APUSH

George Washington

(1789-1797) -The Bill of Rights is ratified in 1791 -Congress establishes a National Mint and Post Office -The Spanish Treaty of 1795 aka Pinckney's Treaty -July 4, The Declaration of of Independence -1789 The Judiciary Act was passed specifying the number of judges and Federal courts -1789 The outbreak of the French Revolution -1789 The Northwest Ordinance was signed into law on August 7, 1789 and included a Fugitive Slave Law as a concession to the South, to ensure runaway slaves would be returned to their owners if caught in the northwest -1791 The Bill of Rights take effect in which the first ten amendments to the Constitution guaranteed basic liberties to Americans -1791 The First Bank of the United States was chartered for 20 years by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The Bank handled the financial needs of the new central government -1793 The Federalists and the Republicans and the Formation of the Political Parties -1793 The invention of the Eli Whitney Cotton Gin -1793 War breaks out between Britain and France and Washington issues the Neutrality Proclamation to keep the United States out of the war -1794 The Whiskey Rebellion erupts over tax on whiskey -1794 The Slave Trade Act of 1794 was a law passed that limited the importation of slaves to the United States. -1795 The Jay Treaty was ratified in order to maintain trade with Great Britain

John Adams

-1796 Relations between France and the US are extremely frosty and French ships were harassing US ships. -1797 The XYZ Affair involved three French ministers who sent a letter asking for a $250,000 bribe before meeting the American delegation in France. The President makes the letter public (replacing the French ministers names as X, Y, and Z). The XYZ affair brings the U.S. to the brink of war with France - (1798)he highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts were passed, supported by Federalists, that limit immigration and free speech. The Acts followed events during the French Revolution (1789 to 1799) and the undeclared naval war with France that was later known as the Quasi War. - Virginia Ken. Res.Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government. -1800 The Northwest Territory: Congress pass an Act on May 7, 1800 dividing the lands into two parts, the Northwest Territory and Indiana Territory - 1800 The Second Great Awakening, a revivalist movement recruitment into different religious denominations -1800 The Treaty of San Idlefonso is a secret treaty signed between France and Spain on October 1, 1800 in which Spain cedes the Louisiana territory to France -1801 The Judiciary Act of 1801 (Midnight Judges) was passed on February 13, 1801

Thomas Jeffereson

-1801 The First Barbary War erupted (1801 -1805) fought along the coast of North Africa over the harassment of U.S. ships by the piratical Barbary States of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli -1802 March 8, 1802: Repeal of the 1801 Judiciary Act and the process of Judicial Review -1803 The Louisiana Purchase - The purchase of Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million dollars. -1804 The Exploration of the Northwest by Lewis and Clark commenced. -1807 The Development of the Steamboats -1807 The Embargo Act was passed banning trade between U.S. ports and foreign nations Outrage on the frigate Chesapeake -1809 The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 that replaced the Embargo Act - Marbury Vs. Madison -judicial review

James Madison

-1811 The Construction of Cumberland Road began in Maryland. The era of road building began including the Turnpikes (Toll Roads) -1812 The War of 1812 aka the Second War for Independence, between the United States and Great Britain -1813 The Creek War (1813-1814) resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Native Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulted in the vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia -1813 The Peoria War between the U. S. Army, settlers and the Native American tribes of the Potawatomi and the Kickapoo tribes in the Peoria area of Illinois. -1814 August 14, 1814: The City of Washington was burned by the British during the War of 1812 -1814 December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815: The secret Hartford Convention in which Federalists discussed the possible secession of the New England states from the union 1814 The US National Anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner" was written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 1814 The National motto "In God we trust" originated in the Meaning and Lyrics of the Star Spangled Banner 1815 Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans on January 8, 1815 1815 February 18, 1815 - the Treaty of Ghent ended the 32 month long War of 1812 -1815 World affairs: Napoleon was finally defeated at Waterloo. -1815 The Second Barbary War (1815) erupted and the US again fought along the coast of North Africa over the harassment of U.S. ships by the pirate Barbary States of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. It ended as a victory for America -1816 The charter for the Second Bank of the United States was signed into law by President James Madison on April 10, 1816 -1816 The Protective Tariff of 1816 was passed by Congress

James Monroe

-1817 This period encompassed the Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824) during which there was no hard political fighting -1817 The economic plan advocated by Henry Clay, called the American System, was established -1817 The First Seminole War (1817-1818) erupted in Florida as the Seminole Native Indian tribe defended their lands with runaway slaves who had joined them - 1818 The Convention of 1818 - 49th parallel was set as the border with Canada in the Treaty of 1818 1819 The Panic of 1819 occurred when the Second Bank of the United States tightened its loan policy -1819 The U.S. cancelled $5 million in Spanish debts and in return Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. The Florida Treaty of 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty). 1820 James Monroe was re-elected 1820 The Land Act of 1820 was enacted April 24, 1820 that led to the future confiscation of land from Native Americans and lower cost lands for settlers in the west 1820 The Texas-Indian Wars (1820 - 1875) began and developed into a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Great Plains Indians 1820 The Missouri Compromise between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Congress. The legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, retaining the balance between slave and free states 1821 The Santa Fe Trail was opened from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico 1823 The Monroe Doctrine was delivered to Congress. The doctrine declared against foreign colonization or intervention in the Americas and the US proclaims its intention to remain neutral in European wars. 1823 The Arikara War - Campaign against Arickaree Indians in Dakota Territory 1824 The End of the Era of Good Feelings

John Quincy Adams

-1825 His surprise election, and the defeat of Andrew Jackson, led to accusations of a "corrupt bargain" between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay who he appointed as his Secretary of State. -1825 The General Survey Act of 1824 was passed, authorizing the president to have surveys made of important transportation routes by the Corps of Engineers -1825 He led the fight to force Congress to receive antislavery petitions -1826 The Erie Canal, the nation's first important transportation system, was completed connecting the Great Lakes and the Ohio and Mississippi valleys with the Hudson River -1826 The integration of Union and state militias and Military standardization using training manuals was introduced -1827 In an effort to end the continental cartel of exclusive trading relationship all American ports were closed to trade with British colonies -1828 The building of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, one of the oldest railroads in the US, began and would extend from New York to Illinois -1828 The Tariff of 1828 was passed by Congress to protect industry in the northern United States. It was given the name "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners because of the effects it had on the Southern economy. -1828 John C. Calhoun writes the South Carolina Exposition protesting against the Tariff of Abominations =1828 Noah Webster published the first edition of his dictionary -1829 His presidency and term in office ends. The next US President was Andrew Jackson. John Quincy Adams continued his career in politics as a member of the House of Representatives where he fought for the abolition of slavery and the end of the 'Gag Rule'. His involvement with the Abolitionist Movement led to his participation in the Amistad Slave Ship Case in which he defended the Africans

JFK

1961 The Cold War continued the struggle between communism and democracy. It was a state of intense political and military rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union that stopped short of full-scale war. 1961 The Vietnam War continued. In 1962 Operation Ranch Hand began involving chemical warfare using Agent Orange 1961 The Women's Rights Movement Reawakens Second Wave Feminism 1961 The 23rd Amendment was made to the US Constitution giving the people in the District of Columbia the right to vote for President. 1961 The Alliance for Progress: The Alliance for Progress was formed as a US sponsored program to counter communism in Latin America. 1961 General Attorney, Robert Kennedy, pursues a relentless crusade against organized crime and the mafia 1961 The Berlin Wall: Soviet controlled East Germany divided Berlin with the Berlin Wall 1961 The Peace Corps was created as a volunteer program to help people overseas. 1961 The first Freedom Riders boarded their buses in May 1961 1961 The Bay of Pigs Invasion: The United States orchestrated the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion, an unsuccessful attempt by Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist regime in Cuba. 1961 Yuri Gagarin: On April 12, 1961, the Soviet space program won the Space race when cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was launched into space, orbited the planet, and safely returned to Earth. 1961 Alan Shepard was launched into space aboard the Freedom 7 space capsule on May 5, 1961, becoming the first American astronaut to travel into space. 1962 John Glenn: John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit Earth in his Friendship 7 Mercury spacecraft on February 20, 1962 1962 May 19, 1962: Marilyn Monroe sings "Happy Birthday" to the president at his 45th birthday party at Madison Square Garden 1962 September 12, 1962: The President announces his goal of putting a man on the moon. The Apollo Program followed (1963 - 1972) which was designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. 1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Cuban Missile crisis (October 14 - 28, 1962) sparks a important confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union when America discovers the existence of Soviet missile installations in Cuba. It brings the world to the brink of WW3 1962 October 28, 1962: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba 1963 June: The Soviet Union and the US agree to install a hot-line enabling both countries to directly communicate during a crisis 1963 The 1963 Equal Pay Act was passed 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr. was imprisoned in the Birmingham Campaign and wrote the letter from Birmingham jail on April 16, 1963 1963 Civil Rights: June 11, 1963, the President proposes the enactment of civil rights legislation 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963

