%, showing how the nation needed time to rest from the upheavals of the 1960s.

movie stars

Sexy and glamorous ______ such as Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino were idolized by milions

Bicentennial

1976 - _________ celebration, Americans took pride in history and put Watergate and Vietnam behind the

START 1 and 2

1991, signed by Gorbachev and GHWB, reducing to 10,000 nuclear warheads on each side, 1992 GHWB and Yeltsin agreed to 2nd treaty, reducing to 3,000 on each side and offered US assistance to troubled Russian economy

Oklahoma City bombing

1995-- federal building bombed in _______ by militia-movement extremists, took 169 lives, worst act of domestic terrorism until 9/11

Earth day (1970)

20 million people in U.S. participated in the first national _______, reflecting the nations growing concerns over air and water pollution and the destruction of the natural environment

bank failures

20 percent of banks closed, wiping out 10 million savings accounts. As banks failed, the money supply contracted by 30%.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president who was McKinley's assistant secretary of the navy. He led a volunteer involved troop that was a well known event of war at San Juan Hill in Cuba

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great depression, and he was the nations leader during most of the world War ll. He expanded the size of the federal government, altered its scope of operations and greatly enlarged presidential powers.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

34th U.S. President. 1953-1961. Republican candidate, criticized Truman's war efforts, and Allied Commander in Europe in WWII, was looked to for reassuring leadership after decades of depression/war; Easily took the Republican nomination with VP Nixon; adopted style of leadership that emphasized delegation of authority and filling cabinet with corporate executives.

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his death in 1963. Charismatic, wealthy, youthful senator from Massachusetts, vice president LBJ balanced ticket to Southern states. Pioneered the New Frontier, Space Program, Providing for poor, Warren Commission, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis and was assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald.

James Earl (Jimmy) Carter

39th president, informal style effort to end "imperial presidency," politically inexperienced, keen intelligence and dedication to duty-- partly a liability in causing him to pay close attention to all details of gov't operations

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Palmer raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

U-2 incident

A 1960 incident in which the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory, which exposed a secret US tactic for gaining information. Eisenhower took full responsibility, but Khrushchev denounced US Paris summit.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote "How The Other Half Lives" in 1890.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Republican senator from Massachusetts who passed the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Joseph McCarthy

A Republican senator from Wisconsin, used the growing concern over communism in his 1950 reelection campaign. He used a steady stream of unsupported accusations about Communists in government to keep the media focus on himself and to discredit the Truman administration.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin, supporting "peaceful coexistence" with the West, and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines.

Stokely Carmichael

A black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"Black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Council of Economic Advisers

A board of three professional economists was established in 1946 (Truman) to advise the president on economic policy.

Black Tuesday

A consumer panic in the stock market on October 29, 1929 that is said to allegedly be the main cause of the Great Depression.

pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. This group thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well-known purveyors were John Dewey and William James.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Wittaker Chambers

A former Communist who had broken with the party in 1938 and became the editor of Time Magazine, star witness for HUAC in 1948. He accused Albert Hiss of communist ties.

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party i 1948 due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Australian Ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

Lost Generation

A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917, communists

muckrakers

A group of writers, journalists, and critics who exposed corporate malfeasance and political corruption in the first decade of the 20th century.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

George Kennan

A member of the State Department, he felt that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

New Left

A new political movement of the late 1960s that called for significant changes to fight poverty and racism.

Winston Churchill

A noted British Prime Minister who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Fourteen points

A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity. It was rejected by Germany, but it made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of World War I.

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

"new imperialism"

A policy of economic, political, and social of one country by another. Industrialized countries sought control of other countries for raw materials and new markets.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Alger Hiss

A prominent official in the State Department who had assisted Roosevelt during the Yalta conference. He denied accusations that he was a Communist and had given secret documents to Chambers. In 1950, however, he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison. (are the highest levels of gov't infiltrated by spies?!)

municipal reform

A reform introduced by Republican Mayor Samuel M. Jones that included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A republican senator from Massachusetts who feared Japan was scheming to acquire land

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Federal Reserve Board

A seven-member board that sets member banks reserve requirements, controls the discount rate, and makes other economic decisions.

Rosie the Riveter

A song about __________ was used to encourage women to take defense jobs. However, they received pay well below that of male factory workers.

Scientific management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe.

Philippine annexation

A treaty ratified on Feb. 6, 1899 guaranteed this. The anti-imperialists fell just two votes short of defeating this treaty.

Russo-Japenese War

A war between Russia and Japan

Vietnamization

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine".

Sunbelt

A warmer climate, lower taxes, and economic opportunities in defense-related industries attracted many GIs and their families to the Sunbelt states from Florida to California.

mobilization

Act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs when they go into debt to European powers

consumerism

Advertising expanded as business found that consumers' demand for new products could be manipulated by appealing to their desires for status and popularity, contributing to 1920s ______.

Paul Robeson

African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Renaissance.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader from the late 1800's until his death form 1915; founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; encouraged African Americans to learn trades and become economically self-sufficient before calling for equal rights.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

urban migration

African Americans steadily shifted toward the north between 1910 and 1930. Some reasons were (1) Deteriorating race relations, (2) Destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil, and (3) Job opportunities in nothern factories that opened up when white workers were drafted into WW I.

executive order on jobs

After black leaders threatened a protest march on Washington, the Roosevelt administration issued an _______ in government and businesses that received federal contracts to prohibit discrimination.

Nuclear arms race

After the Berlin crisis, teams of scientists in both the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in an intense competition to develop superior weapons systems.

Civil Rights acts of 1957, 1960

Signed by Eisenhower, first civil rights laws to be enacted since the reconstruction, provided for a permanent Civil Rights Commission and protected the voting rights of blacks.

Nine-power China treaty

All nine nations represented at the Washington conference agreed to respect the Open Door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China.

World Bank

Also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The bank's initial purpose was to fund rebuilding of a war-torn world, but the Soviets declined to participate because they viewed it as an instrument of capitalism.

Jacqueline Kennedy

American first lady and wife of president Kennedy; she was known for her style and social grace; was used to create a favorable public opinion about his presidency.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

James Weldon Johnson

American poet and part of the Harlem Renaissance, he was influenced by jazz music.

elections of 1952

Americans were looking for relief from the Korean War and an end to political scandals. Dwight (Ike) Eisenhower (popular Republican) vs. Democrat Adlai Stevenson, Eisenhower won through his reputation for integrity and pledge to end the Korean war.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO.

conservative coalition

An alliance of Republicans and southern Democrats that can form in the House or the Senate to oppose liberal legislation and support conservative legislation

industrial design

An applied art that improves the aesthetics and usefulness of mass produced products for users. Influenced by Art Deco and streamlining styles, they created functional products from toasters to locomotives.

George Creel

An investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.

King assassination (1968)

Apr. 1968 - MLK Jr., while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee, was shot and killed by a white man, sparking massive riots in cities across the country out of anger and frustration

Arab nationalism

Arab unity, which became a powerful force under Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser

George Goethals

Army colonel who was chief engineer of building the Panama Canal

William Goras

Army colonel whose efforts helped eliminate the mosquitoes that spread deadly yellow fever, he was also one of the two skilled men that really made the Panama Canal possible

German Nazi party

Arose in 1920's in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after war and national resentments over Treaty of Versailles, leader was Hitler

National American Women Suffrage Association

Association Founded by Susan B. Anthony in 1890, this organization worked to secure women the right to vote. While some suffragists urged militant action, it stressed careful organization and peaceful lobbying. By 1920 it had nearly two million members.

