APUSH Ch. 19 Voc.

Preston S. Brooks

A Democratic Congressman from South Carolina, and a distant cousin of Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate Democrat, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. He was the presidential candidate for the Northern Democrats in the Election of 1860.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of seven contests. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Stephen won these debates, but Abraham's position in these various discussions helped him beat the same opponent in the 1860 presidential election.

Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

Beecher's Bibles

During "Bleeding Kansas," the New England Emigrant Aid Society sent rifles at the instigation of fervid abolitionists like the preacher Henry Beecher.

Freeport Doctrine

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will.

Bleeding Kansas

Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln

He bolstered his national reputation with a speech he delivered at Cooper Union in New York City, February 1860. A Republican that ran in the election of 1860 who was against adding any new slave states.

John C. Breckinridge

He served as Vice President of the United States under James Buchanan. He was nominated as a presidential candidate by the Southern Democrats in the Election of 1860 by those who had seceded from the Democratic convention. He was strongly for slavery and states' rights.

John Bell

He was a moderate and wanted the union to stay together. In 1860, he emerged as a presidential nominee for the Constitutional Union Party. After Southern states seceded from the Union, he urged the middle states to join the North.

Jefferson Davis

He was chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861

James Buchanan

He was elected five times to the House of Representatives; then, after an interlude as Minister to Russia, served for a decade in the Senate. He became Polk's Secretary of State and Pierce's Minister to Great Britain. Service abroad helped to bring him the Democratic nomination in 1856 because it had exempted him from involvement in bitter domestic controversies. A democrat who won the election of 1856 by a narrow margin.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owning Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.

Charles Sumner

In 1848, he abandoned the Whig party to support Martin Van Buren's (unsuccessful) Free-Soil candidacy for President. In 1851, a Democratic-Free-Soil coalition in the Massachusetts legislature chose him to fill the vacated U.S. Senate seat of Daniel Webster, who had resigned to become Secretary of State.

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

In 1859, a militant abolitionist seized a U.S. arsenal. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

John Brown

In 1859, this militant abolitionist seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Election of 1860

On top of their traditional platform of higher tariffs and internal improvements, the Republicans added the promise of maintaining the Union. The Constitutional Union candidate likewise promised to preserve the Union. Northern Democrat candidate delivered anti-secession speeches, and the Southern Democrat defended slavery. In the final balloting, Lincoln won only 39.9 percent of the popular vote, but received 180 Electoral College votes, 57 more than the combined total of his opponents

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Promoted anti-slavery migration to Kansas. The movement encouraged 2,600 people to move.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Reacting to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 published this novel, which was the single most powerful attack on slavery ever written. No novel has ever exerted a stronger influence on American public opinion.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She wrote the abolitionist book. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War. In 1862, when she visited President Lincoln, legend claims that he greeted her: "So this is the little lady who made this big war?"

Crittenden Compromise

a desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by a senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36°30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.

Know-Nothing Party

a former political organization in the United States; active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics

Hinton R. Helper

a non-aristocratic white North Carolinian who tried to prove, by an array of stats, that the non-slave-holding Southern whites were really the ones most hurt by slavery

Secession

formal separation from an alliance or federation

John C. Fremont

he became one of California's first two senators in 1850. As the first Republican presidential candidate, he captured one-third of the popular vote in the presidential election of 1856. He was known as "The Pathfinder"

Brooks-Sumner Affair

the Senator from Massachusetts gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out the Senator from South Carolina for extra abuse. The Senator from South Carolina beat the Senator from Massachusetts over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. The Senator from Massachusetts was the first Republican martyr.