LBJ

1963 The Cold War continued the struggle between communism and democracy. (It was a state of intense political and military rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union) 1963 The Vietnam War (November 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975) continues.. 1963 The Clean Air Act of 1963 established funding for the clean-up of air pollution 1964 The Beatles: The British pop group sensation, the Beatles arrive in New York for their first U.S. tour on February 7, 1964 1964 The 24th Amendment was made to the US Constitution making it illegal to make anyone pay a tax to have the right to vote. 1964 The Vietnam War: Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on August 10, 1964, which grants President Johnson authority to send troops to South Vietnam without a formal declaration of war by Congress. (Civil War had raged in Vietnam from 1954 when the country divided into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam). 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 14, 1964 1964 The Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev is replaced by Leonid Brezhnev on 15 October 1964 1964 The Civil Rights Act: The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. The new law establishes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 1964 The 25th Amendment was made to the US Constitution changing what happens if a President or Vice President dies, resigns, or is not able to do the job. 1964 The Hippie Counterculture (1964-1972) begins the era of Flower Power, hippies, the student movement. The Hare Krishna movement emerged during the Hippie Counterculture. 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson is inaugurated President of the United States. January 20, 1965. He expresses his domestic policy with vision of the 'Great Society' with new programs to help disadvantaged citizens and of a glorious America. 1965 The introduction of Medicare and Medicaid, a federal government social insurance program, which guaranteed needy people access to health insurance.. 1965 The Selma Freedom March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama 1965 The Assassination of Malcolm X: The human rights activist Malcolm X is assassinated by other black Muslims in New York City on February 21, 1965 1965 Astronauts Gus Grissom and John Young make the first Gemini flight with astronauts on board on March 23, 1965 1965 The Kennedy Space Center: Kennedy Space Center headquarters opens on May 26, 1965 1965 July 28, 1965: The President increases the number of US troops sent to Vietnam 1965 The Watts Riots broke out between August 11, 1965 - August 17, 1965 an African American neighborhood in Los Angeles. 1965 The Voting Rights Act are passed into into law on August 5, 1965. The Voting Rights Act banned the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a condition to voting. 1966 The Black Power movement emerged in 1966 emphasizing racial pride, social equality and African Heritage. 1966 The National Organization for Women (NOW) was established in 1966 1966 Black Panthers organization was established in 1966 preaching black power, black nationalism and economic self-sufficiency. 1967 The Space Program: On January 27, 1967 a launch pad fire during tests for the Apollo program kills three astronauts, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee. 1967 The Six Day War: The Russians accuse the US of encouraging the Israeli seizure of the Sinai, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem in the Six Day War. 1967 The Summer of Love: The Hippie Revolution saw a strong cultural shift and gave rise to the saying "Make Love, not War" encompassing strong anti Vietnam sentiments. 1967 On January 30, 1968 the Tet Offensive, a massive surprise attack, was launched by the Vietnamese during the Vietnam War. 1967 The My Lai Massacre of March 16, 1968 saw the mass killing of unarmed Vietnamese people by American troops 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated 1968 Robert Kennedy assassinated 1968 The Pueblo Incident involving the capture of the USS Pueblo, a Navy intelligence ship, by North Korea on January 22, 1968 1968 The US and North Vietnam begin peace talks in Paris on May 13, 1968 1968 Invasion of Czechoslovakia - August 20, 1968 - August 21, 1968: The USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies invade Czechoslovakia with the intention of restoring Communists to power . 1968 The Brezhnev Doctrine (November 12, 1968): USSR leader proclaims that the Soviet Union has the right to intervene anywhere in its area of influence

Richard Nixon

1969 The Cold War continued the struggle between communism and democracy. The Vietnam War (November 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975) also continues 1969 Apollo 11: Apollo 11 launches on July 20, 1969. It lands on the lunar surface. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon. 1970 On May 4, 1970 four students shot dead at Kent State University by Ohio National Guardsmen 1970 The Clean Air Act was passed and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created to protecting human health and the environment by enforcing laws passed by Congress. 1970 The first Earth Day was celebrated on Wednesday, April 22, 1970 1971 The 26th Amendment ratified giving 18-year-olds the right to vote. 1971 The Pentagon Papers were leaked March 1971 revealing that previous administrations had been dishonest 1971 Apollo 14: Apollo 14 lands on the moon on February 5, 1971 commanded by Alan Shepard. He was the only astronaut from Project Mercury to reach the moon. 1972 By 1972, less than 30% of Americans agreed with the Vietnam War. Protests erupted in Washington, D.C. and on college campuses across the US 1972 The Watergate Break-in: On June 17, 1972 Five men, including one who says he used to work for the CIA, are arrested for trying to bug the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate hotel and office complex. 1972 The SALT Agreement (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks): Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and the President meet in Moscow and sign the SALT agreements 1972 The Anti-Ballistic-Missile Treaty of 1972 limits the number of US and Soviet defensive antiballistic missile systems 1972 The President visits China starting a week-long summit aimed at ending twenty years of cool relations between the two countries, enabling the policy of detente. 1972 November 11, 1972: Richard Nixon is re-elected in one of the largest landslides in American history 1973 January 15, 1973: Bowing to strong anti-war sentiments the President announced on national television plans for a cease fire and to end U.S. offensive actions in Vietnam. 1973 January 30, 1973: Former presidential aides, G. Gordon Liddy and James W. McCord, are convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping in the Watergate incident. 1973 Skylab: Skylab, a small orbital space platform, is launched on May 14, 1973 1973 The CIA, acting in secret, helps to overthrow the government of Chile under Salvador Allende. 1973 The End of the Vietnam War: On March 29, 1973, the United States ended its military involvement in Vietnam. The Vietnam War continued for another 2 years, but the South Vietnamese no longer received American assistance. 1973 The 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade regarding abortions 1973 November 17, 1973: The President declares, "I'm not a crook," maintaining his innocence in the conspiracy and cover-up of the Watergate scandal. 1973 July 27, 1974: House Judiciary Committee passes the first of 3 articles of impeachment, charging obstruction of justice. 1974 August 8, 1974: Richard Nixon becomes the first president of the United States to resign.

Andrew Jackson

1829 Mexico abolishes slavery 1830 The Petticoat affair (aka the Peggy Eaton affair) was an 1830-1831 U.S. scandal involving members of the US Cabinet and their wives resulted in Andrew Jackson establishing a "Kitchen Cabinet" unofficial advisors.. 1830 The 1830 Indian Removal Act was passed. The 1830 Indian Removal Act contributed to the belief in the Manifest Destiny of the United States 1830 The Oregon Trail opens 1830 The "Underground Railroad" and the Abolitionist Movement was established 1831 Nat Turner's Rebellion broke out, a slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia 1831 The Cyrus McCormick reaper was invented 1832 Andrew Jackson was re-elected. 1832 The 'Spoils System' was introduced into government 1832 The Tariff of 1832 was introduced as remedy for the conflict created by the 1828 Tariff of Abominations. It failed and led to the Nullification Crisis 1832 The Nullification Crisis erupted when the South Carolina legislature passed an Ordinance of Nullification on November 24, 1832. 1832 The Nullification Crisis in which the sectional interests of the North and the South truly came into conflict for the first time. 1832 Jackson issues the Nullification Proclamation on December 10, 1832 1832 The Whig party was created when the President vetoed the re-chartering of the 2nd Bank. 1832 The Black Hawk War erupted in Northern Illinois and South western Wisconsin. The Sauk and Fox tribes were led by Chief Black Hawk in an attempt to reclaim their homelands 1832 The Department of Indian Affairs was established 1833 The Force Bill is passed by Congress on March 2, 1833, during the Nullification Crisis 1833 The 1833 Compromise Tariff, proposed by Henry Clay, was passed by Congress in March 1833 ending the Nullification Crisis 1833 Great Britain abolishes slavery 1833 Andrew Jackson's "Bank War" starts over funds withdrawn from the National Bank and deposited into Jackson's state "Pet Banks". 1834 The First Dragoon Expedition of 1834 (aka Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition or Pawnee expedition) led to the first official contact between the US government and the Great Plains Indians including the Pawnee and Comanche 1835 The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 - April 21, 1836) erupted between the government of Mexico and Texas colonists resulting in the establishment of the Republic of Texas 1835 The Creek Alabama Uprising (1835-1837) in Alabama and Georgia resulted in a defeat and the removal of the Creek and Cherokee tribes from their native lands along the Trail of Tears to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma as specified in the Treaty of New Echota 1835 The Second Seminole War (1835-1842) erupted along the Florida-Georgia Border. The Seminoles, led by Chief Osceola, resumed fighting for their lands and were decimated as a result 1835 The first sale of Samuel Colt's revolvers and his new revolving muskets 1835 The New York Herald, the first real newspaper, was founded in 1835 1835 The Garrison riot and anti-abolitionist riots in New York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire 1836 The Gag Rule banned petitions calling for the Abolition of Slavery 1836 Texans unanimously declare their independence. The Battle of the Alamo was fought between February 23 - March 6 1836 The Deposit and Distribution Act of 1836 placed federal revenues in various banks across the nation -1836 The Missouri-Iowa Border War aka the Honey War -1836 The Comanche Wars (1836-1877) broke out between Native Americans and settlers in Texas and Oklahoma -1836 The Specie Circular was issued to restrain excessive land speculation and curtail the enormous growth of paper money in circulation

