APUSH: AP Exam Review Periods 1 & 2 & 3
What role did religion play in Spanish colonial society?
1) Incentivized and forced conversion of Native Americans 2) Used to support both further subjugation of Native Americans as well as better treatment 3) Used to justify slavery in some cases NOTE: After Reformation in Europe, denominational differences become more significant
Explain the development of African-based chattel slavery in the New World.
1) Native Americans more familiar with environment, dying from disease/overwork 2) Africans unfamiliar with Americans 3) Slave trade inexpensive and already flourishing
How did the Spanish establish and maintain their new colonies? Consider political, economic, and social factors.
1) Royally appointed colonial governors 2) Encomienda system using forced native labor and later enslaved Africans 3) Casta system established racial hierarchy
Describe the regional identities of the new country with regard to black lives.
Slavery existed in most states, North and South, with the South economically relying on it. Free blacks were afforded more economic and political rights in some Northern states
Compare and contrast the different regions of North America with regard to native societies and their environments.
Southwest: farmers (maize); advanced irrigation systems; small urban centers made of hardened clay bricks. Great Basin/Plains: nomadic hunter/gatherers (buffalo); small egalitarian kinship bands Pacific Coast: permanent villages of almost 1,000 people; abundance of fish, small game, and plant life; coastal trade Northeast: farmers, villages with longhouses, abundant resources (timber, furs, fish) Mississippi River: farmers because of the rich soil, river- based trade
How did the young (new) country address relations with Native Americans?
The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act regulated the relationships among settlers and Indians and made provisions for fair dealings
What did George Washington warn against in his Farewell Address?
The formation of political factions and getting involved in foreign alliances/wars (especially Europe) -------NOTE - Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans - XYZ Affair - Quasi War
What were the primary objectives of Spanish exploration and colonialism?
1) Find new sources of wealth in Asian markets 2) Evolved into extracting resources (gold/silver/tobacco/sugar) from the land 3) Spread religion
Comparison of English colonial regions New England Economic activities; System of government; Religious and social makeup
---------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Subsistence farming, fishing, timber/shipbuilding ---------SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT - Mayflower Compact, self-governance, town hall meetings ---------RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL MAKEUP - Puritan/Congregationalist, family-oriented ---------NOTE - Massachussetts
Comparison of English colonial regions Chesapeake Economic activities; System of government; Religious and social makeup
---------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Tobacco plantations ---------SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT - Royal charter, House of Burgesses ---------RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL MAKEUP - Wealthy planters, indentured servants, enslaved Africans, Anglican, Catholic
Comparison of English colonial regions Caribbean/Carolinas Economic activities; System of government; Religious and social makeup
---------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Tobacco, sugarcane, rice, indigo ---------SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT - Proprietary charters ---------RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL MAKEUP - Anglican, landed gentry, enslaved Africans
Comparison of English colonial regions Middle Colonies Economic activities; System of government; Religious and social makeup
---------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Wheat, barley, corn ---------SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT - Proprietary charters ---------RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL MAKEUP - Pennsylvania founded by Quakers but religiously tolerant, diverse society, enslaved Africans
Comparison of European colonialism Spanish Goals; Economic activities; Relations with Native Americans
-------GOALS - Conquest, extract wealth, spread Christianity -------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Sugar, tobacco, coffee; gold, silver -------RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS - Encomienda and casta systems
Comparison of European colonialism English Goals; Economic activities; Relations with Native Americans
-------GOALS - Extract wealth, new territory, religious freedom and improved living conditions -------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Joint-stock companies funded colonies; tobacco, timber, furs -------RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS - Friendly/reliant at first; tension over land >> wars --------NOTE - Enclosure Movement meant less available land in England
Comparison of European colonialism French Goals; Economic activities; Relations with Native Americans
-------GOALS - Extract wealth, trade, spread Christianity -------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Fur, fish -------RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS - Intermarriage to secure trade relationships --------NOTE - Jesuit missionaries
Comparison of European colonialism Dutch Goals; Economic activities; Relations with Native Americans
-------GOALS - Trade -------ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - Shipping, fur, finance/banking -------RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS - Minimal interaction -------NOTE - New Amsterdam = New York City
Describe the context of the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) that prompted and allowed for European exploration in the late 15th Century.
