APUSH ch. 1-30(11th)
Tea Act of May 1773
British act that lowered the existing tax on tea and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it. Resistance to the Tea Act led to the passage of the Coercive Acts and imposition of military rule in Massachusetts.
Stamp Act of 1765
British law imposing a tax on all paper used in the colonies. Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766.
Sugar Act of 1764
British law that decreased the duty on French molasses, making it more attractive for shippers to obey the law, and at the same time raised penalties for smuggling. The act enraged New England merchants, who opposed both the tax and the fact that prosecuted merchants would be tried by British-appointed judges in a vice-admiralty court.
Townshend Act of 1767
British law that established new duties on tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors imported into the colonies. The Townshend duties led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.
Lord North
British prime minister, argued it was foolish to tax British exports to America (therefore decreasing consumption and raising price), persuaded Parliament to repeal most of Townshend duties, but retained tax on tea
minutemen
Colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s. These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.
Sons of Liberty
Colonists - primarily middling merchants and artisans - who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s. The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies.
nonimportation movement
Colonists attempted nonimportation agreements three times: in 1766, in response to the Stamp Act; in 1768, in response to the Townshend duties; and in 1774, in response to the Coercive Acts. In each case, colonial radicals pressured merchants to stop importing British goods. In 1774 nonimportation was adopted by the First Continental Congress and enforced by the Continental Association. American women became crucial to the movement by reducing their households' consumption of imported goods and producing large quantities of homespun cloth.
puritans
Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. The Puritans' religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.
William of Orange
Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.
Navigation Acts
English laws passed, beginning in the 1650s and 1660s, requiring that certain English colonial goods be shipped through English ports on English ships manned primarily by English sailors in order to benefit English merchants, shippers, and seamen.
Quakers
Epithet for members of the Society of Friends. Their belief that God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither ministers nor the Bible was essential to discovering God's Word put them in conflict with both the Church of England and orthodox Puritans.
Battle of Long Island (1776)
First major engagement of the new Continental army, defending against 32,000 British troops outside of New York City.
Coercive Acts
Four British acts of 1774 meant to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of three shiploads of tea. Known in America as the Intolerable Acts, they led to open rebellion in the northern colonies.
Edmund Andros
He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.
royal colony
In the English system, a colony chartered by crown, colony's governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instructions of the Board of Trade
Phillip II
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England; he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
freeholds
Land owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or landlord obligations. Freeholders had the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their landed property.
Declaratory Act of 1766
Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.
second continental congress
Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's duration. It established an army, created its own money, and declared independence once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone.
Pilgrims
One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, seeking a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.
Robert Walpole
Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.
Lord Dunmore
Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army
Continental Congress
September 1774 gathering of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by the Coercive Acts. The Congress produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain.
Anne Hutchinson
She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637.
neo-Europes
Term for colonies in which colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures they knew at home.
covenant of grace
The Christian idea that God's elect are granted salvation as a pure gift of grace. This doctrine holds that nothing people do can erase their sins or earn them a place in heaven.
tribalization
The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.
Covenant Chain
The alliance of the Iroquois, first with the colony of New York, then with the British Empire and its other colonies. The Covenant Chain became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American peoples.
toleration
The allowance of different religious practices. Lord Baltimore persuaded the Maryland assembly to enact the Toleration Act (1649), which granted all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. The crown imposed toleration on Massachusetts Bay in its new royal charter of 1691.
English Common Law
The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the British monarch's subjects.
virtual representation
The claim made by British politicians that the interests of the American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded with the colonies and by absentee landlords (mostly sugar planters) who owned estates in the West Indies.
patronage
The power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporters; also the jobs and favors themselves.
popular sovereignty
The principle that ultimate power lies in the hands of the electorate.
Protestant Reformation
The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
William Byrd II
Wealthy Virginia planter best known for his writing
Committees of Correspondence
a communication network established among towns in the colonies, and among colonial assemblies, between 1772 and 1773 to provide fro rapid dissemination of news about important political developments
encomiendas
a grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the 16th century by the Spanish kings to prominent men
casta system
a hierarchical system of race classification created by Spanish elites to make sense of the racial mixing that developed there
consitutional monarchy
a monarchy limited in rule by a constitution
plantation system
a system of production characterized by unfree labor producing cash crops for a distant market (sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton)
(Columbian Exchange) goods to New World
cattle, swine, horses, oxen, chickens, honeybees, wheat, barley, rye, and rice
Charles Townshend
chancellor for Pitt, devised Townshend and revenue Acts, supported Stamp Act, not sympathetic to colonists
(Columbian Exchange) goods to Old World
maize, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes
semisedentary societies
members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing; often occupy village sites near fields in summer, then disperse during winter months into smaller hunting, fishing, and gathering camps
Algonquian cultures/languages
native american language family whose speakers in eastern woodlands, Great Lakes, and subarctic regions, should not be confused with Algonquians who were a single nation inhabiting St. Lawrence Valley
Iroquoian cultures/languages
native american language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands, should not be confused with nations of Iroquois Confederacy which inhabited upstate New York
House of Burgesses
organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by colony's inhabitants
hunter gatherers
societies whose members gather food by hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture; neither have fixed townsites nor weighty material goods
Indentured Servitude
system in which workers contracted for service for a specified period. in exchange for agreeing to work for 4-5 years without wages in the colonies, received passage across Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at end of contract
Middle Passage
the brutal journey of slaves from Africa in bondage across the Atlantic to America.