Martin Van Buren

1837 The Panic of 1837. Cotton prices drop and paper money was not exchanged for gold or silver. Banks closed in Philadelphia and New York City. The unstable US economy results in a depression and high unemployment 1837 The Caroline affair strained relations between the United States and British Canada 1837 The Osage Indian War in Missouri when invading Iroquois tribes forced the Osage to move West from their homelands 1838 11 January 1838: The first telegram in the United States was sent by Samuel Morse across 2 miles of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey via the Electric telegraph 1838 The Neutrality Law of 1838 was passed empowering civil authorities to prevent border excursions 1838 The forced relocation of the Cherokee people continues along the Trail of Tears. 1839 Feb-May, 1839: The Aroostook War, a bloodless border conflict between the United States state of Maine and the British Canadian province of New Brunswick 1839 General Winfield Scott negotiated a truce and a joint occupancy of the area in dispute until a settlement could be reached (Webster-Ashburton Treaty) 1839 The Amistad Slave Ship incident involving a mutinous slave ship 1840 The formation of the Liberty Party which ran presidential candidates in 1840 and 1844

John Tyler

1841 His entire Cabinet resigned (with the exception of Secretary of State Daniel Webster) after he vetoed a second bill for the establishment of a US National Bank and the issue of banking bills supported by the Whigs - refer to the Panic of 1837. 1842 Labor Unions were legalized 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Great Britain settling the US-Canada border dispute following the bloodless Aroostook War 1842 The First wagon train and settlers reach Oregon Territory via the Oregon Trail. 1842 Grain elevators were invented in 1842 by Joseph Dart and Robert Dunbar - the "Prairie Skyscrapers" 1844 The Texas Annexation Treaty is signed by the US and the Republic of Texas - the President was keen to admit Texas to the Union - refer to Texas Annexation 1844 John Quincy Adams finally wins repeal of the Gag Rule in Congress 1844 The President marries Miss Julia Gardiner 1844 Samuel Morse sends a Telegraph message from Washington to Baltimore 1845 The Treaty with China was signed opening the Far East to U.S. traders 1845 The McCormick reaper came into general use 1845 March 1, 1845: Tyler preempted Polk by submitting a proposal to Congress to annex Texas - refer to Texas Annexation 1845 The 27th state is admitted to the Union. Florida was admitted as a slave state 1845 His presidency and term in office ends. The next US President was James K. Polk and the belief in the Manifest Destiny of the United States

William Harrison

1841-1841

James Knox Polk

1845 John Tyler had preempted James Polk by presenting the bill to annex Texas on March 1, 1845. Texans eventually approved of the bill which was signed by President Polk on December 29, 1845, accepting Texas as the 28th state of the Union. 1845 The US Naval Academy was opened at Annapolis, Maryland 1845 Journalist John L. O'Sullivan first used the phrase 'Manifest Destiny' to describe the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the North American continent - referred to as Westward Expansion 1845 The Great Irish Potato Famine led to the death of over 1 million people in Ireland the emigration of another million people from Ireland to the New World 1845 December 29, 1845: Texas was admitted to the Union as a slave state 1846 The Mormon migration to Utah when Brigham Young, the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the first governor of the Utah Territory, led 148 Mormons to Utah to escape religious persecution 1846 April 25, 1846 - February 2, 1848: The Mexican-American War begins as Congress declares war following the attack by Mexican troops in disputed territory north of the Rio Grande 1846 The Independent Treasury Act of August 1846, first initiated by Martin Van Buren, was finally passed establishing the system for retaining government funds in the United States Treasury and its sub-treasuries 1846 The California Republic and the Bear Flag Revolt was led by Juan Alvarado and Isaac Graham, was a rebellion by American settlers in the Mexican territory of Alta California against Mexico and led to the acquisition of California. 1846 The 1846 Oregon Treaty was signed by the US and Great Britain resolving the dispute over possession of the lands extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and establishing the 49th parallel 1846 The Wilmot Proviso, 1846 over the question of whether the lands from Mexico and Oregon should be free soil or slave soil 1846 The Walker Tariff of 1846 was implemented to stimulate trade reducing tariff rates from 32% to 25% 1846 The Elias Howe Sewing Machine was invented 1846 The Navajo conflicts (1846 - 1863) began in New Mexico and Arizona and eventually led to their forced occupancy of an uninviting reservation 1846 The establishment of the independent US treasury 1846 The Anti-Slavery Free Soil Party was created 1848 Gold was discovered in California starting the California gold rush 1848 A Women's Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York 1848 France abolishes slavery in its West Indies colonies 1848 February 2, 1848: The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War giving the US control over California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. 1848 The Cayuse War (1848-1855) erupted in the North western United States and saw the influx of disease and settlers to Oregon 1849 The first conflicts of the Apache Wars (1849 -1924) erupted in the Southwest

Zachary Taylor

1849 The conflicts of the Apache Wars (1849 -1924) continued in the Southwest and led to the short lived Jicarilla War fought between the Jicarilla Apaches and Ute warriors against the US 1849 He spent the first weeks of his Presidency deciding on his cabinet and in the summer of 1849 Taylor toured the northeastern U.S. 1850 In May 1850 debates in Congress raged over whether slavery should be expanded into the territories of California, New Mexico, and Utah that were won during the Mexican War. 1850 The Compromise of 1850, were legislative measures enacted by Congress to reconcile the differences existing between the North and South concerning the issue of Slavery in newly formed US Territories. President Taylor impeded the passage of the bill because he favored admission of California and New Mexico as free states 1850 The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 1850 The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was signed with Britain guaranteeing that any future canal across Central America would be available to all nations. 1850 The Galphin scandal in which the Galphin Estate was at the center of a dispute between the government and the Galphin family. A scandal arose involving George Crawford a member of the cabinet and the Secretary of the Treasury William Meredith 1850 The President Zachary Taylor died in office on July 9, 1850 of "acute indigestion" after eating a bowl of cherries. His untimely death led to rumors that he was poisoned by pro-slavery Southerners

Milliard Fillmore

1850 The Compromise of 1850, was approved on September 20, 1850. The Compromise of 1850 consisted of legislative measures to reconcile the differences existing between the North and South concerning the issue of Slavery in newly formed Territories of California, New Mexico, and Utah. The previous President, Zachary Taylor, had impeded the bill because he opposed the extension of slavery, but the new president agreed with the compromise The Compromise was designed to avert the threat of dissolution of the Union. It was relatively short lived as the Civil War broke out 10 years later 1850 May 1850: Part of the Compromise of 1850 was the 1850 Fugitive Slave Bill which to provided for the return of slaves who had escaped from one state into another 1850 The conflicts of the Apache Wars (1849 -1924) continued in the Southwest and 1850 saw the start of additional wars with Native Americans including the Yuma War (1850-1853), Ute Wars (1850-1923) and the Mariposa Indian War 1850 The White House Library was established 1851 1850 Gold is found along the Rogue River in Oregon 1852 Commodore Matthew Perry's Mission to Japan (1852-54) that opened trade with Japan by the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin was published.