1) Developing stronger, more centralized states 2) Increased demand from luxury goods from China and India; Islamic states making Eurasian trade difficult for Europeans 3) Portuguese "trading-post empire" in Africa and India; advancements in maritime technology and shipbuilding 4) Reconquista and unification of Spain
What did the government consist of under the Articles of Confederation? What did it accomplish?
A unicameral (one body) legislature (Congress) with each state having one equal vote Won the war, established system for admitting new states to union and set precedent for outlawing slavery ------NOTE - Northwest Ordinance
Effects of the French and Indians War How did the acquisition of new territory cause conflict?
Colonists began flooding territory beyond the Appalachian Mountains, sparking conflict with Native Americans. To limit hostilities, settlement west was forbidden. -------NOTE - Pontiac's Rebellion - Proclamation of 1763
Define "mercantilism".
Competing for a supposed finite wealth in the world, governments strictly regulated their imperial economies to protect trade and profit from rivals -----Navigation Acts
Road to Revolution Describe the economic measures taken by Parliament following the French and Indian War. How did colonists and colonial governments react to these measures?
Enacted revenue-producing taxes to pay off the war debt. Most taxes were placed on imported luxury, paper, and manufactured goods -------NOTE - Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, Coercive Acts Colonists protested in many different ways such as organizing intercolonial. committees, boycotting British goods, destruction of property, and violence against British officials -------NOTE - Stamp Act Congress, Continental Congress, homespun movement, Boston Tea Party, tarring and feathering
Describe the development of political thought in the British North American colonies? How did this evolve into an American identity?
Enlightenment thought from Europe influenced colonial thinking. Natural rights and the social contract theory exposed some concerns regarding the monarchist and lack of representation in Parliament. Enlightenment thinking also affected religious thought, indirectly prompting the revival of religious fervor. New notions of rejecting religious and political authority struck a chord in the colonies. --------Great Awakening; New Lights vs. Old Lights
Define the Federalist and Anti-Federalist political stances.
Federalists advocated for a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution Anti-Federalists (later Democratic Republicans) wanted a small government limited by a strict interpretation of the Constitution -------NOTE - Hamilton's National Bank used the "elastic clause" as justification, citing it as "necessary and proper" for conducting the duties of the government
How was colonial society divided during the Revolutionary War?
Patriots were pro-independence, Loyalists were loyal to Britain, and others were neutral in mostly rural areas and stayed out of the fight -------NOTE - Thought to be roughly 1/3 each, but more recent studies count parties as almost half of society
Describe the significant topics of debate concerning the new Constitution.
Presidency: some feared the position was monarchical while others claimed the need for a strong executive Representation: small states vs. large states, i.e. equal vote or based on population Slavery: Should slaves count towards a state's population for representation purposes? -------NOTE - Checks and balances with legislative and judicial branches - Federalist papers addressed many of these concerns - New Jersey Plan vs. Virginia Plan - Connecticut (Great) Compromise - Three-Fifths Compromise
Explain the transition from indentured servitude to African-based chattel slavery.
Profitability of cash crops created a growing demand for labor. Indentured servitude proved inefficient and problematic with regard to colonial society and the growing slave trade from Africa to the Caribbean was convenient and inexpensive -------Bacon's Rebellion
Effects of the French and Indians War Define the Albany Plan of Union.
Proposal by Benjamin Franklin that called for an intercolonial government to are effectively recruit troops and raise taxes for the common defense. Set a precedent for establishing future colonial congresses
Why was a new Constitution proposed after the Articles of Confederation?
The Articles of Confederation were too weak, lacking the power to levy taxes, raise an army, or regulate commerce
Describe the cause and effect of France's support for colonial independence.