Geneva Conference (1954)

At the ______________, France agreed to give up Indochina, which was divided into the independent nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Casablanca Conference

At this conference in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on the grand strategy to win the war, including to invade Sicily and Italy and to demand "unconditional surrender" from the Axis powers

Harry Daugherty

Attorney General under Warren Harding, incompetent and dishonest, took bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects

Berlin Wall

August 1961 - Kennedy refused to take his troops out of Berlin. East Germans built this around West Berlin to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany, _________ served as a gloomy symbol of the Cold War until it was torn down by rebellious East Germans in 1989.

Central powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychiatrist, wrote influential writings stressing the role of sexual repression in mental illness, contributed to rise of premarital sex

war debts

Before WWI, the US had been a debtor nation, but it emerged from the war a creditor nation. Harding and Coolidge insisted that Britain and France pay back every penny of their ______, which didn't end well.

James Blaine

Benjamin Harrison's secretary of state and played an important role in the Pan-American Conference. The charming and popular man was the Republican nominee for president in 1884 who lost to Grover Cleveland. His candidacy was hurt by charges of corruption with the railroads exposed in the Mulligan letters.

Thurgood Marshall

Black attorney who successfully argued the case of Brown V. Board of Eduction in front of the Supreme Court, later 1st African American Supreme Court justice

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Atlantic Charter

British PM Winston Churchill and Roosevelt drew up a document known as the _________ that the affirmed general principles for a sound peace after the war would include self-determination for all people, no territorial expansion, and free trade.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist, taught FDR that he had made a mistake in attempting to balance the budget. According to his theory, deficit spending was helpful in difficult times because the government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to initiate economic growth. Deficit spending "primed the pump" to increase investment and create jobs.

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television and televised debates. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Kennedy appeared more vigorous and comfortable than Nixon, and attacked Eisenhower for recession and allowing Soviets to win arms race. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Clarence Thomas

Bush's nomination to Supreme court after Marshall left, controversial because of conservative judicial views and charges of sexual harassment

northern migration

By 1930, almost 20 percent of African Americans lived in the North, as migration from the South continued. In the North, African Americans still faced discrimination in housing and jobs, but they found some improvement in their earnings and material standard of living.

unemployment

By 1933, the number of unemployed had reached 13 million people or 25 percent of the workforce, including farmers.

impact of the automobile

By the end of the decade, there was an average of one car per American family. The production of automobiles replace the railroad industry as the key promoter of economic growth. Other industries such as steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, and highway construction now depended on automobile sales. The automobile affected all that Americans did: shopping, traveling, commuting, even dating.

division of Vietnam

By the terms at the Geneva conference, the ______________ would be at temporarily at the 17th parallel until a general election could be held. The new nation remained divided, however, as two hostile governments took power on either side of the line. In North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh established a communist dictatorship, and in South Vietnam an anticommunist Catholic government emerged under Ngo Dinh Diem.

Santo Domingo

Capital of Dominican Republic

League of Women Voters

Carrie Chapman Catt organized a civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues

Panama Canal Treaty (1978)

Carter attempted to correct inequalities in the original ___________ of 1903 by negotiating a new treaty in 1978, gradually transferring operations and control of it from the US to panamanians

Camp David Accords (1978)

Carter's peace settlement between Egypt and Israel (one of his best/only successes), caused Egypt to be first Arab nation to recognize the nation of Israel. In return, Israel withdrew its troops from the Sinai territory taken from Egypt in the Six-day War of 1967. The treaty was opposed by the PLO and many Arab countries but proved to be first step in long road to peace in the Middle East.

Taiwan

Chiang and the Nationalists, after being defeated by the Communists in 1949, retreated to an island once under Japanese Rule, Formosa (Taiwan).

Double V

Civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the _______ slogan, one for victory over fascism abroad and one for equality at home.

Rachel Carson, "Silent Spring"

Clean air and water laws were enacted in part as a response to ____________, an exposé of DDT and other harmful pesticides. Federal parks and wilderness areas were expanded.

NAFTA

Clinton signed _____ which created a free-trade zone with Canada and Mexico

Warren Commission

Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assasination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren.

Kim Il Sung

Communist dictator of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994.

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam; he and his Viet Minh/Viet Cong allies fought French and American forces to a standstill in Vietnam, 1946-1973. Considered a nationalist by many, others viewed him as an agent of the Soviet Union and China.

scientific management

Companies made greater use of research and their use of Frederick W. Taylor's time-and-motion studies and principles of _______, contributing to increased productivity and business prosperity in the 1920s

Standard Oil Company

Company of oil refineries that eventually became a virtual monopoly for all refineries through a trust, which consolidated power into 9 trustees in the group that allowed one very large company without one actually owning another. (FIRST EXAMPLE OF A MONOPOLY)

immigration issues

Congress dropped the bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants, but the quota system remained in place until 1965. Puerto Ricans could enter the US without restrictions, but Mexicans faced working under the braceros program, entering as a regulated legal immigrant, or crossing the border as "illegals"

Third World

Countries that, in contrast to the industrialized nations of the Western bloc and the Communist bloc, often lacked stable political and economic institutions. Their need for foreign aid from either the United States or the Soviet Union made them into pawns of the Cold War.

Environmental Superfund (1980)

Created to clean up toxic dumps such as Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

popular culture

Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies. This was evident in the 1950s in the proliferation of television, advertising culture, and rock and roll music.

international Darwinism

Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, in the international arena, the US had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas, a sort of continuing of the manifest destiny

Five-Power Naval Treaty

Decided on at the 1921 Washington Conference, nations with the five largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio with respect to their largest warships or battleships: the US, 5; GB, 5; Japan, 3; France, 1.67; Italy, 1.67. Britain and the US also agreed not to fortify their possessions in the Pacific, while no limit was placed on the Japanese.

Teller Amendment(1898)

Declared that the U.S had no intention of taking control of Cuba, who is in control of their own government

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate of 1912 who opposed imperialism, big stick and dollar diplomacy policies, became 28th president

Alfred E. Smith

Democratic opponent to Hoover in the 1928 election, Roman Catholic and opponent to Prohibition, appealed to immigrant voters in the cities. Many protestants were openly prejudiced against Smith.

election of 1936

Democrats nominated Roosevelt for a second term, New Deal programs and active leadership made him popular among workers and small farmers, but businesses hated him b/c of regulatory programs like the Wagner Act. Republicans nominated Alf Landon, who criticized the Democrats for spending too much money on New Deal legislation. Roosevelt won by a landslide.

isolationism

Disillusioned about the results of World War I, America practiced __________ to make sure that the US would never be involved in another foreign war. Japanese aggression in Manchuria and the rise of fascism and Germany only increased determination to avoid war at all costs.

Venezuela boundary dispute

Dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana; British had ignored American demands to arbitrate the matter with Sec. of State Olney saying that Britain was violating the Monroe Doctrine; president Cleveland supported Venezuela and decided to determine the boundary line and if Britain resisted this, the U.S. could declare war to enforce it; Britain eventually agreed to arbitration

Theodore Roosevelt's Square deal

Distinguish good corporations that provided useful products and services at fair prices from evil corporations that existed to make money

38th parallel

Dividing line between Communist North Korea and Democratic South Korea

desegregation

Doing away with the practice of providing seperate facilities for blacks and whites, this was done in schools by the Brown v. Board of Education

"brinkmanship"

Dulles pleased conservatives (and alarmed others) by declaring that, if the United States pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of American superiority.

fireside chats

During the depression years of the 1930s, President Roosevelt used the radio to communicate with the American people, using plain language to explain complex issues and programs. These had a reassuring and steadying effect on the public and boosted confidence.

Mexican deportation

During the depression, high unemployment and drought in the Plains and the Midwest caused a dramatic growth in white migrant workers who pushed west in search of work. Discrimination in New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced many thousands of __1___ Americans to ____2_____.

massive retaliation

Eisenhower and Dulles policy; it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

soil-bank program

Eisenhower initiated this program as a means of reducing farm production and thereby increasing farm income

elections of 1956

Eisenhower ran for a second term after he suffered a serious heart attack. Ran against Adlai Stevenson once again. Ike won by a even greater landslide. The Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress.

electric appliances

Electricity in their homes enabled millions of American to purchase consumer appliances of the decade, such as refrigerators vacuum cleaners, and washing machines.