Franklin Pierce

1853 The Apache Wars (1849 -1924) continued 1853 The Walker War (1853-1854) with the Ute Indians erupts in Utah over slavery among the Native Indians. Wakara (Walker) leads the Utes in a series of raids on Mormon settlements 1853 American inventor Elisha Otis established a company for manufacturing elevators 1853 The Gadsden Purchase, negotiated by James Gadsden, is signed in which the United States acquires more than 30,000 sq. miles of new territory in southwest Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million. 1854 February 13, 1854: Matthew Perry arrives in Japan 1854 The Sioux Wars (1854 - 1890) break out in South Dakota, Minnesota and Wyoming. Their leaders included Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull 1854 February 28 1854: The Black Warrior Affair (involving an American Merchant ship in Havana, Cuba), inflamed diplomatic relationships between the United States and Spain 1854 March 31, 1854: Commodore Matthew Perry negotiates the Treaty of Kanagawa that opens US trade with Japan 1854 The Kansas- Nebraska Act in which newly formed territories could decide whether slavery would be allowed in their new state when they applied for statehood 1854 Popular Sovereignty and Slavery was used a pre-Civil War political doctrine 1854 1854 -1861: Bleeding Kansas - A series of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery factions that took place in Kansas Territory 1854 October 1854: The Ostend Manifesto a secret document proposing the annexation of Cuba from Spain by proslavery diplomats that led to huge controversy between the northern and southern states 1855 Additional conflicts with Native American erupted with the Yakima War (1855-1858), the Puget Sound War (1855-1856) and the Third Seminole War (1855-1858) 1855 Henry Bessemer invented a process to create steel from iron which produced steel cheaply and efficiently

James Buchnan

1857 His presidency saw the continuance of the conflicts between the US and Native American tribes including the Apache Wars (1849 -1924) the rise of Geronimo and Cochise and the Sioux Wars (1854 - 1890) 1857 The Panic of 1857 resulted due to poor trade and brought a important depression to the United States 1857 The Dred Scott decision by the U.S. Supreme Court: Dred Scott, an African American slave attempted to sue for his freedom. The Supreme Court decision was that African Americans had no rights 1858 The Kansas Controversy in which a compromise between the House and Senate bills on the admission of Kansas to the Union. 1858 Central Park opened 1858 Minnesota joins the Union 1858 Inventor Hamilton Smith patented the first rotary washing machine. 1858 July 29, 1858: Townsend Harris, the first Consul General to the Empire of Japan, finalizes the Treaty of Kanagawa (aka the Treaty of Amity and Commerce or the Harris Treaty) following Commodore Matthew Perry's Expedition to Japan 1859 Oregon joins the Union 1859 The Southern Commercial Convention: Southern slave owners advocate for the re-opening of the African slave trade. The slave trade had been banned in 1808 by an act of Congress 1859 Silver was discovered in Nebraska 1859 Harpers Ferry: John Brown seized the Southern town of Harpers Ferry in Virginia in an attempt to spark an uprising of slaves 1860 Other Native American tribes became involved in conflicts including the Kiowa, Comanche, Paiute, Navajo and the Chiricahua Wars (1860 -1886) 1860 The Pony Express was established 1860 November 6th, 1860: Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th President of the United States. His inauguration as President would take place on March 4, 1861 1860 November 10, 1860: After receiving news of the Republican victory, the General Assembly called for a Convention of the People of South Carolina 1860 December 17th, 1860: The unsuccessful Crittenden Compromise is suggested as an attempt to persuade Southern states to remain in the Union 1860 December 20, 1860: South Carolina is the First State to Secede from the Union, another 6 Southern States begin secession 1860 Secession of the South 1860 President Buchanan refuses to surrender southern federal forts and they are seized by Southern troops 1861 January 5, 1861, Carolinians fire on a ship sent to re-supply Fort Sumter. The President refused to respond with force, deferring to Congress. 1861 Congress refused to authorize military action and the President left the Fort Sumter situation to the President-elect, Abraham Lincoln. 1861 January 9, 1861: Mississippi secedes from the Union 1861 January 10, 1861: Florida secedes from the Union 1861 January 11, 1861: Alabama secedes from the Union 1861 January 19, 1861: Georgia secedes from the Union 1861 January 26, 1861: Louisiana secedes from the Union 1861 February 1861: The Confederate States of America are formed. 1861 March 2, 1861: The Corwin Amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification as another last-ditch compromise effort to protect slavery in existing slave states 1861 March 2, 1861: Texas secedes from the Union 1861 When James Buchanan entered the presidency, there were 32 states in the Union; when he left there were only 25. The seven states to secede were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Lincoln

1861 April 2, 1861: The Confederate States of America are created from seven secessionist states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas - refer to Secession of the South 1861 Fort Sumter: Attack on Fort Sumter occurred in April 12, 1861 when Confederates under General Pierre Beauregard opened fire, marking the start of the Civil War (1861 - 1863) 1861 April: The Anaconda Plan outlining military strategy, was designed by General Winfield Scott and the leaders of the Union forces 1861 The remaining 4 states in the South Secede - Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia 1861 April 17, 1861: Virginia secedes from the Union 1861 May 6, 1861: Arkansas secedes from the Union 1861 May 20, 1861: North Carolina secedes from the Union 1861 June 8, 1861: Tennessee secedes from the Union 1861 June: General Robert E. Lee is appointed commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia 1861 President Lincoln ordered the Union Blockade of the Confederate seaports 1861 The President issues a Proclamation calling for 75,000 militiamen 1861 On July 18, 1861 Confederate victory at First Battle of Bull Run 1861 July: The coast of the Confederacy states are subject to a blockade 1861 November 8, 1861: The Trent Affair, a serious diplomatic incident with the British 1862 March 9,1862: Attack of the Union fleet in the Battle of the Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimac 1862 May 20, 1862: The Homestead Act was passed 1862 August 22: Abraham Lincoln issues the "Greeley Letter" in response to Horace Greeley's editorial "A Prayer of Twenty Millions." 1862 August 28-30, 1862: Confederate victory at Second Battle of Bull Run 1862 September 1862: Dr. Jonathan Letterman pioneered the very first military Ambulance Corps that saved the lives of thousands of casualties in the Civil War 1862 September 17, 1862: The Battle of Antietam of was fought, the bloodiest single day battle in the history of America. 1862 September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued a Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that changed the war aims of the Union. 1863 January 1: The Emancipation Proclamation - The war to preserve the Union now becomes a revolutionary struggle for the abolition of slavery. 1863 The Battle of Murfreesboro occurs on January 2, 1863 1863 February 24: The territory of Arizona is formed from the Territory of New Mexico 1863 February 25: The National Banking Act 1863 March 3: The Conscription Act is passed. 1863 March 3: The Territory of Idaho is formed 1863 June 20: West Virginia is admitted to the Union 1863 July 3: The Battle of Gettysburg - a important Union victory but incurred massive casualties 1863 July 13 - 16: Draft riots erupt in New York City 1863 July: General Ulysses S. Grant is made lieutenant general for the Union 1863 November 19: Lincoln makes his famous Gettysburg Address and dedicates a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield as a national cemetery. 1863 December, 1863: Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction. On December 3, 1863, he issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 1864 General Ulysses S. Grant is appointed to command all of the armies of the United States. General Sherman succeeds Grant as the Western commander 1864 February 17, 1864: Sinking of the Confederate Submarine, the Hunley 1864 July 2, 1864: Republican radicals clamor for harsher terms for reconstruction and pass the Wade-Davis Bill. The pocket vetoed is applied by the President and the bill never became law. 1864 November 19: Nevada is admitted to the Union 1864 Abraham Lincoln is re-elected president 1865 January 31: The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed calling for the emancipation of all slaves with no compensation to their owners. It ends slavery in the United States 1865 April 3: Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as President for his second term 1865 April 9: The Surrender of Appomattox. General Robert E. Lee surrenders his Confederate Army to General Ulysses S. Grant 1865 Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction policy - the Ten Percent Plan providing ways to re-unify the nation. 1865 March 3, 1865: The Freedmen's Bureau is established to to help emancipated slaves (freedmen)

Andrew Johnson

1865 Black Hawk's War (1865-1872) 1865 July 10, 1865: Union Pacific Lays the First Rail of the Transcontinental Railroad 1865 He issued 2 proclamations summarizing his recommendations for the restoration of Confederate states to the Union granting amnesty to all white southerners who take a loyalty oath and outlines a reconstruction plan for North Carolina 1865 September: Takes up residence in the White House 1865 December: Ex-Confederate states enact their own 'Black Codes' 1865 December 24, 1865: The Ku Klux Klan was founded 1866 March: The President vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 adopting a lenient attitude towards the Southern States 1866 The emergence of the Carpetbaggers and the Scalawags 1866 Red Cloud's War (1866-1868) 1867 January: Nebraska joins the Union 1866 1867 March 2, 1867: Congress passes the first of the Reconstruction Acts overriding President Johnson's veto 1867 March 2, 1867: Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act overriding President Johnson's veto 1867 Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7.2 million 1867 1867 Christopher Scholes invented the first practical and modern typewriter. 1867 November: President Johnson suspends Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War. They had had a series of disagreements about Reconstruction 1868 The Fourteenth Amendment Ratified stating that every person born in the US is a citizen. States must follow due process of law before taking away any citizen's rights or property. 1868 By suspending Edwin Stanton and removing him from his cabinet, without the consent of Congress, breached the Tenure of Office Act that resulted in Impeachment Proceedings.