The Battle of Saratoga was a significant turning point as it was a decisive colonial victory that convinced France and Spain to support he colonies against England. France's military and economic alliance would ultimately lead to the victory at Yorktown that effectively ended the war. -------NOTE - Numerous French generals and admirals such as the Marquis de Lafayette, Rochambeau, de Grasse, etc.
Road to Revolution How did the Enlightenment affect political thought in the colonies during this time?
The ideas of natural rights, social contract, and separation of powers all contributed to the desire for independence as patriots saw the British as violating these -------NOTE - John Locke's Two Treatises of Government, Jean Rousseau's Social Contract, and Montesquieu's "tripartite" system - Declaration of Independence is riddled with these notions
Define the Columbian Exchange. How did the Columbian Exchange affect both the Old and New Worlds?
The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from the East to the West and from the West to the East Crops and animals transferred resulted in a huge population increase in Europe, while diseases (smallpox) brought by Europeans decimated Native American populations
Which of the following factors best explains the alliance between the Spanish and Huejotzingo people? a) Dominant American empires threatened smaller groups with war, slavery, and tribute prior to European conquest b) The Spanish promised salvation to native people through conversion to Christianity c) Most Native Americans believed that the Spanish were gods d) The Huejotzingo believed they could steal Spanish technology by befriending them
a) Dominant American empires threatened smaller groups with war, slavery, and tribute prior to European conquest The Aztec and Inca empires operated as hegemonic powers in Meso and South America, dominating large territories and trade networks with their military superiority and allying with the Spanish allowed smaller groups to assist in conquering them
Which of the following developments occurred during the early to mid-18th Century in response to increased political and economic influence from Parliament? a) Emerging sense of an independent, national identity b) Decline in smuggling and other efforts to undermine British rule c) Complete self-reliance on colonial manufactures d) A break in the colonies from English religious tradition
a) Emerging sense of an independent, national identity American colonists still considered themselves English, even through the early days of the revolution. However, due to the policy of salutary neglect and even the Great Awakening, colonists began to see themselves as self-sufficient and different from their fellow Englishmen. This would be exacerbated by increased Parliamentary and military control following the French & Indian War
The Articles of Confederation congress is attributed with all of the following accomplishments except a) Promoting the colonial economy, allowing production to surpass that of Britain b) Establishing a precedent for admitting new states to the union c) Uniting the colonies in victory over the British in the Revolutionary War d) Gaining a degree of recognition from foreign powers
a) Promoting the colonial economy, allowing production to surpass that of Britain The economic situation under the Articles was grim. Debt following the Revolutionary War combined with am inability to tax or regulate interstate and international commerce left each state to struggle with civil unrest and conflict
The ideas expressed in the excerpt *James Madison, Federalist 1787* most strongly influenced which development in the late 18th Century? a) Ratification of the US Constitution b) Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality c) The election of Thomas Jefferson d) Drafting of the Declaration of Independence
a) Ratification of the US Constitution Along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, Madison published dozens of essays in New York newspapers in an attempt to convince readers of the merits of the proposed Constitution. These, along with the addition of the Bill of Rights, ultimately led to the Constitution's ratification in 1788
The goals described in the excerpts *Richard Hakluyt & John Winthrop* led to all of the following development except a) Religious freedom in all English colonies b) Investment in joint stock companies c) Conflict with Native Americans in North America d) English involvement in the Transatlantic slave trade
a) Religious freedom in all English colonies During the 17th Century, the New England colonies maintained strict rules regarding religious practice. Numerous cases of heresy resulted in expulsions and the founding of new colonies nearby
Which of the following was a major contrast between the English North Americans colonies described in the excepts *Richard Hakluyt & John Winthrop* and those of the French? a) The English colonies had more diverse economic interests than the French b) The English promoted Christian missionary activity while the French did not c) The French colonies were more densely populated than the English colonies d) The French had more conflicts with American Indians than the English
