APUSH ch. 18, 19, & 20 (populism, progressivism, WWI)

William Jennings Bryan

(Democrat): views on many issues, (mostly his advocacy for unlimited coinage of silver) were the same as those of the Populists Democrats debated gold standard v. free silver at the convention After Bryan's famous speech, the Democrats adopted a free silver platform and nominated Bryan for president Populist convention nominated Bryan as their candidate and joined forces with the Democrats

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. - territory controlled by Columbia - TR created Panama by overtaking Columbia - Canal was one of the largest engineering projects

Gentleman's Agreement with Japan

- A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the US - Japan recognized the US right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries - US gov. Got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools 1908

Benjamin R. Tillman

- became active in the Grange in the 80s - convened large meeting of white farmers in 86, lobbied for a state agricultural college, and created a 20k member SC Alliance that remained independent of the national organization.

from populist movement to populist party

-in the 70s and 80s, the farmers were living difficult lives work was backbreaking; no time for education, family, or community life Economic cycles seemed structured against them Urban america saw farmers as outdated

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power - TR pushed for the creation of great warships - purpose: intimidation of other countries

Sanford B. Dole

1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He asked US to annex Hawaii.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time) coal miners went on strike b/c conditions were terrible - Winter w/o coal would be very cold; freeze Americans Roosevelt intervened - Threatened to nationalize coal mines; he would make decisions - Management: favored labor over management - Didn't want them to have the power to hurt the country

William H. Taft in the Philippines

1st governor - general of the Philippines - loved the Filipino people and was a great admin

Mckinley

25th president/Republican during Spanish & American War - pioneered modern management of the press; could not control sensationalized Cuban stories - reluctant to go to war w/Spain - last president to have fought in Civil War - fear: if US didn't take control of colonies, they would be overpowered; other countries were growing empires (france, england...) - agreed to send warship to cuba to protect American interests (USS Maine) - Explosion killed 200 service men - Made it impossible for McKinley to refuse to go to war with Spain - America won & became an imperial power war boosted US economy Republicans didn't like Roosevelt because he was unpredictable - Elected him to VP in order to keep him in order Assassinated by an unemployed anarchist - 3rd presidential assassination

Goal of Farmer's Alliance

: farmers would combine their power to equal the power of other businesses Sought to get better financial deal for farmers through the negotiating power of a large organization demanding lower prices for the things they bought and higher prices for the products they sold Sought to overcome rural isolation and lack of educational opportunities through lending libraries, schools, conferences, and social occasions for farm families Not opposed to monopolies; they wanted to be one

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. - Attack missionaries of different countries (over 200 men, women, and children from European countries) - The rest of the world begins to force China into being exposed to the rest of the world (no more isolation)

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

A United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads

Ignatius Donnelly

A leader of the Populist Party in Minnesota. wrote Caesar's Column (1891) - Described a country rigidly ÷ between a large working class living brutal lives and a small, comfortable elite - Fiction story: a few americans are able to escape from their world and start a new community organized around the platforms of the Greenback party, Knights of Labor, and the Farmers alliance

grange movement

A movement for social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. - Secretary John Hay - All nations have equal access to trade in China - Guaranteed China wouldn't be taken over by any one foreign power sphere of influence

Hay-Buana-Varilla Treaty

Agreement between the U.S. and revolutionary government of Panama granting American the right to build a canal. construction begins in 1904 - Caribbean sea to Pacific ocean (50 miles w/series of locks)

sphere of influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Agricultural Wheel

An organization of farmers, begun in Arkansas in 1882. More militant than the Grange, it sought to advance farmer's economic status. - excluded any but working farmers - Used its size (1105 local chapters in 4 states) to negotiate price reductions with manufacturers of farm implements and got up to 50% reductions on the prices of wagons, buggies, reapers, and mowers, while organizing its own warehouses to hold crops until prices met expectations

Hawaiian Acquisition

Annexation of Hawaii U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898.

Theodore Roosevelt during Mckinley admin.

Assistant secretary of the Navy in the Mckinley admin. Imperialist and american nationalist Criticized President McKinley; "backbone of a chocolate eclair" Resigned his position to fight in Cuba - liberate Cubans from Spanish rule Joins Rough Riders aka "Woods, Weary, Walkers"

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

1893 Panic

Biggest to that date. after corporations fail, those that invested in the corporations failed, banks failed, credit contraction. - began 10 days after cleveland took office - several major corps. went bankrupt - stock market crash - 3 mil. unemployed - Americans cried out for relief, but gov. continued laissez faire policies

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Chief engineer of the French company that attempted to build a canal through the Panamanian isthmus, chief planner of the Panamanian revolt against Colombia, and later minister to the United States from the new Republic of Panama

American Anti-Imperialist League

Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politicians, industrialists, labor leaders, and social reformers.

