APUSH ch 13 and 14 pre/post test, exam

What helped to precipitate the Panic of 1857?

overproduction of wheat in the North

Why was Lincoln so intent on keeping the slaveholding border states within the Union?

They presented key concentrations of resources necessary to winning the war.

Why did John Brown and his men attack Harper's Ferry in the fall of 1859?

John Brown wanted to seize the federal arsenal there and spark a slave uprising.

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, __________.

Lincoln attacked the Dred Scott decision because it allowed for the extension of slavery

What did the Richmond Enquirer mean when it stated that "[under a Republican administration] the ruin of Virginia will be fully and fatally accomplished as though bloodshed and rapine had ravished the land"?

Lincoln could not be trusted to keep his initial word about having no inclination of abolishing slavery where it already existed.

How did Lincoln attempt to deal with the slavery issue while retaining the loyalty of the slaveholding border states?

Lincoln pursued the possibility of compensated emancipation and/or colonization.

What was Lincoln's initial official position regarding the reason for fighting the war?

Lincoln said that his "paramount object" was to save the Union, not to destroy slavery.

What economic factor would help explain the growing appeal of the antislavery movement for midwesterners in 1820-1850?

Midwesterners were now more closely tied to markets in the Northeast than they were to the South.

How did the New York City draft riots reveal racial and class tensions that existed during the war?

Mobs attacked the draft offices and then turned on black neighborhoods, beating and killing over one hundred people.

What was the Wilmot Proviso?

an amendment (to a military appropriations bill) that prohibited the extension of slavery to any territory acquired because of the war with Mexico

Which battle was considered the high tide of the Confederacy, the point at which the Confederate army was last a major presence in the North?

the Battle of Gettysburg

Where was the first major battle of the Civil War?

the First Battle of Bull Run, or what Southerners called the Battle of Manassas

Which law demanded that states assist in the return of runaway slaves, even if slavery was prohibited in that state?

the Fugitive Slave Act

Which of the following provisions is included in the Compromise of 1850?

the Fugitive Slave Act

Which provision of the Compromise of 1850 undermined the states' rights argument about the sovereignty of each state's laws within its own borders?

the Fugitive Slave Act

Who were the Copperheads?

the Peace Democrats, whom the Republicans compared to venomous snakes

Which party united Northern Whigs, the Free Soil Party, and members of smaller parties under the antislavery banner?

the Republican Party

Which political party was virtually nonexistent in the South during the 1850s?

the Republicans

The slavery issue resulted in the demise of what major political party in the 1850s?

the Whigs

Popular sovereignty refers to __________.

the ability of the people of a particular territory to decide the question of slavery for themselves

Which of the following provisions of the Compromise of 1850 could be viewed as a symbolic victory for antislavery advocates?

the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia

The beating of Senator Charles Sumner by proslavery Congressmen Preston Brooks reveals __________.

the belief among Southerners that attacking the institution of slavery was an attack on their honor

What overseas event contributed to the fall of wheat prices in the United States in 1857?

the end of the Crimean War, which meant European lands could once again be used for wheat production

The reason that the votes on the Lecompton Constitution were so lopsided was that __________.

the free-staters boycotted the vote on the proslavery clause in the Constitution, while proslavery advocates boycotted the vote on the entire Constitution

What factors contributed to the demise of the Second Party system during the 1850s?

the growth of the Know-Nothing Party and the growing national split over slavery

When Lincoln spoke of the "mystic chords of memory" in his first inaugural, to what did he refer?

the shared history and experience of the North and the South

One political result of the new focus on slavery in the 1850s was __________.

the weakening of old party loyalties and movement toward new parties

Several factors were responsible for the high death toll during the Civil War. Which of the following is one of these factors?

the wounded often dying from what would become treatable infections

What was McClellan's strategy in the Peninsular Campaign of 1862?

to capture the Confederate capital, Richmond

What was the Union Army of the Potomac's major function?

to conduct military operations along the Maryland-Virginia border

The elections that resulted in a proslavery territorial legislature in Kansas in 1854 were marked by __________.

widespread cheating, fraudulent vote counting, and voter intimidation

Who is associated with violence against proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas?

John Brown

The party most closely associated with anti-immigrant hysteria was the __________ Party.

American

When did federal law ban the international slave trade?

1787

In what year was the Fugitive Slave Act passed?

1850

Which of the following correctly describes Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation?

All enslaved people within Confederate states still in rebellion would be free.

How can the breadth and scope of conflict during the Civil War be best described?

Although most of the fighting took place in the South, battles also occurred in more distant areas of the nation.