a) The English colonies had more diverse economic interests than the French While the different regions of the English colonies lent themselves to a variety of economic ventures, including agriculture, shipbuilding, distilling, logging, etc., New France was less diverse economically, with a primary focus on fur trading
The conditions to which the "rebels" above *Shays' Rebellion* were responding were most similar to which of the following? a) The Stamp Act b) The Proclamation of 1763 c) The Quartering Act d) The Dominion of New England
a) The Stamp Act Just as the Stamp Act specifically burdened the colonists and not their counterparts back in England, many of the taxes and foreclosures of land following the Revolutionary War affected farmers and debtors in the western parts of the United States more than their urban, coastal countrymen
The excerpt *A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552* wold be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following? a) the wide range of European perspectives toward Native Americans b) comparing various approaches to colonization by different European groups c) the role that religion played in the decimation of native populations d) the harsh realities for Spanish-born colonists in 16th Century New Spain
a) the wide range of European perspectives toward Native Americans As a Spaniard, Las Casas broke with the general conception by Europeans that Native Americans were inferior and that colonists were entitled to use them as they saw fit
The trend *Colonial population growth, 1660-1780* shown in the graph significantly contributed to all of the following except a) Colonial expansion westward to the Appalachian Mountains and beyond b) An eventual decline in immigration not the colonies due to lack of available land c) Encroachment on Native American land and increased conflict d) Increased economic output of the colonies, especially of cash crops
b) An eventual decline in immigration not the colonies due to lack of available land Even up until the day the 13 original colonies declared their independence and eventually defeated the British in the Revolutionary War, migration too most of the colonies was ever-growing, as was the availability of land as movement westward increased
Which of the following directly prompted King George II and the British government to make this proclamation *Proclamation of 1763*? a) A new trade alliance with Native Americans who were formerly allied with the French b) British victory in the Seven Years' War and acquisition of new territory c) Enlightenment thinking that held all humans as equals, promoting the end of mistreatment of Native Americans d) Punishment by Parliament for colonial unrest leading up to the American Revolution
b) British victory in the Seven Years' War and acquisition of new territory The Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) saw the British defeat the French. The Treaty of Paris (1763) saw French Canada and claims along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers forfeited to the British, thus prompting the king of England to halt colonial migration westward in an attempt to minimize conflict with Native Americans
Which of the following best describes the impact of Parliamentary legislation on colonial economies during the 17th and early 18th Centuries? a) Colonial charters mandated which goods and crops were to be produced b) Colonial economies developed relatively unrestrained as laws were often unenforced c) Colonial manufacturing surpassed that of England d) Colonial governments turned primarily to France and Spain for trade
b) Colonial economies developed relatively unrestrained as laws were often unenforced The unofficial policy of Salutary Neglect during the first half of the 18th Century allowed the colonial economies to flourish
The territorial disputes such as the one depicted in the map *Treaty of Tordesillas* directly contributed to which of the following developments? a) Slave revolts, such as the Stono Rebellion b) Colonial wars, such as The Seven Years' War c) Political turmoil, such as the American Revolution d) Regulatory trade practices, such as the Navigation Acts
b) Colonial wars, such as The Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War, known as the French & Indian War in its colonial theater, was the result of competing claims for North American territory between France and England, similar to that of Spain and Portugal's disputed claims which led to the Treaty of Tordesillas
The second except *John Winthrop* most significantly influenced migration to which of the following regions? a) Chesapeake b) New England c) Caribbean Islands d) The Middle Colonies
b) New England John Winthrop was a founder and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston), founded in 1630, and his leadership in the Puritan Church significantly influenced settlement of the New England region
In the 17th and 18th Century, the views expressed by Winthrop most directly contributed to a) Bacon's Rebellion b) Metacom's (King Philip's) War c) The Great Awakening d) The Americans Enlightenment
c) The Great Awakening The Great Awaking of the 1730s and 1740s was a revival of religious enthusiasm in response to the idea of rational secularism and the intellectual impact of the Enlightenment on religious thought