Employment Act of 1946

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

minimum wage

Established by the Fair Labor Standards Act, initially fixed at 40 cents an hour

debts and high tariffs

Europe had never recovered from WWI, but the US failed to recognize Europe's postwar problems, so Europe suffered from ___________.

Cuba

Expansionists from the south coveted this country as early as the 1850s, Monroe Doctrine provided justification for U.S intervention

John Foster Dulles

Experienced diplomat who helped shape US foreign policy throughout Eisenhower's presidency. As Secretary of State. he advocated a "new look" to US foreign policy that took the initiative in challenging the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. He talked of "liberating captive nations" of Eastern Europe and encouraging the Nationalist Government of Taiwan to assert itself against "red" China

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/ Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's wife, most active first lady in history, writing a newspaper column, giving speeches, and traveling the country. She served as the president's social conscience and influenced him to support minorities and less fortunate.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader who had fought alongside U.S. troops during the Spanish-American war then he led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against U.S. control

moral diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

National Urban League

Formed in 1911 to help those migrating from the South to northern cites

Georges Clemenceau

France important leader

Communist satellites

From 1946-1948, communist dictators took power in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, all of these were satellites, or nations under the control of a great power; in this situation, the Soviet Union.

reorganization plan

Frustrated by the conservative obstacles in the Supreme Court, Roosevelt proposed a judicial-___________ in 1937 proposing that the president be authorized to appoint to the Supreme Court an additional justice for each current justice over 70.5 years old. This bill allowed Roosevelt to add up to six more justices to the Court, all of them liberal. Also called "Court-packing" bill.

Occupation zones

Germany split into four between the USSR, the U.S., Britain, and France. Berlin split into four as well, with the USSR controlling the Eastern half (communist half) and the remaining half split between the remaining three nations (capitalist)

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

submarine warfare

Germany's one hope for challenging British power at sea lay with a new naval weapon, the submarine

Samuel M. Jones

Golden Rule; minimum wage; opened kindergartens; along with other reform mayor Tom Johnson

research and development

Government worked closely with universities and research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy. The Office of ____________ was established to contract scientists and universities to help in the development of electronics, such as radar and sonar, medicines such as penicillin, jet engines, and rockets.

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama 1963, tried to stop an African American student from entering the University of Alabama. He was also the first politician of the late-20th-century America to marshal the general resentment against the Washington establishment and the two-party system. He ran for president of a self-nominated candidate of the American Independent Party, unsuccessfully.

Adlai Stevenson

Governor of Illinois, Democratic candidate for president in 1952, known for wit, eloquence, and courage in confronting McCarthyism

preparedness

Greater defence expenditures. Army and Navy were not prepared for war

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression. These were academics, lawyers, economists, and social scientists. Many of them had extensive theories about using the powers of an expanding government to make a better, more "progressive" society

Calvin Coolidge

Harding's vice president and successor after he died, won popularity as 1919 Massachusetts governor who broke the Boston police strike. Nickname "Silent Cal" because he was a man of few words, very business-oriented and believed in limited government while business conducted its own affairs, won the election of 1924

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem became famous in the 1920s for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. Because of their achievements this period is known as the _______.

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Harry Truman and his wartime allies called on Japan to surrender unconditionally or face "utter destruction." When Japan gave an unsatisfactory reply, A-bombs were dropped on these two cities on August 6 and August 9, 1945.

Venustiano Carranza

He became president of Mexico in 1914. He succeeded the harsh President Huerta. President Carranza at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Federal Reserve

Some economists concentrated the blame on the ____________ for its tight money policies, as hundreds of banks failed. Instead on trying to stabilize banks, the money supply, and prices, the _________ tried to preserve the gold standard. Without depositors' insurance, people panicked to get their money out of the banks, which caused more bank failures.

Richard Olney

He was secretary of State under Cleveland and warned England that grave consequences would follow if England did not allow arbitration in the Venezuelan boundary dispute.

States-Rights party (Dixiecrats)

Southern Democrats who bolted the party in reaction to Truman's support of civil rights, and chose Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as its 1948 presidential candidate

Valeriano Weyler

Spain sent out this autocratic general and over 100,000 troops to suppress the Cuban revolt.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

self-reliance

Herbert Hoover's approach to the in the Great Depression at first, the nation could get through difficult times if the people took his advice about exercising voluntary action and restraint. He urged businesses not to cut wages, unions not to strike, and private charities to increase their efforts for the needy and homeless.

jazz age

High school and college youth expressed their rebellion against their elders' culture by dancing to jazz music. Jazz became a symbol of "new" and "modern" culture of the cities.

Twentieth Amendment ("lame-duck")

Hoover was known as a "lame-duck", powerless to cope with the Depression, which continued to get worse. He offered to help Roosevelt through the period between election and inauguration, but Roosevelt did not want to be tied to Hoover's ideas. The ____________ shortened the period between presidential election and inauguration, setting each president's start of term to January 20.

interstate highway system

Ike backed the ________ act of 1956, a $27 billion plan to build forty-two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways. This immense public works project created jobs, promoted the trucking industry, accelerated the growth of suburbs, and contributed to a more homogeneous national culture. This was taxing to the environment and public transportation, however.

21st Amendment

In 1933, the ________ repealing the Eighteenth was ratified, and millions celebrated a new year by toasting the end of Prohibition

Montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

RFK assassination

In 1968, Two months after MLK's assassination, Robert Kennedy was assassinated in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in LA just after he gave his primary election victory speech. The killer, Sirahn Sirahn is still in jail for the crime. This prompted the Secret Service to protect not only the incumbent president, but also presidential candidates.

Tampico incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended.

Hiram Johnson

In California, he successfully fought against economic and political power of Southern Pacific Railroad

Charles Evans Hughes

In New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies

morals and fashions

In the 1920s, many took to premarital sex as if it were, like radio and jazz music, one of the inventions of the modern age. Movies, novels, automobiles, and new dance steps also encouraged greater promiscuity. The flapper fashion set young people apart as well, in which girls wore dresses hemmed at the knee and bobbed their hair.

national networks

In the 1920s, radio suddenly appeared. By 1930 there were over 800 stations broadcasting to 10 million radios, about a third of all US homes. NBC and CBS provided _____ of radio stations that enabled people from coast to coast to listen to the same programs: news broadcasts, sporting events, soap operas, quiz shows, and comedies.

stock market crash

In the late 1920s, stock prices had kept going up and up for 18 months from 1928 to 1929. Although stock prices had fluctuated greatly for several weeks preceding the crash, but on October 24, 1929, there was an unprecedented amount of selling on Wall Street, and stock prices plunged.

popular heroes

In the new age of radio and movies, Americans radically shifted their viewpoint and adopted as role models larger-than-life personalities celebrated on the sports page and the movie screen.

Hollywood blacklists

Individuals who were prevented from working in the film industry because of their suspected involvement with Communist interests.

assembly line

Instead of losing time moving around a factory as in the past, Ford's workers remained in one place all day and performed the same simple operation over and over again at rapid speed. Most major industries in the 1920s adopted this technique and realized major gains in worker productivity

Battle of Midway

Intercepting and decoding Japanese messages enabled US forces to destroy f0ur Japanese carriers and 300 planes in the decisive _________ on June 4-7 1942. This battle ended Japanese expansion.

Potsdam

Stalin remained as the last of the Big Three, met with Truman and Attlee in ______ and agreed to demand that Japan surrender unconditionally and to hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders.