Grant

1869 March 10, 1869: The Transcontinental Railroad was completed joining the eastern and western halves of the United States 1869 September 24, 1869: The Black Friday Scandal that involved James Fisk and Jay Gould and the collapse of the U.S. gold market 1869 The Knights of Labor, the first major American labor union, was founded 1870 The Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution was ratified stating that a citizen's right to vote cannot be taken away because of race, the color of their skin, or because they were previously slaves. 1870 The President vetoes the Private Relief Bill 1871 The Indian Appropriation Act is passed with an amendment ending tribal recognition and the treaty system 1871 The Ku Klux Klan Act, one of the Enforcement Acts, is passed 1871 KKK members tried and convicted by federal courts in Mississippi. 1871 The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 1871 The Treaty of Washington is signed between the United States and Britain 1872 The Credit Mobilier Scandal involved the illegal manipulation of contracts by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier construction company The Panic of 1873, a financial crisis that triggered a depression The Whiskey Ring Scandal involved whiskey distillers who conspired to defraud the government of taxes 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was passed but it was not enforced, and the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1883. This led to the establishment of the Jim Crow Laws. 1875 The 'Long Strike of 1875' by the Molly Maguires a secret society of Irish coal miners who fought against the coal companies 1876 June 25: March 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone 1876 June 25: The Battle of Little Bighorn, part of the Great Sioux War, when General George Custer and the 7th Cavalry were defeated by Native American warriors led by Chief Sitting Bull. 1876 The Belknap Bribery Scandal in which William W. Belknap, secretary of war, was charged with receiving bribes

Rutherford Hayes

1877 His presidency sees the impact and effect of Industrialization with riots, strikes and the emergence of Unions 1877 The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was put down by local militia and federal troops 1877 Thomas Edison invented the cylinder phonograph, or tin foil phonograph 1877 The Nez Perce War in Oregon, Montana and Idaho. After fighting against the US Chief Joseph led his tribe 1700 miles to Canada but was forced to to surrender near the border 1877 The Compromise of 1877 (End of Reconstruction) and Federal troops withdraw from the South ending military intervention in Southern politics 1878 The Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act was passed, despite Hayes veto, providing for freer coinage of silver 1878 The Bannock War fought between the U.S. army and Bannock and Paiute warriors in Southern Idaho. A Campaign was also mounted against Cheyenne Indians in Dakota (Territory) and Montana 1879 Victorio's War (1879-1880) involving the army and Apaches 1879 Thomas Edison filed for a US patent for an electric lamp 1879 The Exodusters, the mass migration of African Americans to Kansas 1880 He pronounced the necessity of creating an American controlled canal in Panama Civil Service Reforms: He fought to end the 'Spoils System' by which a political party, after winning an election, gave government jobs as rewards to its voters He also fought corruption in the Post Office

Chester Arthur

1881 Geronimo's War (1881-1886). Geronimo led Apache warriors against the US and Mexico 1881 David Houston patented the roll film for cameras 1881 December: James G. Blaine, the Secretary of State, resigns due to important political differences between himself and the President 1882 The Star-Route Scandal involving bribes of Postal Officials 1882 January: The President is ill and diagnosed with a fatal kidney ailment 1882 The Edmunds Act is passed excluding bigamists and polygamists from voting and holding office 1882 Charles Guiteau was hung on June 30, 1882, 2 days before the first anniversary of the shooting of President Garfield 1882 The Chinese Exclusion Act bans Chinese citizenship and restricts Chinese immigration 1882 The Immigration Act of 1882 restricted immigrants from Europe and made several categories of immigrants ineligible entry into the United States 1883 January: The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is passed following the assassination of President Garfield by the disgruntled job seeker, Charles Guiteau. Moving away from the 'Spoils System' it stipulated that government appointments would be made according to merit 1883 March: The Tariff of 1883, also known as the Mongrel Tariff Act, is passed 1883 May: The Brooklyn Bridge is opened 1884 Standard Time is established 1884 The Bureau of Labor is established 1884 George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film. 1884 The President issues a Proclamation warning against attempts to settle on Indian lands in Oklahoma 1884 April: The Statue of Liberty is presented by the people of France to people of the United States. The Statue of Liberty was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi 1885 February: The Washington Monument, an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., is dedicated in Washington, D.C. to commemorate George Washington 1885 The Foran Act or Alien Contract Labor Law is passed virtually banning Alien contract labor

James Garfield

1881 He advocated hard money policies backed by gold. 1881 His time was spent addressing issues following the Civil War and Reconstruction 1881 July 2, 1881: President Garfield was shot by the insane Charles Julius Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station

Grover Cleveland

1886 The Haymarket Square bombing in Chicago 1886 Gottlieb Daimler builds the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle. 1886 The President marries Francis Folsom on June 2, 1886 1886 The Klondike gold rush begins in Alaska when George Carmack discovers Klondike gold 1887 The Crow War and the Ute War 1887 The Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the railroads which became the first industry subject to Federal regulation. 1887 The Dawes Severalty Act designed to break up Native Indian Tribes and make them into small farmers. 1887 February: Act passed turning the territories of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington into states 1889 His first presidency and first term in office ends on March 4, 1889. He was still popular but lost the electoral vote to Benjamin Harrison 233 to 168. His wife predicted they would return to the White House in 4 years. The next US President was Benjamin Harrison 1893 His inauguration as 24th President of the United States on March 4, 1893 aged 55. He becomes the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms in office 1893 The Panic of 1893. The Panic of 1893 lasted from May to November and was a national economic crisis started by the collapse of two of the largest employers in the US, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. This led to a stock market crash, bankruptcies and high unemployment 1893 Chicago World's Fair: The World's Columbian Exposition (aka Chicago World's Fair), celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's landing in America. 26 million visitors flocked to Chicago visiting fairgrounds including the first Ferris Wheel and exhibitions showing new technology such as the dishwasher and fluorescent light bulbs 1893 The Navajo war against settlers in Northwestern New Mexico and Northeastern Arizona 1894 The Pullman's Strike was a widespread railroad strike caused by the Panic of 1893 when workers wages were cut by 25% 1895 February: Cuba rebels against Spanish rule, the US remains neutral. 1895 The Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe 1896 Utah is admitted to the union as the forty-fifth state. 1896 The Radio: Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi sent and received Morse code-based radio signals

Benjamin Harrison

1889 He adopted a program for Expansion of the Navy (1889 - 1901) 1889 Between 1889 and 1890 North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho and Wyoming join the Union 1889 Skyscrapers: George Fuller (1851-1900) built the Tacoma Building in 1889 using Bessemer steel beams 1889 December 03, 1889: Dependent Pension Bill is passed, providing benefits to Union veterans and their families. This action was later called the "Billion Dollar Congress" as the law cost the government over a billion dollars. 1890 The Ghost Dance War (1890-1891) 1890 The Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890: The first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts 1890 The Battle of Wounded Knee in South Dakota when Chief Spotted Elk (aka Big Foot) led the last band of Lakota Sioux and were massacred at Wounded Knee Creek 1890 September 2, 1890: Anti-Lottery Bill is signed into law 1890 October 1, 1890: Congress passes the McKinley Tariff that expanded the power of the President in matters relating to foreign trade. 1891 March 3, 1891: Nine Circuit Courts of Appeals are established relieving the pressure placed on the Supreme Court. 1891 Jesse W. Reno invented the escalator 1891 The rise of Populism and the formation of the Populist Party by the American farmers 1892 Chile: US Relations with Chile deteriorate to such an extent that war is only just averted 1892 The 1892 Homestead Steel Strike near Pittsburgh 1892 Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine - the Diesel engine. 1892 Ellis Island opened in Upper New York Bay as a federal immigration inspection station 1893 Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii is deposed on January 17, 1893