Which of the following was a direct response to the actions taken in the except *King George III on Proclamation of 1763*? a) Many colonists allied with Native American groups to retaliate against the British b) Some colonists formed armed groups to protect their frontier lands against Native American attacks c) Respecting Parliamentary authority, colonists stopped moving beyond the Appalachian Mountains d) The French and Spanish took advantage of the situation and retook land between thee Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River
b) Some colonists formed armed groups to protect their frontier lands against Native American attacks Colonists in western parts of the colonies formed vigilante militias, such as the Paxton Boys, that only increased conflict with Native Americans in the context of Pontiac's Rebellion
Prior to the Treaty of Tordesillas, ownership of territory inn the New World was affirmed primarily through what authority? a) Conventions hosted by European governments b) The Catholic Church and Pope c) Victors inn war laying claim d) Previously established international law
b) The Catholic Church and Pope In 1493, the papal bull asserted that all land west of an arbitrary line of demarcation was in Spain's possession. This is often referred to as the "Doctrine of Discovery." A year later, the Treaty of Tordesillas moved this line westward, granting Portugal possession of what is present-day Brazil
Compared to Shays' Rebellion, which of the following events best illuminated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? a) Boston Tea Party b) The Whiskey Rebellion c) Pontiac's Rebellion d) Boston Massacre
b) The Whiskey Rebellion Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey production, using tactics similar to those used by revolutionaries in the 1760s and 1770s. However, when compared to the destruction and ongoing unrest seen during Shays' Rebellion under the AoC, the Whiskey Rebellion all but disappeared when threatened with military force under the new US constitution
The Spanish demand for maize from the Huejotzingo as tribute best serves as evidence of which of the following developments in the 15th-16th Centuries? a) increasing global biodiversity b) growing European populations c) industrial farming methods d) European notions of racial superiority
b) growing European populations Across ton new calorically-dense staple crops, such as maize and potatoes, significantly affected European populations. Cultivation of these crops in American colonies through native or slave labor, as well as the planning of them in Europe, became a commercialized venture
Which of the following groups was Las Casas trying to influence with this excerpt *A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552*? a) The Roman Catholic Church b) the Spanish monarchs c) Spanish colonists in New Spain d) Native American leaders
b) the Spanish monarchs Las Casas ingratiates "kings" by affirming their authority and makes a direct appeal to them as the powers capable of preventing or ending "any wrongs, failings, defects, or evils"
Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in immigration in the early 19th century? a) Increased importation of African slaves b) A successful movement to provide racial equality c) An increase in sectional tensions d) A decline in tobacco and cotton production
c) An increase in sectional tensions Disputes between slave states and free states, generally the North and South, saw an increase as new territories were added to the country and debates raged over whether slavery should expand westward
Shays' Rebellion, and other examples of civil unrest, primarily led to which of the following? a) Rumblings of civil war prior to the beginning of the 19th Century b) Harsher taxation and increased standing military presence throughout western territories c) Calls for a stronger, more centralized government d) A desire for the return of British authority over the United States
c) Calls for a stronger, more centralized government Due to the underlying economic causes of civil unrest during this time, as well as the state and national governments' inability to quickly and effectively address such rebellions, the Articles of Confederation garnered criticism for its weaknesses, prompting the Constitutional Convention
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to agree with the system of government described in the excerpt *Articles of Confederation*? a) Loyalists b) Slaves c) Patriots d) Native Americans
c) Patriots Willing to goto war over a perceived overreach of authority by the British, patriots supported the Articles of Confederation as a loose binding of the colonies with weak ability to enforce laws
All of the following groups can be considered "factions," as described by Madison, except a) Merchants and farmers b) Federalists and Democrat-Republicans c) Slaves and Native Americans d) Property owners and tenants
c) Slaves and Native Americans Neither African slaves nor Native Americans were citizens in the early republic, thus lacking any political voice or power to wield over others
*According to the excerpt*, Spanish treatment of the people of Huejotzingo indicated that colonial life in New Spain was affected by all the following except a) the encomienda system b) the castas system c) the Middle Passage d) the religious conversion of natives
c) the Middle Passage The Middle Passage was the slaveer transporting route of the triangular trade system of the Atlantic Ocean. This excerpt makes no reference, direct or indirect, to African-based chattel slavery in the Spanish colonies, though it would play a large role inn most European colonies in the Americans