Vittorio Orlando

Italy important leader

Zimmermann telegram

January 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US; offered to return land Mexico lost the US

Japanese internment

Japanese Americans were suspected of being potential spies, so in 1942 these irrational fears and racism prompted the US gov't to order over 100,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast to leave their homes and reside in the barracks of internment camps.

gentlemen's agreement

Japanese government secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S. in return for Roosevelt persuading California to repel its discriminatory laws

Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act (1934)

John Collier, commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1933, replaced the Dawes Act of 1887 with the ________. This new measure returned lands to the control of the tribes and supported preservation of Indian cultures.

Election of 1964

Johnson and Hubert Humphrey went in with a liberal agenda against Repub Barry Goldwater of Arizona, a rightwing extremist. Johnson won by a landslide, democrats controlled both houses of Congress.

Frederick Lewis Allen

Journalist who wrote "Only Yesterday" breath taking change from 1919 to 1920 overnight. Book had Mr. and Mrs. Smith who emulated typical 20's family and how progressed: can foods, radio, bob hair cuts, smoking , clubs, etc.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France from Germany. The turning point of World War II.

Lady Bird Johnson

LBJ's wife, contributed to improving the environment with her Beautify America campaign, which resulted in the Highway Beautification Act that removed billboards from federal roads.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

John L. Lewis

Leader of the Committee (became Congress in 1936) of Industrial Organization, also president of the United Mine Workers union.

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Legislation passed by Congress in 1972 which stated that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." It just missed acceptance by the required 38 states, in part because of a growing reaction against feminism by conservatives who feared the movement threatened the traditional roles of women.

De Lome Letter

Letter by Spanish diplomat criticizing President McKinley leaked to newspapers

new Progressive party

Liberal Democrats, who thought Truman's aggressive foreign policy threatened world peace, formed a new Progressive party that nominated former vice president Henry Wallace.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

election of 1944

Many felt that, in the war emergency, there should be no change in leadership. So, FDR received the Democratic nomination for the fourth time. The VP Henry Wallace was too radical to run again, Harry S. Truman ran as VP. The Republican nomination was Thomas Dewey, a New York governor with record of prosecuting corruption. FDR won in an overwhelming electoral vote.

People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong's regime in Beijing (communist) beginning in 1949. The United States continued to support Chiang and refused to recognize this regime until 1979.

Regents of University of California v. Bakke

Supreme Court ruled that while race could be considered, racial quotas were unconstitutional in schools.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Ten European nations joined the United States and Canada in creating the NATO, a military defense pact to protect Western Europe (1949), breaking US tradition of avoiding permanent alliances with European nations

peaceful coexistence

Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war.

unconditional surrender

Term used by the Allied powers to describe what kind of surrender they wanted from Germany and Japan - one without negotiations

H. Ross Perot

Texas billionaire, entered 1992 race for president as independent, televised anti-Washington anti-deficit views, 20% of popular vote, best third-party showing since Theodore roosevelt

Pan-American Conference (1889)

Meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues. They were first introduced by James G. Blaine of Maine in order to establish closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors.

Cesar Chavez

Mexican workers were highly exploited when returned to US in 50s and 60s for low-paying ag jobs, ________ and the United Farm Workers Organization gained collective bargaining rights for farm workers 1975

race riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

Liliuokalani

Monarch of Hawaii before American settlers overthrew her.

Works Progress Administration

Much bigger than the relief agencies of the first New Deal, the _____ spent billions of dollars between 1935 and 1940 to provide people with jobs. It employed 3.4 million men and women in its first year of operation that had been on the relief rolls of state and local governments. Most ____ workers were put to work constructing new bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Unemployed artists, writers, actors, and photographers were paid by the WPA to paint murals, write histories, and perform in plays.

conglomerates

Multi-interest and often multinational corporations that, under one corporate roof, may manufacture a wide variety of products. In the fifties, these began to dominate such industries as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

NAACP argued, led by Thurgood Marshall, that segregation of black children in the public schools was unconstitutional b/c it violated the 14th Amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws," overturning the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson case

Mexico

Napoleon III sent his troops out here

Suez Canal crisis (1956)

Nasser seized and nationalized the British/French owned ________ that passed through Egyptian territory. Loss of the canal threatened Western Europe's supply line to Middle Eastern oil. In response to this threat, Britain, France, and Israel carried out a surprise attack against Europe and retook the canal. Eisenhower sponsored a UN resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt (felt out of the loop), and invading forces withdrew.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927 and they were executed. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's national security adviser, became secretary of state during Nixon's second term

J. Storm Thurmond

Nominated as 1948 presidential candidate for Dixiecrat (states rights) party

W. E. B. Du Bois

Northern African American who had a college education and also became a scholar and writer. The souls of Black Folks demanded equal rights for African Americans. He also joined the Nigeria movement

blacks, Catholics, Jews, foreigners and communists

Northern branches of the KKK directed their hostility towards ____________

Maine

On Feb 15, 1898, the US battleship was in Havana, Cuba when it suddenly exploded, killing 260 Americans on board, the yellow press accused Spain but experts concluded that it was probably an accident later on

early marriages

One sign of the basic confidence of the postwar era was an explosion in marriages and births, resulting in the baby boom

movie palaces

Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the U.S.

civil rights

Over 1.5 million African Americans left the South, and a million young men left home to serve in the armed forces, but whether as soldiers or civilians, all faced continued discrimination and segregation, leading to the rise of _____ leaders and organizations.

National Security Act (1947)

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense to coordinate the operations of the army, navy, and air force; the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments; and National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy during the Cold War

Andrew Mellon

Pittsburgh industrialist and millionaire, Secretary of the Treasury under Warren Harding, one of the able men appointed to Harding's cabinet to make up for his limitations as president

conservation

Preservation and protection of resources. Roosevelt passed many acts to protect wildlife

modern Republicanism

President Eisenhower's approach to government, described as "conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings"

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the__________. In 1963-6, Congress passed many of these measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

black pride

Pride in being African-American, idea promoted by Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois, this movement in the 1920s helped inspire a later generation to embrace the cause of _______ and nationalism.

Joseph Cannon

Progressive Republican's became angry at Pres. Taft when he failed to support their effort to reduce the dictorial powers of Congress' leading conservative. This man was Speaker of the House.

Robert La Folette

Progressive governor of Wisconsin, who introduced direct primary.

atoms for peace

Proposal by Eisenhower to hand over nuclear materials to a peaceful UN body, rejected by Stalin.

Selective Training and Service Act (1940)

Provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 and for the training of 1.2 million troops in just one year. Public opinion was shifting away from neutrality.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) (1944)

Provided powerful support during the transition of 15 million veterans to a peacetime economy. More than half the returning GIs (men and women in uniform) seized the opportunity afforded by the GI Bill to continue their education at government expense, starting a postwar boom in higher education.

Jones Act (1917)

Puerto Rico gains rights and are actually considered people

buying on margin

Purchasing stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future, borrowing most of the cost of the stock

Kellogg-Briand Treaty (1928)

Renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends. This international agreement would prove ineffective because it permitted defensive wars and failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement. Significant because women took the lead in a peace movement to outlawing future wars.

William Seward

Republican Secretary of state who served under Abe Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, convinced congress to annex Hawaii and purchase the west indies, also achieved the annexation of Midway Island in the Pacific and gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua

Thomas Dewey

Republican nomination for the election of 1948, New York Governor, looked much like a winner from the outset that he conducted an overly cautious and unexciting campaign, although he lost to Truman.

Wendell Willkie

Republican nominee for president in 1940, a newcomer to public office, a layer and utility executive with magnetic personality, criticized the New Deal but agreed with Roosevelt on foreign policy

Francis Townsend

Retired physician from Long Beach, before the Social Security Act proposed a 2% federal sales tax to be used to create a special fund, from which every retired person would receive $200 a month. The popularity of this plan persuaded Roosevelt to make a more moderate plan of his own, which became the Social Security system.