Foraker Act of 1900

Congress gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship - PR became an unincorporated territory - citizens of PR not US - Import duties on PR goods

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Dr. Walter Reed

Doctor who was the head of the Army's Yellow Fever Commission. He proved that Yellow Fever and Malaria was transmitted by Mosquitoes. discovered cure for Malaria

Populism becomes a political party

Due to its rapid growth in the 80s, the Farmers' Alliance brought in many state leaders who advocated direct political involvement. - Leonidas L. Polk (NC) - Benjamin R. Tillman (SC) - Tom Watson (GA) As price of cotton fell to the lowest level in 30 years (1891) and the farm economy continued to worsen throughout the 90s, Watson, Tilman, Polk, and others rallied for a change.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports. opened Japanese ports & est. trade

Jones Act, 1917 (Puerto Rico)

Gave full territorial status to PR Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US PRs elected their own legislators and governor to enforce local laws PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House

Richard Ely

He asserted that economic theory should reflect social conditions, and believed that the government should act to regulate the economy to prevent social injustice. didn't like social darwinism either - Developed different economic theory that allowed for the gov. To intervene directly in the economic affairs of the country

General Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler

He was a Spanish General referred to as "Butcher" Weyler. He undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire re-concentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectionists. The civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 1897. - Placed cuban people and families who spoke against Cuban gov. Into concentration camps - Act to quiet/prevent them from speaking out

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard." - Challenged social darwinism - believed ideas of Sumner and Spencer were unethical justifications for privilege - Believed wise people could & should intervene in the economy - Thinking shared by generation of philosophers

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor. Any interference with this system would destabilize the economy and weaken the country Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. Believed there were benefits from industrialization; but result was suffering & anxiety among the working classes - Proposed a 100% tax on any increase in the value of land or rents on land Believed proposal would reduce the value & cost of land, thus allowing workers to turn to farming i they wished, which would create a labor shortage that would raise wages & improve conditions in factories

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company. - covered 1877 RR strike - denounced the monopolies as a threat to the welfare of everyday people

George, Bellamy, and Donnely

Images of new perfect society = romantic They gave the country ideas, energy, and optimism to other reformers

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000. Described a new perfect society in which class and class warfare had disappeared in a country of prosperous citizens who enjoyed their lives free of poverty or wealth and also free of lawyers and politics

Coxey's army

Jacob Coxey and his army of the commonwealth of christ - march on washington "hayseed socialists" - march for unemployed - 1st sig. popular march on Washington (1st to march on Captial)

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers sensationalized stories (have some truth but appeal to emotions or expect an emotional reaction)

Muckraking Journalism

Journalism to expose the corruption present in the business and politics

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. - helped US overthrow Spain - US later takes control of Philippines - He leads uprising against US - July 4, 1946: Philippine independence from US

Hazen S. Pingree of Detroit

Led movements for city-supported welfare services Provided public baths, parks & a work-relief program Challenged the awarding of city contracts for the schools, ferries, toll roads, and street/sewer services. - When the private City Railway Co. wanted a long-term contract, he forced them to cut fares from 5 to 3 cents (a significant benefit for citizens) - During a depression (1893), Pingree (didn't want to increase municipal spending) convinced owners of vacant lots to allow the city to use them, provided seeds and farm implements to the unemployed, and urged people all over the city to start their own potato patches and veggie plots. He became known as "potato patch pingree"

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble - Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence - US could intervene in cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent gov. - Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the US for naval and coaling station - Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt

Defining a National Agenda

Macune focused the Alliance on cooperative economic efforts and stayed out of electoral politics, while other leaders wanted more direct political involvement CA: president of the state Farmers' Alliance, Marion Cannon, becamed convinced that after long battles with the S. Pacific RR that only public ownership of the RRs would allow farmers to get a fair deal Marion Todd (alliance lecturer) published Railways of Europe and America in 1893, in which she argued for managing railways in ways similar to how the gov. Managed post offices Some in the Alliance wanted a fed. commision to limit the power of the RRs, but Cannon and Todd were convinced the RRs were to big & that a gov. takeover was the only answer