Which of the following would support the notion that the Compromise of 1850 did not receive widespread support?

A convention of delegates from Southern states condemned the Compromise and asserted the right of secession.

Which military victory helped give Lincoln the support he needed, psychologically and politically, to win the 1864 presidential election over George McClellan?

Atlanta

Although the Dred Scott decision could have been decided on fairly narrow grounds, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney used the case to assert which of the following notions?

Black people had no rights under the U.S. Constitution.

Which of the following could be considered a tactical factor that resulted in the high death toll of the Civil War?

Both Grant and Lee shifted from limited war to a long, drawn-out war of attrition.

What could be considered a political consequence of the dissension in Kansas over slavery?

By January 1856, Kansas had two legislatures, one antislavery and the other proslavery.

Why did General Benjamin Butler refer to escaped slaves who fled to Union lines as contraband?

By using the definition of enslaved people as property, Butler effectively confiscated them as assets that could be used by the South against the Union.

What is the best explanation of Confederate strategy in the early years of the Civil War?

Confederates needed only to fight a defensive war; they did not need to invade the North.

Which of the following could provide evidence regarding the nature of public opinion about the Emancipation Proclamation?

Congressional Peace Democrats advocated letting the Confederacy go to save lives, and Northern Democrats who opposed the Emancipation Proclamation won seats in Congress.

Why was Corinth, Mississippi, such an important target for the Union army under General Grant's command?

Corinth was a major hub where various Confederate railway lines intersected.

__________ were among those present during the contentious Congress that met in 1848 and 1849. In 1820, they dominated the Senate as young men.

Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, and Henry Clay

What caused the split in the Democratic Party at the Baltimore convention of 1860?

Douglas said he would not support a platform that opened all the territories to slavery regardless of popular sovereignty.

Which of the following could serve as evidence that the South was not "solid" in its support of the Confederacy?

During Sherman's March, his ranks were swelled by white Southern Unionists and escaping slaves.

What factor contributed to the shift in opinions about slavery and emancipation in the North?

Enslaved people in the South served as spies and guides for U.S. troops, and ordinary soldiers began to develop a hatred for slavery.

Which Union-held fortification in Virginia became a haven for runaway slaves who were then declared to be "contraband of war" upon their arrival there and therefore legally seized from their owners?

Fortress Monroe

Which Northern Democrat, whom many in the South considered "as reliable as Calhoun himself," won the nomination of that party in the presidential election of 1852?

Franklin Pierce

How did some free blacks in the North respond to the Fugitive Slave Act?

Free blacks moved to Canada to escape its reach.

Why might General Grant's success at Shiloh be considered a pyrrhic victory?

Grant's win came at a very high price—13,047 Union troops were killed or wounded.

Which of the following would support the idea that women in the North found ways to enter the public sphere?

Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin in response to the Fugitive Slave Act.

Why did Frederick Douglass decide not to accompany John Brown to Harper's Ferry?

He believed Brown would not succeed, and his effort could have negative consequences for blacks.

What was Lincoln's response to the Union loss at Bull Run?

He called for 1 million new volunteers and fired several army generals.

What was the main impetus behind the Constitutional Union Party in 1860?

It sought to stave off tensions through compromise.

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act affect Abraham Lincoln's political career during the 1854 elections?

He gained national attention by opposing this law when he ran as a senatorial candidate from Illinois.

Why did Daniel Webster anger many of the antislavery advocates within his home state when he spoke in support of the Compromise of 1850?

He placed his desire to keep the Union together over his desire to eliminate slavery.

Why did Stephen A. Douglas initially seek to organize land from the Louisiana Purchase north of the Arkansas River?

He was hoping to get federal support for a transcontinental railroad that would run through his state.

Why did Abraham Lincoln receive so few votes in the South?

His name did not appear on the ballot in most Southern states, so voters were not given the option.

The Mason-Dixon Line, often referred to as the demarcation between slave and free states, was situated between __________.

Pennsylvania and Maryland

Which of the following statements would provide evidence that the income gap in the South was wider than it was in the North?

Poor white people were marginalized in places where slavery existed.

What was an effect of the implementation of popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska?

Popular sovereignty led to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

How did the guerilla tactics of William Quantrill and other Southern sympathizers in Kansas and Missouri help to shape society after the war?

Quantrill's followers included many men who later became famous outlaws, including Frank and Jesse James.

What military tactic used by George Washington during the American Revolution did Jefferson Davis adopt as a goal for the Confederacy at the beginning of the Civil War?

Simply survive and fight a defensive war to outlast the Union.

During the 1840s, how did the political parties respond to the question of slavery?