Grover Clevland

1897 The Dingley Tariff Law, which raised custom duties by an average of 57% 1897 Grant's tomb monument was dedicated on April 27, 1897 1897 The Radio: Nikola Tesla invented the induction coil or Tesla coil, a device essential to sending and receiving radio waves and applied for his first patents in radio work in the United States. 1898 The Spanish-American War: Spain declares war on the US on April 23, 1898. The Spanish-American War was caused by US intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war ended Spain's colonial empire in America 1898 April: The Volunteer Army Act, authorizing the organization of the First Volunteer Cavalry, or Rough Riders, under the command of Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt 1898 October: The War Revenue Act generated $150 dollars from taxes on popular 'luxury' goods 1898 The Battle of Sugar Point involving the US army and Chippewa Indians in Minnesota 1898 Edwin Prescott patented the first roller coaster. 1898 The Erdman Act prohibited discrimination against railroad workers because of union membership and provided for mediation of railway labor disputes 1898 The Annexation of Hawaii was started by US planters staging an uprising to overthrow Queen. The Annexation of Hawaii was an Act of Congress to annex the Republic of Hawaii and create the Territory of Hawaii. It failed and Hawaii was annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution 1898 The 1898 Treaty of Paris: The US and Spain sign the treaty on December 10, 1898 1899 The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) was a ferocious anti-foreigner movement against Christian missionaries and colonizers that took place in China between 1899 and 1901. 1899 John Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner 1900 The Gold Standard Act established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money. It stopped silver being exchanged for gold in the U.S. monetary system. 1900 The Zeppelin airship was invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1900 The Galveston hurricane: The Galveston hurricane was the deadliest in United States history. The hurricane occured on September 8, 1900, in the city of Galveston, Texas 1900 September: The President was shot twice and fatally wounded on September 6, 1901 at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. His wounds became gangrenous and he died on September 14, 1901, aged 58. He was murdered by Leon Czolgosz.

Mckinely

1897 The Dingley Tariff Law, which raised custom duties by an average of 57% 1897 Grant's tomb monument was dedicated on April 27, 1897 1897 The Radio: Nikola Tesla invented the induction coil or Tesla coil, a device essential to sending and receiving radio waves and applied for his first patents in radio work in the United States. 1898 The Spanish-American War: Spain declares war on the US on April 23, 1898. The Spanish-American War was caused by US intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war ended Spain's colonial empire in America 1898 April: The Volunteer Army Act, authorizing the organization of the First Volunteer Cavalry, or Rough Riders, under the command of Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt 1898 October: The War Revenue Act generated $150 dollars from taxes on popular 'luxury' goods 1898 The Battle of Sugar Point involving the US army and Chippewa Indians in Minnesota 1898 Edwin Prescott patented the first roller coaster. 1898 The Erdman Act prohibited discrimination against railroad workers because of union membership and provided for mediation of railway labor disputes 1898 The Annexation of Hawaii was started by US planters staging an uprising to overthrow Queen. The Annexation of Hawaii was an Act of Congress to annex the Republic of Hawaii and create the Territory of Hawaii. It failed and Hawaii was annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution 1898 The 1898 Treaty of Paris: The US and Spain sign the treaty on December 10, 1898 1899 The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) was a ferocious anti-foreigner movement against Christian missionaries and colonizers that took place in China between 1899 and 1901. 1899 John Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner 1900 The Gold Standard Act established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money. It stopped silver being exchanged for gold in the U.S. monetary system. 1900 The Zeppelin airship was invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1900 The Galveston hurricane: The Galveston hurricane was the deadliest in United States history. The hurricane occured on September 8, 1900, in the city of Galveston, Texas 1900 September: The President was shot twice and fatally wounded on September 6, 1901 at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. His wounds became gangrenous and he died on September 14, 1901, aged 58. He was murdered by Leon Czolgosz.

Teddy Rosevelt

1902 The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 began in Pennsylvania and spread to all coal miners of the United Mine Workers of America protesting against their low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions. 1902 The Venezuela Crisis of 1902 - 1903: The Venezuela Crisis was a naval blockade imposed against Venezuela by Britain, Germany and Italy due to Venezuela's inability to pay its debts.. 1902 The Wright brothers invented the first plane that was not powered by wind. Orville Wright flew the gas motored plane for 12 seconds over a beach in North Carolina. 1904 The Spooner Act in which the building of the Panama Canal was authorized and rights were acquired 1904 The "Square Deal" domestic policy was adopted by the President in which he pledged not to favor any group of Americans but to be fair to all. He supported aggressive political reforms, including the heavy regulation of business 1904 Victory in the legal case against the company owned by J.P. Morgan, James J. Hill and E.H. Harriman gave President Roosevelt the name of "trustbuster" 1904 The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 - 5 September 1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival aspirations of Russia and Japan on Manchuria and Korea. 1904 The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine asserted the right of the US to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in Central America and the Caribbean if they were unable to pay their international debts 1905 The President establishes the National Forest Service 1905 June: The Antiquities Act of 1906, aka the National Monuments Act was aimed at the Preservation of American Antiquities. The President Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower in Wyoming as the first of many National Monuments on September 24, 1906. 1906 The San Francisco Earthquake, and the resulting fire, was one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the US. The San Francisco earthquake was caused by a rupture on the San Andreas Fault 1906 The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to President Roosevelt for brokering a peace between Russia and Japan 1906 The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act 1907 The Panic of 1907 aka the Bankers' Panic or Knickerbocker Crisis was a US financial crisis that took place when the New York Stock Exchange fell nearly 50% from its peak in the previous year. 1907 The Immigration Act of 1907 which increases the immigration 'head tax', restricts Japanese immigration and establishes the Dillingham Commission due to growing immigration problems 1907 November: Oklahoma is admitted to the Union as the 46th state on November 16, 1907 1908 The "Model T" automobile is introduced by Henry Ford enabling affordable, mass produced cars for the average American 1908 January: The President designates the Grand Canyon, Arizona as a national monument.

William Taft

1909 Taft's Dollar Diplomacy (1909 - 1913) calling for the use of diplomatic and military action to further foreign business interests 1909 His administration continued the Antitrust Policy initiated by Theodore Roosevelt that was designed to keep markets open and competitive. 1909 March 25: The Crazy Snake Rebellion between the Creek Indians and settlers in Oklahoma 1909 June: The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act lowered tariffs on certain goods entering the US 1909 November: The Ballinger-Pinchot scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger is accused of conspiring to defraud the public domain in the Alaskan coal fields and that the Taft administration was complicit in his actions 1910 June: The Postal Savings Depository Act of 1910 established the Postal Savings System 1910 Angel Island Immigration Station opened in the San Francisco Bay, California 1910 The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) started with an uprising led by Francisco Madero against Porfirio Díaz 1911 The Battle of Kelley Creek in Nevada. A small group of Bannock and Shoshone killed four men in an incident known as the Last Massacre 1911 The President began to back away from his efforts to tame the trusts. 1912 New Mexico is admitted as the forty-seventh state on January 6, 1912 1912 The Sinking of the Titanic off the coast of Newfoundland on April 14, 1912 1913 The Sixteenth Amendment Ratified authorizing Congress to collect income taxes