covenant of workers
the christian idea that God's elect must do good works in their earthly lives to earn salvation
Columbian Exchange
the massive global exchange of living things, including plants, animals, diseases, between Western and Eastern hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus
treaty of paris
the treaty that ended the Revolutionary war. in the treaty, Great Britain formally recognized American independence and relinquished its claims to lands south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River
peasants
traditional term for farmworkers in europe, some owned while others leased small plots from landlords
Thomas Jefferson
wrote declaration of Independence, 3rd president, unalienable rights
John Dickinson
"Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania", urged colonists to remember ancestors, oppose taxes, and served as an early call for resistance
crusades
(1096-1270 AD)A series of holy wars undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Iroquois Confederacy
(1450 AD-?) a league of five Native American nations (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Tuscaroras and Senecas), between New France and New Netherland (New York)
Mercantilism
(1650) a system of political economy based on government regulation; Britain enacted the Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain
Metacom's War (King Philip's War)
(1675-1676) pitted a coalition of Native Americans led by Metacom against New England colonies, colonists won
Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion)
(1680) Native American revolt against the Spanish; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
Dominion of New England
(1686-1688) A royal province created by King James II that would have absorbed Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New York, and New Jersey into a single, vast colony and eliminated their assemblies and other chartered rights. James's plan was canceled by the Glorious Revolution, which removed him from the throne.
Glorious Revolution
(1688) A quick and nearly bloodless coup in which James II of England was overthrown by William of Orange. Whig politicians forced the new King William and Queen Mary to accept the Declaration of Rights, creating a constitutional monarchy that enhanced the powers of the House of Commons at the expense of the crown.
Stono Rebellion
(1739) Slave uprising along the Stono River in South Carolina in which a group of slaves armed themselves, plundered six plantations, and killed more than twenty colonists. Colonists quickly suppressed the rebellion.
Mississippian Culture
(850 AD- 1700) a native american culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi river basin and SE, maize agriculture, distinctive pottery styles, complex chiefdoms, largest community was Cahokia
Lord Baltimore
1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
dunmore's war
A 1774 war led by Virginia's royal governor, the Earl of Dunmore, against the Ohio Shawnees, who had a long-standing claim to Kentucky as a hunting ground. The Shawnees were defeated and Dunmore and his militia forces claimed Kentucky as their own.
Phillipsburg Proclamation
A 1779 proclamation that declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain.
Quartering Act of 1765
A British law passed by Parliament at the request of General Thomas Gage, the British military commander in America, that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops.
Jacob Leisler
A Dutchman from New York that led the rebellion against the Dominion of New England; was indicated with treason, hanged, and decapitated in 1691 by New York governor Henry Sloughter.
William Penn
A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
A battle in which French and American troops and a French fleet trapped the British army under the command of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The Franco-American victory broke the resolve of the British government.
proprietorship
A colony created through a grant of land from the English monarch to an individual or group, who then set up a form of government largely independent from royal control.
Stamp Act Congress
A congress of delegates from nine assemblies that met in New York City in October 1765 to protest the loss of American "rights and liberties," especially the right to trial by jury. The congress challenged the constitutionality of both the Stamp and Sugar Acts by declaring that only the colonists' elected representatives could tax them.
Pennsylvania constitution of 1776
A constitution that granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office and created a unicameral (one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto. Other provisions mandated a system of elementary education and protected citizens from imprisonment for debt.
Roger Williams
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south
Declaration of Independence
A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain. Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.
joint-stock corporation
A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.
currency tax
A hidden tax on the farmers and artisans who accepted Continental bills in payment for supplies and on the thousands of soldiers who took them as pay. Because of rampant inflation, Continental currency lost much of its value during the war; thus, the implicit tax on those who accepted it as payment.
vice-admiralty courts
A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge, with no jury.
Valley Forge
A military camp in which George Washington's army of 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly in the winter of 1777-1778.
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
A multistage battle in New York ending with the surrender of British general John Burgoyne. The victory ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won a military alliance with France.
South Atlantic System
A new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. Its plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchants and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.
Counter-Reformation
A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders, including the Jesuits (founded in 1540), who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
gentility
A refined style of living and elaborate manners that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English families after 1600 and strongly influenced leading colonists after 1700.
islam
A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet
puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. (Great Migration)
republic
A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
chattel slavery
A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.
Headright System
A system of land distribution, pioneered in Virginia and used in several other colonies, that granted land — usually 50 acres — to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival. By this means, large planters amassed huge landholdings as they imported large numbers of servants and slaves.
Salutary Neglect
A term used to describe British colonial policy during the reigns of George I (r. 1714-1727) and George II (r. 1727-1760). By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertently assisted the rise of self-government in North America.
Thomas Paine
American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809), Common Sense
Samuel Adams
American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
Continental Association
An association established in 1774 by the First Continental Congress to enforce a boycott of British goods.
Second Hundred Years' War
An era of warfare beginning with the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689 and lasting until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In that time, England fought in seven major wars; the longest era of peace lasted only twenty-six years.
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
George Grenville
Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; passed the Currency Act of 1764, understood need for far-reaching imperial reform
animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.