apush: ch 23-the 1920s: coping with change

steamboat willy

first cartoon with sound long before other motion pictures

yes, but only about 24% of them did.

could women work outside the home during the 20s?

the democratic party was split between two candidates, both of whom had good prospects for nomination. the protestant southern wing favored william g. macadoo, while big-city delegates preferred ny governor alfred e. smith. however, the convention ultimately ended up choosing john w. davis, an obscure lawyer. on the republican side, coolidge was nominated for a second term pretty easily. he ran on a platform praising the high protective tariff, urging tax cuts, and reducing gov't spending.

describe the election of 1928.

mississippi river flood

destroyed land, spread disease, devastated and even killed thousands, and spread over 5 states; Coolidge did not put much effort into relief and was greatly criticized for it

yes! they celebrated the freedom the automoblie offered in contrast to the fixed routes and schedules of trains and streetcars.

did advertisers promote automobiles in a positive light?

no! -it didn't have a large impact in rural america where movie theatres and other places weren't common. -evangelical christians dubbed mass media immoral and wanted no part in it. -mexican-americans preferred traditional leisure activites.

did everyone revel in the new mass media?

no! they were highly prosperous during wwi, but as grain prices plummeted with the revival of european agriculture and american high tariffs, farmers were facing hard, hard times. another reason why this happened was the new farm machinery like the tractor, which caused farmers to overproduce, further weakening prices.

did farmers benefit from the economic boom?

yes, despite the exposure of its foolish side during the scopes trial, the fundamentalists stuck to their belief system.

did fundamentalism survive after the scopes trial?

no! many adhered to traditional standards of living. those who typically did so were farmers, industrial workers, blacks, hispanics, and recent immigrants were more concerned with economic issues.

did many americans break former middle class standards? what groups of people typically did not?

yes, it did in only two years. it was improving so much throughout the decade, that, in fact, the gnp grew by 43% from 1922 to 1929. unemployment fell to an extremely low 3%

did the economy ever recover from the 1920 recession?

no, it definitely did not. the new immigrants were from north america: latin america, especially mexico, and french canada.

did the national origins act restrict ALL immigration? if not, where were the immigrants coming from?

economic nationalism

emphasis on home control of the economy. this prevailed in the 20s as the united states enforced new high protective tariffs.

this side of paradise

F. Scott Fitzgerald's influential first novel of 1920 that celebrated youth and helped set the tone for the emerging jazz age of the decade

Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris

two jazz songs by george gershwin from 1924 and 1928.

aaron douglas and augusta savage

two visual artists of the harlem renaissance.

drys

usually native-born protestants, they were in favor of making alcohol illegal.

aimee semple mcpherson

evangelist, founder of four square church of god, 1920s, used hollywood-like tactics to get more followers, was popular on the radio, faked death. appealed to poor white people, practiced healing, anti evolution

babe ruth

"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America. known as the 'sultan of swat'.

universal negro improvement association

A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism. they founded grocery stores and other businesses for black people.

the women's joint congressional committee

A coalition of activist groups that lobbied for child labor laws, protection of women workers, maternal health care, and federal support for education.

open-shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

al capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs. he was eventually arrested for tax evasion and jailed in the famous alcatraz prison.

dearborn independent

A newspaper est. 1901. From 1919-1927 published by HENRY FORD. Anti-semitic (against Jews) said world's problems could be blamed on the Jews.

claude mckay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

langston hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

josephine baker

African-American actress, singer, opera performer, first black woman to star in major motion picture; she moved to France

william grant still

African-American; first to have work performed by major orchestra; incorporates blues, spirituals, jazz; Afro-American Symphony

washington naval arms conference

After the War the US, GB, and Japan edged toward a naval-arms race that none of them really wanted or could afford. so, in 1921, sec of state hughes called for a conference in washington and outlined a specific ratio of warships among the world's naval powers. britain, japan, italy, and france accepted hughes' plan and agreed to halt warship construction for 10 years. though it did not achieve what it was completely meant to do, which was avoid another war, it did represent early aims towards peace.

kellogg-briand pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which 60 nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another. it ultimately did little to fend off war.