Our Country: Its Possible Future and Current Crisis

Reverend Josiah Strong wrote that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were "the fittest to survive" and that Protestant Americas had a Christian duty to colonize other lands fr the purpose of spreading Christianity and Western civilization

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Roosevelt arranged a diplomatic conference between representatives of the two foes (Japan and Russia) in Portsmouth, New Hampshire to end their war

Algeciras conference (1906)

Roosevelt arranged this conference to help resolve a claim over Morocco between France and Germany

Tehran

The Big Three met for the first time in the Iranian city of _____ in November 1943. They agreed that the British and the Americans would begin their drive to liberate France in the Spring of 1944 and that the Soviets would invade Germany and eventually join the war against Japan.

cash and carry

The British navy controlled the seas, so if the US ended its arms embargo, it would help only Britain, not Germany. Roosevelt persuaded Congress in 1939 to pass a less restrictive Neutrality Act, which provided that a belligerent could buy US arms if it used its own ships and paid cash. This policy was neutral, but favored Britain.

appeasement

The European democracies adopted the policy of _______, allowing Hitler to get away with relatively small acts of aggression and expansion, hoping to avoid open conflict with Germany.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

The Glass-Steagall Act increased regulation of the banks and limited how banks could invest customers' money. The ___________ guaranteed individual bank deposits. The gold standard was restricted to international transaction, and the Americans could no longer exchange dollars for gold.

kamikaze attacks

The Japanese used ________ to make suicide attacks on US ships. They also inflicted major damage in the colossal Battle of Okinawa.

wartime solidarity

The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together as "bands of brothers" in combat or working together for a common cause in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices based on nationality, ethnicity, and religion.

relief, recovery, reform

The New Deal programs served three R's: ____ for people out of work, _____ for business and the economy as a whole, and ____ of American economic institutions

disarmament

The Republican presidents of the 1920s tried to promote peace and also scale back expenditures on defense by arranging treaties of ________, or the act of reducing or depriving of arms. The most successful _____ conference was held in Washington, DC in 1921

freedom of expression in arts

The Second Red Scare made the arts more scrutinized. Arthur Miller came under attacks as anti-American, and Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical, South Pacific, was criticized, especially by southern politicians, as a communistic assault on racial segregation. Loyalty oaths were commonly required of writers and teachers as a condition of employment.

reparations

The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay $30 billion in ______ to the Allies, which didn't end well.

CIA, covert action

The __1__, under Eisenhower's conduct of US foreign policy, grew in use of ____2_____, or undercover intervention in internal politics of other nations. It seemed less objectionable than employing US troops and proved less expensive. (Iran and Guatemala)

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. Most of this legislation was passed under President JOhnson

Douglas MacArthur

The commander of army units in the Southern Pacific. When he was driven from the Philippines in 1942 he famously vowed, "I shall return."

Supreme Court

The conservative decisions of the ______ were frustrating to Roosevelt, killing the NRA for business recovery and the AAA for agricultural recovery by deciding that the laws creating them were unconstitutional.

recession of 1937

The economy experienced a backward slide towards the end of the Great Depression, the new Social Security tax reduced consumer spending while Roosevelt was curtailing expenditures for relief and public works, hoping to balance the budget and reduce national debt.

quota laws of 1921 and 1924

The first ______ limited immigration to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census (maximum of 375,000). To reduce the number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, Congress passed a second _______ that set quotas of 2% base on the Census of 1890 (before the arrival of "new" immigrants). The law chiefly restricted those groups considered "undesirable" by nativists.

suburban growth

The high demand for housing after the war resulted in a construction boom and the development of suburbs. Inner cities became increasingly poor and racially divided.

Dow Jones index

The index of stock prices that fell from its high of 381 before the crash to an ultimate low of 41 during the Great Depression.

Hollywood

The movie industry centered in _____, California became the big business of the 1920s. Going to the movies became a national habit in cities, suburbs, and small towns

Spanish Civil War

The outbreak of the ________ in 1936 was viewed in Europe and the United States as an ideological struggle between the forces of fascism, led by General Francisco Franco, and the forces of republicanism, called Loyalists. Roosevelt and most Americans sympathized with the Loyalists, but, because of the Neutrality Acts, could not aid them.

Frances Perkins

The secretary of labor under FDR was _____, the first woman ever to serve in a president's cabinet. FDR appointed the most diverse high administrative positions in history, which a record number of African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and women.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee. Also known as the "witch hunt" for Communists.

role of women

The traditional separation of labor between men and women continued in the 1920s. Most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers. The introduction into the home of such laborsaving devices as the washing machine and vacuum cleaner eased but did not substantially change the daily routines of the homemaker.

Hay-Paucefote Treaty (1901)

The treaty that gave the US exclusive rights to build any proposed canal through Central America.

Strikes

The unions' method for having their demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack.

role of large corporations

The war concentrated production with __________, as smaller business lost out on government contracts to larger businesses with more capacity. The 100 ________ accounted for up to 70% of wartime manufacturing.

National Association of Advancement of Colored People

Their mission was no less than to abolish segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans

big-stick policy

Theodore's motto "speak softly and carry a big stick"

India, Pakistan, Indonesia

These three places became new nations, independent from colonial rule in 1947 and 1949

ABC (Argentina, Brazil and Chile) powers

They offered to mediate a dispute between Mexico and America

Selective Service Act

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

Father Charles Coughlin

This Catholic priest attracted a huge popular following in the early 1930s through his weekly radio broadcasts. Founded the National Union for Social Justice, which called for issuing an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks. His attacks on the New Deal became increasingly anti-Semitic and Fascist until his superiors in the Catholic Church ordered him to stop broadcasting.

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

television

This became a center of family life in millions of American homes, by 1961 there was about 1 for every 3.3 Americans. The culture portrayed in television provided a common content for 3rd or 4th generation white American's common language

Cold War

This conflict dominated international relations from the late 1940s to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. It centered around the intense rivalry between the two superpowers: the Communist empire of the Soviet Union and the leading Western democracy, the United States. Superpower competition usually was through diplomacy rather than armed conflict, but, in several instances, the Cold War took the world dangerously close to a nuclear war.

Socialist Party of America

This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel.

New Deal coalition

Through the 1930s and 1960s, the Democratic or _________ would consist of the Solid South, white ethnic groups in the cities, midwestern farmers, and labor unions and liberals. New Support for the Democrats came from African Americans in northern cities, who left the Republican party b/c of the New Deal.

Neutrality Acts

To ensure that US policy would be strictly neutral if war broke out in Europe, Congress passed a series of _________, which Roosevelt signed with some reluctance. -- 1935 authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid US citizens to travel to belligerent nations -- 1936 forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents -- 1937 forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides of the Spanish Civil War.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)

To prevent South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from "falling to communism, the _______ was established. Agreeing to defend one another in case of an attack within the region, eight nations signed the pact in 1954: the United States, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan.

Nicaragua

To protect American investments, the United States intervened in this place's financial affairs in 1911 and sent out marines when a civil war broke out in 1912.

direct election of senators

Traditionally they were chosen by state legislators by later on it was established in the 17th Amendment to allow popular vote

Committee on Civil Rights

Truman bypassed the southern Democrats in key seats in Congress and established this committee to challenge racial discrimination in 1946.

inflation and labor unions

Truman urged Congress to continue wartime price controls to hold inflation in check, but they didn't, so the US experienced almost 25% inflation during the first year and a half of peace. Workers and unions wanted wages to catch up after years of wartime wage controls, so over 4.5 million workers went on strike in 1946.

Fair Deal

Truman's ambitious reform program (1949), urged Congress to enact national health care insurance, federal aid to education, civil rights legislation, funds for public housing, and a new farm program. Conservatives in Congress blocked most of the proposed reforms because of Truman's political conflict with Congress and the new pressing foreign policy concerns of the Cold War.