Woodrow wilson

1913 The Federal Reserve Act, aka the Currency Bill, or the Owen-Glass Act, designed to safeguard the US economy, allowed for a regional Federal Reserve System, operating under a supervisory board in Washington 1913 May: John D. Rockefeller donates $100 million to begin the Rockefeller Foundation on May 14, 1913 1914 World War I (1914-1918) was triggered on 28 June 1914 by the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian terrorist group, called The Black Hand. The adversaries involved 2 opposing alliances - the Allies and the Central Powers 1914 August: The Panama Canal was officially opened 1915 The Rocky Mountain National Park is established in Colorado. January 26, 1915 1915 1915 US Congress Authorized "Mounted Inspectors" along the US-Mexico Border 1915 The Sinking of the Lusitania: The British passenger ocean liner, the Lusitania, sailed on May 1st 1915 from New York bound for Liverpool. It was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. This action was instrumental in bringing the US into WW1 1915 President Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt in a Washington, D.C. on December 18, 1915 1916 July: Saboteurs explode an ammunition depot and destroys docks at Toms River Island near Jersey City followed by the destruction of a munitions plant in Kingsland, New Jersey 1916 July: Woodrow Wilson is re-elected President of the United States 1916 The National Defense Act is passed in response to threats at home and deteriorating relations between Germany and the United States 1917 The US entered WWI by declaring war on Germany in 1917 on April 06, 1917 1917 The Espionage and Sedition Acts made it a crime to interfere with the operations of the military to promote the success of its enemies and prohibited many forms of speech perceived as disloyal to the US 1918 The Fourteen Points speech was given to Congress on January 8, 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson 1918 May: The Selective Service Act is passed requiring all men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register with locally administered draft boards for a federal draft conscription lottery 1918 November 11, 1918: End of WW I (the Great War) when the Armistice was signed in Redonthes, France 1919 The devastating world-wide influenza epidemic reaches its height in the US 1919 The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement signed after World War One 1919 Prohibition: The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed January 16, 1919 which banned on the sale, production, importation, and transportation of all alcoholic beverages across the nation. The Prohibition era lasted from 1920 - 1933. 1920 The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed May 19, 1919 which guaranteed American women the right to vote

Harding

1921 WWI was formally ended by joint resolution 1921 May: The Emergency Quota Act is passed following the massive influx of European immigrants into the U S at the end of World War I 1921 The Teapot Dome Scandal erupts surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. 1921 The President officially opposes entry into the League of Nations 1921 The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 created the Bureau of the Budget and housed it within the Department of the Treasury. 1921 The Washington Armament Conference: an international conference called by the US to limit the naval arms race and devise security agreements in the Pacific area. 1921 The Shepperd-Towner Act was passed to fund maternity and infant health care. 1921 The War protestor and union leader Eugene V. Debs was pardoned 1922 The Capper-Volstead Act was passed due to the depression of agricultural prices following World War I 1923 On August 2, 1923, President Warren Harding died of a heart attack in San Francisco, California, whilst on a speaking tour.

Coolidge

1924 The Revenue Acts of 1924 and 1926 reduced inheritance and personal income taxes after years of very high wartime tax rates 1924 The Immigration Act of 1924, aka the Johnson-Reid Act, ended further immigration from Japan and restricted the number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. 1925 The first diesel locomotive began operating in New York City 1926 May: The Air Commerce Act is passed giving the Commerce Department regulatory powers over sectors of the aviation industry, such as the licensing of pilots and airplanes. 1927 Charles Lindbergh made the first non-stop transatlantic flight across the Atlantic from New York City to Paris 1927 The First talking motion picture, The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson, was produced 1927 A Radio telephone system connected New York City and London 1928 Calvin Coolidge surprised the nation by stating he did not want to run for President in 1928 1928 The US recognizes Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist government of China and signs a tariff treaty with the Chinese.

Hoover

1929 The Stock Market Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday and the Wall Street Crash, began in late October 1929 following a boom on the stock market which enticed many ordinary Americans to invest their entire savings in stocks and shares. Billions of dollars were lost in a single day and had dire consequences on the nation, stock market didn't return to pre-depression levels until 1954. 1929 The Great Depression followed the Wall Street Crash when the average income of the American family dropped by 40 percent from 1929 to 1932. It was a time of most terrible hardship when more than 10,000,000 Americans were unemployed 1930 June: The Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised US tariffs to historically high levels and provoked a storm of foreign retaliatory measures which did not help during the Great Depression 1932 June: The Bonus Army March: As a result of the Great Depression bread riots and shantytowns grew in number and Americans criticised the President for his perceived lack of action. In 1924, Congress had voted to give a bonus to World War I veterans - $1.25 for each day served overseas, $1.00 for each day served in the States to be paid in 1945. Over 15,000 WW1 veterans marched on the 'Bonus Army March' to demand payment when they needed it the most 1932 July: The veterans camped on government property and President Hoover ordered the army to clear out the veterans, their camp was set ablaze and tear gas was released under the command of General Douglas MacArthur 1933 The Lame Duck Amendment (20th amendment) was ratified reducing the amount of time between election day and the beginning of Presidential, Vice Presidential and Congressional terms. Hoover tried to combat the Great Depression with government projects such as the Hoover Dam, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, and increasing corporate taxes and the top tax rates from 25% to 63%. The public blamed their problems on the President who was not re-elected

FDR

1933 The 20th Amendment was ratified changed the days for meetings of Congress and for the start of the President's term of office. 1933 The 21st Amendment was ratified, the Repeal of Prohibition. The Era of Prohibition lasted from 1920 to 1933 during which time the sale, production, importation, and transportation of all alcoholic beverages had bee banned in the US. 1933 During his first 100 days of his presidency he started his plans for a New Deal to help with a national recovery following the Great Depression. The New Deal measures included the creation of the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), NRA (National Recovery Administration), and TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) 1935 The Social Security Act, an important element of the New Deal, established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment compensation laws. 1936 November 3, 1936: Franklin Roosevelt defeats Alfred Landon, winning re-election to a second term. 1937 The Court Packing Plan (The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937) was a controversial plan to expand the Supreme Court to 15 judges to make it more efficient. 1939 WW2 (1939-1945): Due to the Polices of Adolf Hitler WW2 started September 1, 1939 and would finally end on September 2, 1945 1940 Lend-Lease Act: On March 11, 1940: Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act, enabling the US to aid the Allied Powers without entering into the war. 1941 Pearl Harbor: In 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and the US enters the war 1942 The Battle of Midway: US victory in the Battle of Midway when American planes defeat a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands 1942 The President signs Executive Order 9066, imprisoning many Japanese-Americans living on American soil 1944 D Day: June 6, 1944, known as D Day, marked the date when nearly 3 million Allied soldiers invaded France. Paris is then liberated 1944 The Western Front: US and British forces launching Operation Market-Garden and the Battle of the Bulge 1945 The Death of Hitler and Germany surrenders: Adolf Hitler commits suicide on 30 April 1945 and Germany surrenders on May 7 1945 The Yalta Conference: February 11, 1945 President Roosevelt meets with Winston Churchill and Josef Stalin in Yalta to negotiate the post-war future of Europe.

truman

1945 Harry Truman had been vice president for just 82 days before FDR's sudden death and inherited the colossal tasks and decisions required to lead the United States through the end of World War 2 1945 July: The United States successfully detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945 1945 The Potsdam Conference: The Big Three (Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and . President Harry Truman) met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II. 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima (6 August - US B29 Super fortress bomber, called the 'Enola Gay' and Nagasaki (9 August - US Superfortress 'Bockscar' bomb was called Fat Man). 1945 The Surrender of Japan: Japan surrenders on 14 August 1944 1945 WW2 ends September 2, 1945 1945 The United Nations was created to promote world peace, economic and social development 1945 The Nuremburg Trials (1945-1946). In November 1945, in the German city of Nuremberg, the victors of the World War Two began the first international war crimes trial. Those brought to trial, including Hermann Goering, Albert Speer and Rudolf Hess, were accused of committing crimes against peace, and humanity including genocide 1945 The Cold War, the struggle between communism and democracy begins: The Cold War was a state of intense political, ideological and military rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union that stopped short of full-scale war 1945 The Cold War Arms Race begins 1945 The "Iron Curtain" (1945 - 1991) falls separating the West with the communist countries of the East. 1945 House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) became a permanent committee in 1945. 1946 Operation Crossroads was a program at Bikini Atoll in which two nuclear weapon tests were conducted in the Marshall Islands. The "Able" test detonated an atomic bomb on July 1, 1946 and the "Baker" test was detonated on July 25, 1946 1947 President Harry Truman requests funds to support Greek and Turkish efforts to fight communism, marking the beginning of the Truman doctrine. 1947 The Truman Doctrine: Providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism 1947 The Marshall Plan of June 1947: A US-financed relief package to European nations after WW2 1947 The Roswell UFO Incident: An unidentified flying object (UFO) crashed on a ranch northwest of Roswell, New Mexico on July 2, 1947. The Government asserted it was the remains of a weather balloon. 1947 The Taft-Hartley Act, aka the Labor-Management Relations Act, allowed employees the right not to join unions, required advance notice of a labor strike and required union officials to take an oath pledging they were not communists 1947 The Loyalty Review Program (March 21, 1947) screened federal employees for loyalty during the second Red Scare. 1948 The Berlin blockade (1 April, 1948 - 12 May, 1949) by the Soviets closed the entry points to the Western zones of Berlin. 1948 The Berlin airlift is initiated to supply West Berlin with basic necessities after the Soviet Union blocks off the city into East and West Berlin 1949 Communist forces under Mao Zedong take over mainland China. The US continues to support the government of Nationalist China, led by Chiang Kai-shek 1949 The NATO Treaty (April 4, 1949): The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is formed by the U S and many western European countries to defend Europe against Soviet aggression. 1950 The McCarthy Witch hunts: U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy begins his communist witch hunt in the United States referred to as McCarthyism 1950 The Korean War (1950-1953) is the first armed conflict in the Cold War 1950 The US detonates the first hydrogen bomb on November 1, 1952 1951 CONELRAD established a system of Nuclear Attack Alerts 1951 The 22nd Amendment was made to the US Constitution stating that a person may not be elected President more than twice