Slavery was a division that cut across party lines; both Whigs and Democrats were divided on the issue.

How did most Southern planters feel about internal improvements and other economic initiatives of the Republican Party, like land grant colleges and homesteads in the West?

Southern planters saw such initiatives as no benefit to the Southern economy and designed to reflect Northern interests.

What was the Montgomery Daily Advertiser describing when it wrote that "the surface of society, like a great ocean, is upheaved, and all the relations of life are disturbed and out of joint"?

Southern white women had to adjust to a war-torn society where they were no longer seen as being fragile and delicate.

"Beecher's Bibles" refers to __________.

Springfield rifles sent by the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher to assist antislavery activists in Kansas

Why did the states in the Deep South secede immediately after Abraham Lincoln was elected?

States in the Deep South were opposed to any attempt to stop the extension of slavery, and both Lincoln and the Republican Party had vowed to do just that.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 is most closely associated with __________.

Stephen A. Douglas and the idea of popular sovereignty

What factor contributed to the failure of Union attempts to capture Richmond?

Stonewall Jackson's successes in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia caused U.S. troops to be pulled out of the attack on Richmond.

In what ways did the political structure of the Confederate government exacerbate its economic woes?

The Confederate government's opposition to federal taxes and tariffs meant that it was difficult to raise funds needed to support the war.

__________ was created by Congress during the Civil War to collect federal taxes in support of the war.

The Internal Revenue Service

Why did Southern Democrats and Southern Whigs support the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

This act would allow settlers in these two territories to vote on whether they would allow slavery; it also repealed the ban on slavery set by the Missouri Compromise.

What did John C. Calhoun predict would happen in the United States if California was admitted as a free state?

The South would leave the Union.

__________ was created in 1861 to improve the medical services and treatment for sick and wounded Union soldiers during the war.

The United States Sanitary Commission

How did the authorization of greenback banknotes affect the monetary system?

The declaration that greenbacks were legal tender enabled a solid monetary system that outlasted the war.

How did technological advances shape the course of the war in 1861-1862?

The development of a new kind of ship, the ironclad, showed that wooden-hulled ships could be vulnerable in battle.

In what ways did the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 go further than previous laws?

This law created a corps of federal agents and commissioners to capture runaway slaves and determine free status.

Which of the following best illustrates cultural differences between Northern and Southern troops?

The rebel yell, which Confederate soldiers gave at the start of a battle, unnerved the Union troops, who were mostly farm boys unaccustomed to violence.

How did the Republicans respond to the Panic of 1857?

Their 1860 platform supported a tariff to protect Northern industry, which was particularly hard hit.

How did white Southerners distinguish between the different types of abolitionists and abolitionist movements that swept the North in the 1840s and 1850s?

They did not; they considered all abolitionists extremists.

How did Uncle Tom's Cabin influence the ideas of Northerners who had either moderate or ambivalent views toward slavery?

They were exposed to a more realistic view of slavery for the first time and took a stronger stand against it.

Which Union general is most closely associated with tactical changes that would result in eventual victory?

Ulysses S. Grant

Abraham Lincoln first gained political office as a member of what party?

Whig

The Constitutional Union Party drew much of its support from the __________.

Whigs

How did the Civil War produce a shift in roles for women?

Women on both sides cared for the sick and wounded, filling nurses' roles that had previously been taken by men.

What was an unanticipated effect of the Fugitive Slave Act?

a growing conviction among Northerners that freedom could not exist in a nation that allowed slavery anywhere

Which group would most likely belong to the Republican Party in the 1850s?

a northern or midwestern railroad entrepreneur

The Lecompton Constitution refers to __________.

a proslavery draft Constitution written after the disputed 1856 election in Kansas; it was rejected by Congress

Senator Charles Sumner's reference to the "lords of the lash and the lords of the loom" addresses the issue of __________.

common interests among Southern slaveholders and Northern factory owners

Antislavery Northerners who were opposed to the extension of slavery but unwilling to interfere with it where it already existed were known as __________.

free-soil advocates

What was the result of the Battle of Gettysburg?

high losses on both sides and a Confederate retreat to the South

Although it took many forms, criticism of Chief Justice Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case __________.

involved his refusal to acknowledge the privileges and immunities clause of the U.S. Constitution as well as previous case law

"Border ruffians" refers to __________.

pro slavery agitators from Missouri who poured into Kansas in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Antislavery Northerners who hoped to end slavery immediately and without compromise were known as __________.

radical abolitionists

What allowed the cotton economy of the South to flourish after 1815?

relationships with northern mill owners who made a profit from the production of cotton textiles