Alfred Thayer Martin

U.S Navy captain

neutrality

U.S maintained it during the start of WWI

Allied powers

U.S, Great Britain and France

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was the leader of SCLC and was arrested once. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

David Lloyd George

UK important leader

open-skies

US and USSR territory would be open to aerial photography by the opposing nation to eliminate the chance of a surprise nuclear attack, rejected by the Soviets

strategic bombing

US bombers carried out daylight _______ raids on military targets in Europe, but the lines between military and civilian targets became blurred as the war carried on

island-hopping

US campaign to get within striking distance of Japan's home islands by seizing strategic locations in the Pacific.

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

postwar Europe

US insistence on loan repayment after WWI in full and high tariff policies weakened Europe and contributed to the worldwide depression.

Latin American policy

US investors in Mexico feared, once it took ownership of its resources, that the government might confiscate their properties. A peaceful resolution to protect their interests was negotiated in 1927. Coolidge kept troops in Nicaragua and Haiti but withdrew them from the Dominican Republic in 1924. Although American military influence declined, American economic impact increased.

"spirit of Geneva"

USSR and US conferring on peace in 1955, couldn't agree on demilitarization or Open Skies but suspended nuclear tests. Produced the first thaw in the Cold War, however.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Union organization of unskilled workers in the automobile, steel, and southern textile industries; broke away from AFL in 1935 and rejoined in 1955

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974), was isolationist and spoke for the America First Committee in WWII

Dwight Eisenhower

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy, Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952)

Adolf Hitler

Used bullying tactics against Jews as well as fascist ideology to increase his popularity with disgruntled, unemployed German workers. He also seized the opportunity presented by the depression to play upon anti-Semitic hatreds. He gained control of the German legislature in 1933.

Richard Nixon

VP to Dwight Eisenhower, almost spoiled reputation for integrity by using campaign funds for personal use, used new medium of television to defend himself

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources August 1990, threatening Western oil sources in Saudi Arabia & the Persian Gulf

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Was part of both the jazz age and the lost generation. Wrote books encouraging the flapper culture, and books scorning wealthy people being self-centered.

Herbert Hoover

When Coolidge declined to run a second time, Republicans turned of an able leader with spotless reputation, self-made millionaire and Secretary of Commerce _________. He promised to extend "Coolidge prosperity" and won the 1928 presidency in a landslide against Alfred E. Smith.

oil and steel embargo

When Japan joined the Axis in 1940, Roosevelt responded by prohibiting the export of steel and scrap iron to all countries except Britain and the nations of the Western Hemisphere. When Japan occupied French Indochina in 1941, Roosevelt cut off Japanese access to vital materials, including US oil.

Hungarian revolt

When the Hungarians tried to win their freedom from the Communist regime in 1956, they were crushed down by Soviet tanks. There was killing and slaughtering of the rebels going on by military forces. US took no action in the crisis, giving de facto recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, ending the first thaw in the Cold War.

Levittown

William J. Levitt led the development of a postwar suburbia with his building and promotion of _______, a project of 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced family homes on Long Island, New York

war agencies

Wilson created this as the first American contribution to the Allies, which was in shipping them needed supplies. It was staffed by volunteers.

expeditionary force

Wilson ordered General Pershing to pursue Pancho Villa into Mexico. They were in nothern Mexico for months without being able to capture Villa. Growing possibility of U.S. entry into World War I caused Wilson to withdraw Pershing's troops.

Edward House

Wilson sent him to negotiate peace treaties with London, Berlin and Paris

Mexican civil war

Wilson's moral approach to foreign affairs was severely tested by a revolution and civil war in Mexico. Wanting democracy to triumph there, he refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency. limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption and revive competition by supporting small business

Lincoln Steffans

Wrote muckraking articles in "Tweed Days in St. Louis" (1902). He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which caused a sensation by describing in detail the corrupt that characterized big-city politics.

baby boom

Younger marriages and larger families resulted in 50 million babies entering the US population in the post-war era. This focused women's attention on raising children and homemaking.

John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath

__1__ wrote about the hardships of the "Okies" in the dust bowl in his classic study of economic heartbreak, ___2____ (1939)

revivalists: Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson

___1___ of the 1920s preached a fundamentalist message, for the first time making full use of the radio. ____2___ drew large crowed as he attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing; and ___3____ condemned the twin evils of communism and jazz music from LA.

government spending, debt

____1____ increased 1000% between 1939 and 1945. As a result the GNP grew by 15% or more a year. By wars' end, the national __2__ had reached $250 billion, five times what it had been in 1941.

organized crime

______ became big business in the 1920s. The millions made from illegal booze allowed gangs to expand other illegal activities: prostitution, gambling, and narcotics.

poverty and homeless

_________ increased, as did the stress on families as people searched for work during the GD. Mortgage foreclosures and evictions became commonplace. The homeless traveled box cars and lived in shantytowns.

cultural pluralism

_________ was replacing the melting pot as the model for US society, as diverse ethnic and cultural groups strove not only to end discrimination and improve their lives, but also to celebrate their unique traditions. (1970s)

Harry S. Truman

a Missouri senator with a national reputation for having conducted a much-publicized investigation of war spending. Replaced radical Henry Wallace as Roosevelt's VP.

Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique"

a book that gave the women's rights movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to filling the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.

Panama Canal

a canal through central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

credit cards

a card that allows a person to charge at the moment and pay later, became a huge thing in the 50s as aggressive advertising promoted common material wants and ______ provided a quick means of satisfying them

consumer culture

a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves, became a big thing in the fifties with the advent of television and advertising

détente

a deliberate reduction of cold war tensions, a diplomatic policy adopted by Nixon and Kissinger

Office of War Information

a government agency established to control news about troop movements and battles. Movies, radio, and popular music all supported and reflected a cheerful, patriotic view of the war.

beatniks

a group of rebellious writers and intellectuals made up the Beat Generation of the 1950's, led by Jack Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg they advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards, models of the youth rebellion of the 1960s

business prosperity

a lengthy period of ______ (1922-1928) ended in 1929, but during the boom years unemployment was below 4%

Mary McLeod Bethune

a longtime leader of the efforts for improving education and economic opportunities for women, invited to Washington to direct a division of the National Youth Administration. She also established the Federal Council of Negro Affairs for the purposes of increasing African American involvement in the New Deal

Iron Curtain

a metaphor, first coined by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, used throughout the Cold War to refer to the Soviet satellite states of Eastern Europe. Churchill's speech called for a partnership between Western democracies to halt the expansion of communism.

initiative; referendum; recall

a method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill; a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots; something that enabled to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official's term had expired

Harry Truman

a moderate Democratic senator from Missouri, replaced the more liberal Henry Wallace as FDR's vice president in the 1994 election. He was thrust into the presidency after Roosevelt's death in April 1945, but matured into a decisive leader whose basic honesty and unpretentious style appealed to average citizens Truman attempted to continue the New Deal tradition of his predecessor

THE JUNGLE

a muckraking book by Upton Sinclair described in horrifying detail the conditions in Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry

Gifford Pinchot

a national conservation commission was established under this man, whom Roosevelt had earlier appointed to be the first director of the U.S. Forest Service

nonviolent protest

a peaceful way of protesting against restrictive racial policies, employed by SCLC and MLK Jr., as well as SNCC

Josiah Strong

a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

Birth of a Nation

a popular silent film of the 1920s which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as the heroes, and from the white backlash in the race riots of 1919.

Rough Riders

a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt to San Juan Hill

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

a secret society of Chinese nationalists or Boxers attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries.

drought; dust bowl; Okies

a severe __1__ ruined crops in the Great Plains. This region became a __2__, as poor farming practices coupled with high winds blew away tons of dried topsoil. With their farms turned to dust, and their health compromised, thousands of __3__ from Oklahoma and surrounding states migrated westward to California in search of farm or factory work.

blitzkrieg

a type of warfare in which Germany used overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks (lightening war)

National Women's party

a women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men

Sedition Act (1918)

act that prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the U.S. government.