Eisenhower

1953 The Cold War was the struggle between communism and democracy, a state of intense political, ideological and military rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union that stopped short of full-scale war 1953 April 16, 1953: Communists attack "Pork Chop Hill". The President threatens a nuclear attack 1953 Cold War: Over 300,000 East Germans flee to West Berlin and then to West Germany. 1953 The End of the Korean War: The Korean War (1950-1953) was the first armed conflict in the Cold War and ended with the United States, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea agreeing to an armistice. The result of the Korean War was a military stalemate resulting in the continued division of Korea. 1954 The Brown v. Board of Education held that school segregation violated the Equal Protection and Due Process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The following year the Court ordered desegregation "with all deliberate speed". 1954 The Civil Rights Movement begins 1954 The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) assists in overthrowing Guatemala's communist-influenced government. 1954 The Vietnam War begins after Vietnam is divided into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. The US later becomes involved from 1963 - 1973 1954 SEATO: The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was formed on September 8, 1954 as the Southeast Asian version of NATO aimed at preventing the spread of communism 1955 The Warsaw Pact is formed by the Soviet Union and communist countries in eastern Europe as a military defense organization to counter NATO. 1955 The actions of Rosa Parks led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott which lasted for eighteen months between 1955 - 1957. 1956 The Interstate Highway System is created 1956 The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed in 1957. Dr Martin Luther King became president of the SCLC which aimed at eliminating the practice of segregation 1957 Federal troops are sent to Little Rock to enforce integration 1957 The Eisenhower Doctrine promised military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help to resist communist aggression 1957 The Soviet launch of Sputnik I, the world's first artificial satellite, on October 4, 1957 triggered the Space Race. 1958 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established to keep U.S. space efforts abreast of Soviet space efforts. NASA began its operations on October 1, 1958 1958 Pioneer 1 is the first NASA launch from Cape Canaveral on October 11, 1958 1959 Cuba becomes communist under Fidel Castro. 1960 The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formed 1960 by Civil Rights activist Ella Baker. 1960 The Pop Art movement began in America 1960 1 May 1960: U-2 Incident - USAF spy aircraft, piloted by Gary Powers, shot down over USSR

Ford

1974 September 8, 1974: President Ford grants disgraced Richard Nixon an unconditional pardon explaining that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country. It was greeted as an unpopular action by many Americans 1974 The Cold War continued the struggle between communism and democracy. 1974 The economic phenomenon known as Stagflation hist the US with a combination of economic stagnation, rising prices and inflation 1974 The President announces his "Whip Inflation Now - WIN" program on October 8, 1974 1974 The Campaign Reform Law that removed the influence of big money and special interests on the Federal electoral process 1974 Privacy Act of 1974: Privacy Act of 1974 was signed on January 01, 1975 protecting the right of Americans to individual privacy. 1975 The Communist victory in Southeast Asia (1975-1976) when South Vietnam was united with North Vietnam in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV). The US continued to apply existing economic sanctions against the Communist SRV 1975 The Khmer Rouge (1975-1979) regime of Pol Pot emerges in Cambodia and the SS Mayaguez Incident 1975 Viking 1 and Viking 2: Viking 1 and Viking 2 are launched from Kennedy Space Center on a trip to Mars during August and November 1975 1975 The Helsinki Agreement, aka the Helsinki Accords and the Helsinki Final Act, was a important diplomatic agreement made on August 1, 1975 in an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs 1975 The Energy Policy Conservation Act is signed December 22, 1975 aimed at reducing energy consumption, preserve resources and reduce environmental pollution 1976 Concorde makes its first flight between Europe and the US on March 24, 1976 1976 Korean Gift Scandal: November 13, 1976 - Over 80 members of Congress are implicated in a scandal for accepting gifts from a South Korean government agent

Carter

1977 The Vietnam War draft evaders are pardoned on January 21, 1977 1977 The Cold War continued the struggle between communism and democracy. 1977 The Panama Canal Treaty: The Treaty agreed that Panama should take overthe operation and defense of the canal and promised the end to the United States control of the Panama canal beginning in 2000 1977 The President meets with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in Washington on July 19, 1977 1978 Foreign Visits: Between January 1, 1978 - January 6, 1978 the President embarks on a series of foreign visits India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, France, and Belgium. 1978 The Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt were signed on September 17, 1978 at the U.S. presidential retreat at Camp David that led in the following year to a peace treaty between the countries 1979 The US officially recognized the People's Republic of China in Beijing on January 1, 1979. The action was fiercely resented by representatives of the Chinese Nationalist government. 1979 The Three Mile Island Incident was an extremely serious occurrence that occurred at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 reactor, near Middletown, Pennsylvania on March 28, 1979. The partial melt down of the Nuclear reactor was due to a combination of human error, design deficiencies, and component failures 1979 The Iran Hostage Crisis in which 52 United States citizens were held captive for 444 days from November 1979 - January 1981. They were held captive by Islamic revolutionaries who had overrun the U.S. Embassy in Tehran 1979 The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan in December 1979 starting the 10 year war that ends with their withdrawal in 1988. 1979 The President signs 'SALT II' the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the USSR on June 18, 1979 that limits the number of US and Soviet defensive antiballistic missile systems 1980 The Carter Doctrine: On January 23, 1980 in his State of the Union address the President asserts that threats to the Persian Gulf region will be viewed as "an assault of the vital interests of the United States" 1980 The Iran-Iraq War erupted on September 22, 1980. The conflict, started by Saddam Hussein, the president of Iraq, continued until 1988

Regan

1981 The Cold War continued the struggle between communism and democracy. 1983 The Granada invasion: October 25, 1983 U.S. Marines invaded Grenada, where they resisted heavy anti-aircraft fire and ground attack by Cuban soldiers and laborers building the a 10,000-foot airstrip on Grenada. The President saw the invasion as another step towards ridding the world of Communism 1985 The Iran-Contra Scandal (1985-1989) aka Irangate was a political scandal in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran and illegally using the profits to fund an army of rebels in Nicaragua. 1985 Glasnost with the Soviet Union (1985-1991). Glasnost was the policy of public openness and accountability developed by the Soviets under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachov 1987 The Stark incident in the Gulf War: The USS Stark was a guided-missile frigate that was hit on 17 May 1987, by two Exocet anti-ship missiles fired from an Iraqi aircraft during the Iran - Iraq War 1983 The Soviet Union accuse the US of violating the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty following the President's announcement of "Star Wars", his Strategic Defense Initiative 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev assumes the role of Soviet leader and begins to break away from old communist policies. 1987 The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), which is an agreement to remove medium and short-range nuclear missiles, is signed in Washington, D.C. by the President and Mikhail Gorbachev on December 8, 1987 1988 End of the Iran-Iraq War with Iran's acceptance of a cease-fire on July 20, 1988 1989 The Berlin Wall falls: On November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall fall when the East German Communist Party announced that citizens of the GDR could cross the border at will. 1983 Guion S. Bluford becomes the first black astronaut aboard Challenger on August 30, 1983 1983 Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space on the 7th shuttle mission, from June 18-24, 1983 1981 The Space Shuttle: Astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen fly space shuttle Columbia, the first winged reusable spacecraft, on its maiden mission on April 12, 1981. Columbia orbits Earth 36 times.