Based on the observations of Las Casas *A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552*, which of the following best described the Spanish policy toward Native Americans and their land in the 16th Century? a) only indigenous crops, such as tobacco, could be planted and harvested b) all Native Americans must be killed or removed from their land in order to claim it c) the Spanish were entitled to free labor and the resources of colonized territory d) native populations would not be killed or mistreated if they converted to Christianity
c) the Spanish were entitled to free labor and the resources of colonized territory The encomienda system granted Spanish conquistadors and those that followed with all but supreme authority over the land and people they conquered. This included forcing labor and the right to all resources acquired from the land, including crops and precious metals
Which of the following was NOT a primary fear of the founding generation concerning the powers of a central government, as seen in the Articles of Confederation? a) The authority to tax from a distant capital b) Maintaining a standing military comprised of troops from all states c) Granting too much power to any one state d) Allowing states to trade freely with one another
d) Allowing states to trade freely with one another Understanding the common commerce that the states shared, trade was not to be regulated by Congress. This was meant to afford each state more control over their own economies but ultimately caused more problems between states
Which of the following was the most significant cause for the trend *Colonial population growth, 1660-1780* shown in the graph? a) Economic and political difficulties in West African states b) Land and economic assistance provided by Parliament c) An increase in indentured servitude in the early 18th Century d) Economic reliance by many English colonies on cash crops
d) Economic reliance by many English colonies on cash crops Cash crops, such as tobacco and sugar cane, relied on slave labor during the 17th and 18th Centuries. Continued importation of slaves from Africa, via the Transatlantic trade system, caused a significant increase in the economic production of the colonies and, thus, stimulated general population growth
Prior to 1754, laws like the Molasses Act were primarily intended to a) Punish colonists for disobeying Parliament and the king b) Raise taxes to enrich corrupt politicians in England c) Ensure that European markets always had access to luxury goods d) Regulate maritime trade to protect goods and revenue from foreign influence
d) Regulate maritime trade to protect goods and revenue from foreign influence The Navigation Acts of the late 17th and early 18th Centuries were a series of mercantilist economic regulations intended to maintain all trade and revenue within the British Empire
The concerns expressed by Madison *federalist papers* are directly reflected in which of the following? a) Virginia and Kentucky Resolves b) Bill of Rights c) Three-Fifths Compromise d) Washington's Farewell Address
d) Washington's Farewell Address Washington warns of, among other things, the evils of faction in a democratic republic
Which of the following groups would have most disagreed with the excerpt above *King George III on Proclamation of 1763*? a) British soldiers b) Native Americans c) Urban merchants d) Western farmers
d) Western farmers Western farmers and frontiersman, many of whom were veterans of the French and Indian War, were the self-perceived victims of the Proclamation of 1763
Which of the following was NOT a motivating factor in the increasing European exploration and colonization in the Americas throughout the 15th and 16th Centuries? a) economic and military competition between empires b) expansion of Christendom to native populations c) the search for new sources of wealth d) food shortages in Europe
d) food shortages in Europe The population of Europe was relatively stable in the century leading up to European colonization in the New World. Thus, food availability was adequate. Access to new foods as a result of the Columbian Exchange and improved farming methods in the centuries to follow, however, would result in a massive population increase in Europe
Which of the following most significantly contributed to the drastic decline of Native American populations described in the excerpt? a) the introduction of African slaves who competed with Native Americans for resources b) the trade of firearms between European colonists and Native Americans c) the establishment of a caste system that deprived native groups of social privileges d) the transmission of disease that Native Americans had no immunity to
d) the transmission of disease that Native Americans had no immunity to The Columbian Exchange saw many positive effects on European populations, including access to new foods, sources of wealth, and population growth. Conversely, native populations in the Americans were detrimentally affected on the whole, most significantly by diseases such as smallpox and measles. The total population of the Americas prior to European arrival is estimated as high as 100 million. This number fell to less than 10 million by 1650