Espionage Act (1917)

act that provided imprisonment up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operation of the draft

containment policy

adopted by Truman, Marshall, Kennan, and Acheson in 1947, policy introduced by Harry S. Truman after WWII that said the duty of the U.S. was to stop the spread of Totalitarianism (implying Communism); Defined the foreign policy for the period after WWII until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989

Margaret Sanger

advocate of birth control in the 1920s even though it was against the law in almost every state, achieved growing acceptance

Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)

ambitious plan for building a high-tech system of lasers and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach US territory, extremely costly

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

an agreement between Japan and the United States for mutual respect for each nation's Pacific possessions and support for the Open door policy in china

depression mentality

an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that would always remain in people who lived through the Great Depression and hard times of the 1930s.

Fair Employment Practices Committee

an executive order in 1941 which set up a committee to assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries. Roosevelt took this action only after A. Philip Randolph threatened a march on Washington to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans.

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

an influential treatise on naval warfare written by Alfred Thayer Martin in 1890. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy.

jingoism

an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Red Scare

anti-German hysteria of the war years turned suddenly into anti-communist hysteria known as the Red Scare

Jackie Robinson

baseball player, 1947 broke the color line by being hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers as the first African American to play on a major league team since the 1880s

Malcolm X

became a convert to Islam while in prion, acquired a reputation as the movements most controversial voice, criticized King as subservient to whites and advocated self-defense, using black violence to counter white violence, assassinated by black opponents in 1965

Hawaii

became fiftieth state in the Union in August 1959

Michael Harrington, "The Other America"

best-selling book on poverty, helped focus national attention on the 40 million Americans still living in poverty

atomic bomb

bomb whose power came from splitting of the atom, dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

overproduction

business growth, aided by increased productivity and use of credit, had produced a volume of goods that workers with stagnant wages could not continue to purchase.

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

American Expeditionary Force

commanded by John J. Pershing, first U.S troops to see action were used to plug weaknesses in the French and British lines

George Gershwin

composer, son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, blended jazz and classical music in his symphonic Rhapsody in Blue and the folk opera Porgy and Bess.

insular cases

concern over the constitutional rights of Philippine people and Puerto Rico resolved by this in favor of the imperialists

Syngman Rhee

conservative nationalist Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led South Korea during Korean War.

Social Security Act (1935)

created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of payments from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. The ________ trust fund would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65.

Farm Board

created before the stock market crash in 1929, but its powers were enlarged to meet the economic crisis. The board was authorize to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. The program was far too modest to handle the continued overproduction of farm goods.

Securities and Exchange Commission

created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the Wall Street crash in 1929. The ____ also required full audits of and financial disclosure by corporations to protect investors from fraud and insider trading.

Tom L. Johnson

devoted himself to the case of tax reform and 3 cent trolly fares for the people of Cleveland

Public Works Administration

directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, allotted money to the state and local government for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works. These were a source of thousands of jobs.

Fredrick W. Taylor

discovered ways of organizing people in the most effective manner

Operation Wetback

early 1950s, program in response to complaints of native-born workers and from Mexico, forced 3.8 million people to return to Mexico

Civilian Conservation Corps

employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums

House Un-American Activities Committee

est. 1939 to seek out Nazis, was reactivated in the postwar years to find Communists. The committee not only investigated government officials but also looked for Communist influence in such organizations as the Boy Scouts and in the Hollywood film industry

Dawes Plan (1924)

established by Charles Dawes in 1924, cycle of payments flowing from US to Germany and from Germany to the Allies. US banks would lend Germany huge sums to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Britain and France. In turn, B&F would use the reparation money to pay back the US. This cycle helped ease financial problems on both sides of the Atlantic, but collapsed in 1929.

Back to Africa movement

established by Marcus Garvey, encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

Bureau of the Budget

established by the Republican Congress under Warren Harding, with procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on

World Trade Organization

established in 1994 to oversee trade agreements, enforce trade rules, and settle disputes

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

established when US entered WWII to regulate every aspect of civilians' lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents and rationing such commodities as meat, sugar, gasoline, and auto tires, primarily to fight wartime inflation.

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman on the Supreme Court, appointed by Ronald Reagan, conservative

Madeleine K. Albright

first woman to serve as Secretary of State in 1997 by Clinton

rural vs. urban

for the first time, the 1920 census reported that more than half of the American population lived in urban areas. The culture of cities was based on popular tastes, morals, and habits of mass consumption that were increasingly at odds with the strict moral codes of rural America.

pure food and drug act (1906)

forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

formed in 1960, Arab nations of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran joined Venezuela to form _________ as oil was shaping up to be a critical foreign policy issue.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal" facilities unconstitutional

United Nations

founded in 1945, created to provide representation to all member nations, while the 15 member Security Council was given the primary responsibility within the UN for maintaining international security and authorizing peacekeeping missions.

Federal Housing Administration

gave both the construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones.

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement (AIM)

trust-busting

government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)

progressive movement

had its origins in state reforms of the early 1890s. it acquired national momentum only with the dawn of a new century

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1906)

hardly cut tariffs and acutally raised some of them, progressives felt betrayed by taft accepting this

xenophobia

hatred and fear of foreigners

Alice Paul

head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

A. Philip Randolph

head of the Railroad Porters Union, called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

Tennessee Valley Authority

hired thousands of people in one of the nation's poorest regions, the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plans, control flooding and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

in 1902, Roosevelt won passage of this act, a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states.

Axis Powers

in 1940, Japan, Italy, and Germany signed a treaty alliance which formed the ________.

Yalta

in February 1945, the Big Three conferred again at _____ and agreed that Germany would be divided into occupation zones, there would be free elections in the liberated countries of Eastern Europe, the Soviets would enter the war against Japan, the Soviets would control the southern half of Sakhalin Island and the Kurile Islands and would have special concessions in Manchuria, and a new world peace organization (UN) would be formed.

welfare capitalism

in which companies voluntarily offer their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions

flexible response

instead of massive retaliation and reliance on nuclear weapons, Kennedy and McNamara increased spending on conventional arms and mobile military forces, reducing risk of using nuclear weapons and increasing temptation to send elite special forces in combat all over the globe (Green Berets)

Warren Harding

landslide Republican president elect of 1920, unclear about where he stood on every issue, only memorable phrase in Harding's campaign was his assertion that the American people wanted a "return to normalcy."

Philippines

large group of island that had been under Spain's control since the 1500s

Elkins Act (1903)

law that prohibited railroad rebates and punished those who accepted them

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

Black Muslims

leader Elijah Muhammad, preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. Attracted thousands of followers, including Malcolm X.

Chiang Kai-shek

leader of the Nationalist (Guomindang) party in China to control the central government. The US gave massive military aid to Chiang to prevent China from being conquered by communism.

Francisco Franco

leader of the Spanish fascist party, prevailed over the Loyalists in 1939 and established a military dictatorship in Spain.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

leader was Stokely Carmichael; focused on black power and protesting the Vietnam War; played major role in the freedom rides and sit-ins

Anti-Imperialist League

led by William Jennings Byran, rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific

excessive debt

low interest rates and a belief of both consumers and business that the economic boom was permanent led to increased borrowing and installment buying, leading to ____________.

Smith Act (1940)

made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of government by force or to belong to an organization with this objective

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)

made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government, restricted the employment and travel of those joining Communist-front organizations, and authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

made segregation illegal in all public facilities, including hotels and restaurants, and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce school desegregation

Treaty of Versailles

meeting in Palace of Versailles outside Paris, Jan 1919. Every nation on Allied side in the war was represented

open shop

membership in unions declined in the 1920s, partly because most companies insisted on an _______, or keeping jobs open to nonunion workers.