Joseph Pulitzer: NY Evening World 1887

Made it largest circulation paper in the country with several innovations- banner headlines, comics, and investigative journalism Expose: speculative adventures of the managers of the Equitable Life Assurance Society - the paper said they were 'gambling with people's money.' Public anger of this news → election of reforming (R) Charles Evans Hughes as gov. Of NY (1906) & to new regulations of the insurance industry

Admiral Dewey in the Philippines

On May 1, 1898 Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay, destroying Spain's entire fleet in less than seven hours. - attacks spanish navy in order to liberate Filipino people - Captures Manilla with aid of Filipinos - Extension of Spanish-American War

The Progressive Challenge to City and State Government

Progressive reforms believed the country's political/economic ecosystems could be fixed if honest people of good put their minds to it. - Had little interest in radical reforms such as socialism - In their desire to cut costs, some reformers attacked services others thought essential - They were seen as an effort by an older Protestant and native-born elite to reclaim power from more recent immigrant groups, especially the Irish- who'd built up their own political organizations Candidates committed to cleaning up urban corruption/providing more efficient urban services came to power in many cities Many progressive reformers became convinced that legislation at state level was essential to limit the power of corporations or corrupt urban machines

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force - US is police force for W. Hemisphere

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War Americans believed Spain blew up the ship which fueled American opposition - boilers blew up ship instead; don't officially recognize until 70s

Workers' Compensation Laws

State statutes that establish an administrative process for compensating workers for injuries that arise in the course of their employment, regardless of fault. Progressives passed worker's compensation laws (workers who'd been injured on the job had been left on their own or blamed for the accident) Some passed laws on the length of the work day, especially for women, and tried to regulate the safety of working conditions

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. - Cuba was freed from Spanish rule - Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam to the US - The US paid $20 million for the Philippines - US becomes imperial power

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act. - sparks food reform; TR believed this issue was opportunity to act on behalf of the consumer

Samuel M. Jones

This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. - Nominated in an effort to dislodge a corrupt machine - Spent municipal funds freely- opened kindergartens, built parks, and instituted an 8-hour work day - Called on voters to renounce political parties Republican party (unhappy with his spending) refused to renominate him, but he was elected as an independent

Problem w/Gold Standard

Though easing the supply of money improved the situation of farmers, one policy made it difficult to do: the nation's adherence to the gold standard, requiring every dollar in circulation be backed by a dollar's worth of gold in a bank vault. - During civil war, gov. Temporarily dropped gold standard and instead created federal bank notes (greenbacks) and also used silver to back currency. Both eased the supply of money significantly and fueled inflation. - Farmers liked inflation, but investors and bankers hated it. After war, bankers demanded a return to the gold standard by gradually withdrawing greenbacks from circulation as the gov. Paid civil war debt and then in 1873 demonetizing silver, so only gold (not silver) could be used for coins or the backing of circulating dollars. - Effective in curbing inflation but led to tight money supply, tight credit, and challenging times for farmers - Tight money of 80s was a direct result of federal policy, and the Farmers' alliance and other farm organizations were determined to change it Some advocated for expanding number of greenbacks while others supported coinage of more silver; both agreed something needed to be done.

Teddy Roosevelt

Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy. - youngest president - believed there was too much power in the hands of corporate America - gained reputation as trust buster - 1st president to leave American soil during presidency Roosevelt was his own man; did what he wanted to do

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Two newspaper publishers who achieved mass circulation through sensational news coverage known as yellow journalism

William Randolph Hearst

Used Pulitzer formula for his San Francisco Examiner - exposes of the Southern Pacific RR, purchased the NY Morning Journal to compete directly with Pulitzer - Published exposes of NYC corruption - Also launched Cosmopolitan magazine as a vehicle for investigative journalism

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)

a Supreme Court decision that declared states could not regulate commerce that went beyond their boundaries. Instead, regulation had to come from the federal government. The decision provided the basis for the formation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887

Farmer's Alliance

a broad mass movement in the rural South and West during the late 1800s, encompassing several organizations and demanding economic and political reforms; it helped create the Populist party - Began as the Texas Alliances in Lampasas County, TX in the 70s by ranchers who were dealing with issues of communal and private grazing lands Grew rapidly after Charles W. Macune was elected president of the Texas organization in 1886. He trained as a pharmacist/physician and practiced farming on the side. His rural medicine practice gave him a sense of the problems the ranchers and farmers faced, particularly: the isolation and lack of economic clout - Macune leadership: alliance became a business organization: organizing the farmers/ranchers of TX and eventually the nation, to use the best corporate practices to fight with the organizations they saw oppressing them - Steered clear of direct political involvement