Lyndon Johnson

native of rural west Texas and graduate of a teacher's college, skilled politician, as 36th president determined to expand social reforms of the New Deal, pushed Congress to pass an expanded version of Kennedy's civil rights bill, and Kennedy's proposal for an income tax cut, sparking increase in jobs, consumer spending, and economic expansion

Bull Moose party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Edward Hopper

painter inspired by the architecture of American cities to explore the loneliness and isolation of urban life

dollar diplomacy

policy that tried to promote U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad

Sussex pledge

promised not to sink merchant or passenger ships without giving due warning

Meat inspection Act (1906)

provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Three Mile Island

public opinion also turned against building additional nuclear power plants after an accident at the __________ power plant in Pennsylvania

Martin Luther King Jr.

recognized nationally as part of the civil rights movement, committed to nonviolent protests, jailed in 1963 in Birmingham, AL which proved to be a milestone in the Civil Rights movement

Lodge Corollary

resolution that stated non European powers would be excluded from owning territory in the western hemisphere which president Taft opposed

New Federalism

revenue sharing, Congress approved giving to local governments $30 billion in block grants over five years to address local needs as they saw fit, instead of specific uses of federal money being controlled by Washington

consumer culture

scorning religion as hypocritical, condemning the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetuated by money interests, and disillusionment with the ideals of the ________ of the 1920s were dominant themes of the leading writers of the postwar decade.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

series of meetings in the 70s, in which leaders of the US and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons. They did not end the arms race, but they were a significant step towards reducing Cold War tensions and bringing about detente.

Civil Rights Commission

set up by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and was made to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights

Puerto Rico

spanish island that is in Caribbean

Guam

spanish island that is in Pacific

Art Deco

style of the 1920s and 30s that captured modernist simplification of forms while using the machine age materials.

Underwood Tariff (1913)

substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years (wilson)

supply-side economics (Reaganomics)

tax cuts and reduced government spending would increase investment by the private sector, which would lead to increased production, jobs, and prosperity

rock and roll

teenagers fell in love with this kind of music in the fifties, a blend of African American rhythm and blues with white country music, popularized by Elvis Presley. Popular music such as this was revolutionized by LP record albums and 45 rpm records.

Open Door Policy

that all nations would have equal trading privileges in China

homogeneity

the 1950's were marked by similarities in social norms, political consensus, and conformity of social behavior, and there was growing _______ of American culture. These were safe harbors for Americans troubled by the foreign ideology of communism.

propoganda

the British government provided stories German soldiers committing atrocities Belgium and the German occupied part of France

West Germany

the Federal Republic of Germany, a US ally, democratic

East Germany

the German Democratic Republic, a Soviet Satellite

assassination in Dallas

the Kennedys were going to Dallas to help Democrats, there was a nice reception for him and he and Jackie rode through town in an open car, Kennedy is November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald, the pursuit of whom glued millions of Americans to their televisions.

Pentagon Papers

the New York Times published the _________, a secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam, fueling more antiwar sentiment

Warren Court

the Supreme Court under Earl Warren from 1953 to 1969, made a series of decisions throughout the 1960s that profoundly affected the criminal justice system, state political systems, and the definition of individual rights, Brown v. Board of Education landmark ruling

Pearl Harbor

the US fleet in the Pacific was anchored in ______, Hawaii. In 1941, Japanese planes from aircraft carriers flew over ______ and bombed every ship on sight. The surprise attack lasted 2 hours and killed 2,400 Americans. On December 8 (a day after), Congress declared war on Japan and the Axis powers declared war on US.

UN police action

the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order. Congress approved of using US troops in the Korean crisis but failed to declare war, accepting Truman's characterization of US intervention as merely "police action."

standard of living

the _______ for most Americans improved significantly in the 1920s. Indoor plumbing and central heating became commonplace. By 1930, two-third of all homes had electricity. Real income for both the middle class and the working class increased substantially

State of Israel (1948)

the _____________ was created under UN auspices, after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Israel's neighbors had fought unsuccessfully to prevent the Jewish state from being formed.

Volstead Act (1919)

the adoption of the Prohibition amendment a federal law enforcing it, the _________, were the culmination of many decades of crusading by temperate forces.

fundamentalism

the belief that every word in the Bible must be accepted as literally true, key point was creationism, blamed liberal views of modernists for declining morals in the 1920s

decolonization

the collapse of the colonial empires after World War II, may have been the most important development of the postwar era, between 1947 and 1962 dozens of colonies in Asia and Africa gained their independence from former colonial powers such as Britain, France, and the Netherlands.

Hepburn Act (1906)

the commission could fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads

race to the moon

the economy was stimulated under JFK by increased spending for defense and space exploration, as the president committed the nation to ___________.

Big four

the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

fascism

the idea that people should glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force, dominant ideology in European dictatorships in the 1930s like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany

wartime migration

the increase in factory jobs caused millions to leave rural areas for industrial jobs in the Midwest and on the Pacific Coast, especially California.

Jeannette Rankin

the latter the first woman to be elected to Congress

Big Three

the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain; arranged to confer secretly to coordinate military strategy and lay the foundation for peace terms and postwar involvement

fast food

the phenomenal proliferation of _____ restaurants on the roadside was one measure of success for the new marketing techniques and standardized products as the nation turned from "mom and pop" stores to franchized operations

radio, phonographs

the proliferation of ______ and _____ made jazz available to a huge and youthful public

federal income tax

the sixteenth amendment authorized to collect this

"soft on communism"

the stalemate in Korea and loss of China led Republicans to characterize Truman and the Democrats as this phrase.

domino theory

the theory that if South Vietnam fell under communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were also in dire danger

historians: traditionalists vs. revisionists

the traditional view of the origins of the Cold War is that the Soviet government under Stalin started the conflict by subjugating countries of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s. Historians who share this view criticize FDR for failing to understand the Soviet's aggressive intentions and for the agreement at Yalta. Revisionist historians of 1960s began to argue that the US contributed to starting the Cold War, praising FDR and blaming Truman for antagonizing the Soviets.

"the Good War"

the unity of Americans behind the war's democratic ideals helped that generation remember it as __________.

Gross National Product

the value of all goods and services produced by the nation in one year, dropped from $104 billion to $56 billion in four years during the GD

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

this act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph and cable companies

Platt Amendement (1901)

this amendment required Cuba to agree to: 1. never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence. 2. Never build up an excessive public debt. 3. to permit the U.S. to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order 4. to allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one at Guantanamo

Munich

this city became synonymous with appeasement after a conference there in which the British, French, and US leaders allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland.

yellow journalism

this type of newspaper reporting printed exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba

paperbacks

this version of books were an innovation in the 1950s, and were selling almost a million copies a day by 1960.

social critics

those who analyze social structures which they see as flawed, and propose practical solutions by specific measures, by radical reform or even by revolutionary change, as seen by David Riesman, John Kenneth Galbraith, and Joseph Heller in the 1950s.

modernism

took historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith.

high school education

universal ________ became the new American goal because of the widespread belief in the value of education. By the end of the 1920s, the number of graduates had doubled to over 25% of school-age young adults.

uneven income distribution

wages had risen relatively little compared to large increases in productivity and corporate profits. Economic success was not shared by all, as the top 5 percent of the richest Americans received over 33 percent of all income.

Robert Kennedy

was an American politician, a Democratic senator from New York, and a civil-rights activist, and also younger brother of John F. Kennedy and attorney general under his presidency. He ran for president in 1968 but was assassinated.

19th Amendement

women's right to vote

Gertrude Stein

writer of the 1920s, called the writers of the postwar decade (Hemingway, Fitzgerald, O'Neill, TS Elliot) a "lost generation"