Subtreasury System

a proposal for a unit of the US Treasury Department (or subtreasury) to own warehouses that would store farmer's crops until prices rose -- Macune advocated for this; the unit would provide low-interest loans to farmers - Loans secured by cotton, wheat, and other staple crops Subtreasury would protect its investment and support farmers through a fed. system of warehouses and grain elevators in 1k counties across the country where the gov. Would ensure min. Prices for crops and hold them until they sold at that price Although Alliance leaders took up the subtreasury idea and some politicians became advocates, the leadership of the Democratic Party resisted, as did virtually all Republicans - This system was never created As a result, many w/in the Alliance began to question the value of staying out of politics

Spanish-American War

aka "splendid little war" In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

The Grange

aka Patrons of Husbandry - a national organization of farmers formed after the Civil War to promote the rights and dignity of farmers - Gathered to celebrate their work and foster a sense of community as well as to deal with the debt and the sense that the nation's financial arrangements were stacked against them. South: chapters organized cooperative buying and selling through their own cotton gins and warehouses, knowing they'd get better prices for their crops & better rates from the RRs if they banded together. National Leadership: focused on lobbying for agricultural colleges, attracting more people to farming, encouraging crop diversity, and promoting a richer home life for farm families

the grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

The Famers Alliance and Other Farm Groups

by beginning of 80s, many farmers were deeply in debt to the banks on which they depended their mortgages and for loans to obtain equipment and supplies for the planting year. RRs kept raising the rates to haul farm products to the market By the time they paid off their loans and paid to get wheat, corn, and other products to the market, they had little-if any- money left

Populist decline

continued for short time, but the enthusiasm and confidence were destroyed by the divisions over the 1896 election In 1900 and 1904, the party nominated Tom Watson who, having courted black voters in the 90s now campaigned on a platform of white supremacy even while he maintained the Populist economic program. - The democrats renominated Bryan in 1900, but without Populist support, did poorly. - New socialist party emerging from N. labor unions began to contest presidential elections and took many of the Populists labor union supporters. - Efforts led to the adoption of the silver standard - Many elements of the populist platform were adopted and became the basis for the later progressive movement - The farmers of the South and West, who'd organized themselves so successfully were never able to resolve racial divisions. Never again would they achieve the same level of political power

Grover Cleveland

elected mayor of Buffalo, NY as a Democrat in 1881 with a promise to clean up municipal corruption Est. reputation for honesty, which lead to his election as a reform gov. Of NY and 2 years later, to presidency and the white house

Albion Small

founded the sociology dept. at the Unv. of Chicago and also created The American Journal of Sociology. helped to build new academic discipline of sociology - Sociologists didn't simply study society- they meant to reform it - Wrote in the new American Journal of Sociology that "action, not speculation, is the supreme teacher."

Muckraking Journalists

journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by Teddy Roosevelt for its "raking the muck" from the bottom of American society Henry Demarest Lloyd- became one of the first Roosevelt believed the journalists described problems but failed to offer solutions - Coined term muckrakers

Seward's Folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly. - people didn't understand the need for the land since it was far away and desolate

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

measures aimed at limiting the power of political elites by giving voters the chance to change gov. policy South dakota, oregon, and other states (esp. In west) began adopting these measures Based on the assumption that an educated an informed public would do the right thing once the right info was in hand (just like muckraking journalists)

Merging of Farmer's Alliance In 1887

merged with Agricultural Wheel and continued to grow, stretching from NC to CA and TX to Dakotas; moved headquarters to DC in 1990 (had over 1 million members) National Economist: published by Washington office and mailed to farmers across the country & sponsored lectures, organizers, and corresponding secretaries to spread Alliance ideas Macune believed blacks and whites had different economic interests and insisted the Alliance should only include white farmers. Agricultural Wheel dropped its black members when it joined the Alliance African-American farmers, in response, created their own Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union (had 1.2 mil. Members by 1890

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. Took a job in Chicago's slaughterhouses to report, from the inside, on the meatpacking industry (1906) - Found world where workers suffered terrible injury, animals suffered inhumane treatment, and unsanitary conditions poisoned the meat consumed by Americans - Expose, the jungle, was published in 1906- public response = immediate Consumption of meat fell & Congress passed the Federal Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act which regulated the meat, food, and drug industries. - Main goal for sinclair was to draw attention to inhumane working conditions

Republicans and Mckinley

nominated McKinley. Hanna (campaign manager) equated a vote for Bryan with a rebellion against the nation while the Rep. ticket was linked with the flag, patriotism, and economic caution. McKinley was elected Populists never recovered from their loss in 1896 Those who supported Bryan and the alliance with the Democratic Party blamed those who didn't. Populists who didn't want compromise blamed those who "sold-out" and supported Democrats.

Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union

organization of southern black farmers formed in TX in 1886 in response to the Southern Farmers' Alliance which did not accept black people as members. It helped launch the populist party - Organized primarily through black churches - Lacking the resources to publish own materials or hire lecturers or organizers, the organization never had the clout of the white alliance, even though it had more members

Antiquities Act

passed in 1906, which allows the president to protect areas of scientific or historical interest on federal lands as national monuments - halted destruction of American landscape People were going to fill in the grand canyon to build a road Yosemite National Park

Seth Low

president of Columbia University who was elected mayor of NY as an anti-tammany candidate in 1901. - Fought graft and instituted civil service reform, but he wasn't popular - NY went back into Tammany hands

initiative

procedure by which citizens can introduce a subject for legislation, usually through a petition signed by a specific number of voters

Single Tax movement

proposed by Henry George in 1879, the single tax- a 100% tak on any increase in the value of real estate- was designed to keep property values low and therefore limit the accumulation of wealth while spreading opportunity more broadly in the society 1886: NY's Central Labor Union persuaded George to run for mayor of the city - George lost, but his campaign led to a permanent reform coalition in NY

Farmers Alliance & CFA members

racially segregated, but welcomed women as members and leaders, as did the Colored Farmers' Alliance. - ¼ of the members of the CFA were women - In contrast to grange which had special positions for women, the Alliance opened all positions to both women and men Annie L. Diggs (KS) was one of the senior editors of the National Reform Press Association, the Alliance's publishing house. Mary E. Lease (KS) = most famous of the Alliance's speakers Women and men of the Alliance debated women's suffrage and argued occasionally about prohibition. They were united in a commitment to improve the life of farm families, economically & culturally- ending isolation

McKinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

refers to Roosevelt Diplomacy, which allowed for aggressive foreign policy. "big stick" = the US Navy always have something to back you up

Leonidas Polk

strongest leader - confederate hero - active in the Grange - lobbied for creation of state Department of Agriculture & became its first commissioner - published own newspaper, Progressive Farmer - In 1888, he brought the state organization he led into the Farmer's Alliance

referendum

submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct popular vote for approval or rejection

Federal Fiscal Policy

the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy - When gov. Limited the supply of currency, farmers had difficult time paying their debts, getting loans, or getting the price they wanted for their crops - When gov. Made more funds available , the resulting inflation made it easier to pay debts (debt amounted to less in current dollars) and made it easier to sell the products of the farms

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

recall

the process of removing an official (legislator, mayor, gov) from office by popular vote, usually after using petitions to call for such a vote

Crime of '73

through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

People's Party

usually known as the Populist Party, a major 3rd party of the 90s formed to fight for the rights of working people (combined Knights of Labor and Women's Christian Temperance Union) - formed at convention in Cincinnati in 1891, advocating for many of the reforms to currency and regulation of RRs that the Alliance was wanting - If the Alliance were to merge with the People's Party, they could win elections and have their voices heard Polk became a leader who advocated political involvement and the merging of the Alliance into the People's Party Macune retired from the Alliance (anti-involvement) and spent his time practicing medicine, law, and preaching in TX Colored Farmers' Alliance and smaller groups also joined the populist party

Tom Watson

was a lawyer and "friend/follower" of the Farmers' Alliance; since he was a non-farmer, he couldn't join. Though he was elected to Congress as a Farmers' Alliance candidate in 1890, expanding the mvmt of the Alliance into politics

Monroe Doctirne

was an exclusive statement of American policy warning European powers not to interfere with the Americas - US is in charge of W. hemisphere - Roosevelt didn't consult Congress

assumption of the people's party

when the People's Party (now multiracial coalition of farmers, labor, and women's groups) held their national convention in Omaha, NE, in July 1892, they'd nominate Polk for president- yet a month before, he suddenly died. Nominated James B. Weaver (Iowa) and James G. Field (VA) as his running mate. Weaver won over a million votes in the 1892 election, but Cleveland was elected as president.