sinclair lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

welfare capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high

empire state building

An office building in New York City, over one thousand feet high. Opened in the 1930s, it was for many years the tallest skyscraper in the world.

columbia broadcasting system

Assembled a coast to coast network of stations to rival NBC

volstead act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States. however, it was underfunded and weakly enforced, and was one of the reasons that prohibition fell apart.

harlem renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

duke ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

fundamentalism

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied

david stephenson

David Stephenson was a Klan leader or Indiana Grand Dragon. He was convicted of second-degree murder and raping his secretary.

a farewell to arms (1929)

Ernest Hemingway A novel about a young man's growing disgust with war.

ty cobb

Georgia native who spent 20 years w/ the Detroit Tigers, holds record of highest career batting average & batting title. known as the 'georgia peach'

albert fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. he leased government oil reserves, including one in teapot dome, wy, to oilmen in return for a $400k bribe.

general motors

Launched by William Durant in 1908, in competition with Ford, gave consumers options (Chevy, Pontiac, Olds, etc) and financing (GMAC). their cars became popular for boasting different colors and and greater comfort.

louis armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

wets

Liberals, jazz age rebels, and big-city immigrants who condemned prohibition as moralistic meddling

nella larsen

Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance who first worked as a nurse and librarian. Dealt with issues of racial and sexual identity.

mcnary-haugen bill

Price-support plan under which the government would annually purchase the surplus of six basic farm commodities at their average price and then sell these surpluses abroad at market prices and recover the difference, if any, through a tax on domestic sales of these commodities. preident coolidge vetoed this bill twice, not wanting to promote government regulation. this caused angry farmers to vote democratic in 1928.

election of 1928

Republican: Herbert Hoover and Democrat: Al Smith. Republicans identified themselves with the booming economy of the 1920s, and Smith's campaign, because Smith was a Roman Catholic, was not as successful because of Anti-Catholic prejudice. Hoover won in a landslide victory

the kkk

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

independent internationalism

US foreign policy after WWI in which the US was active on a global scale but retained its independence of action and traditional unilateralism free from the League of Nations.

charles lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974). he became an instant celebrity onto whom people projected their hopes and fears. some saw his journey as proof of the success of american business, while others saw him as proof that the individual still counted amongst all the technological developments.

national origins act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

dealer network

a place that sells cars to consumers at the local level. this was a new innovation during the 20s.

home to harlem (1928)

a poetry book written by mckay which evoked harlem's vibrant yet sinister nightlife.

ozawa v. united states

a 1922 supreme court case in which the supreme court ruled that a japanese-born university student could not become an american citizen.

the ten commandments

a 1923 movie directed by cecil b. de mille. it cautioned people against breaking moral taboos.

amos 'n' andy

a 1928 radio show which included stereotyped caricatures of african american life. it was the first ever radio comedy show.

smoot-hawley tariff

a 1930 continuation of the 1922 fordney-mccumber tariff. unfortunately, this one came with dire consequences: once the united states rose its tariffs, other countries did the same, which further stifled the shattered economy.

federal radio commission

a body established in 1927 to oversee radio licenses and negotiate channel problems

paul whiteman

a composer who played "watered-down" jazz for white audiences.

flapper

a fashionable young woman in the 1920s. she had a boyish figure, bobbed hair, smoked cigarettes, wore dark lipstick, and short skirts. they epitomized the youth's rejection of older stereotypes.

louis chevrolet

a french automotive designer whom the car brand _________ was named for.

music for theatre (1925)

a jazz song by aaron copeland.

h. l. mencken

a journalist, editor, and critic who launched the american mercury magazine, which was a success among isolated intellectuals and young people. he coined the name "jazz age" and both praised anc critized various aspects of the 20s.

paul robeson

a multi-talented harlem renaissance singer, actor, and director.

babbitt (1922)

a novel by Sinclair Lewis about a "symbol for middle-class society", "'standardization' of society values", "capitalization of culture". it follows george f. babbitt, a man trapped in middle class conformity in the fictional town of zenith.

f. scott fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his novel THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

thomas hart benton

a painter who evoked a western past: his art depicted cowboys, pioneers, and riverboat gamblers.

assembly line

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled. this was introduced during the 20s by the ford company and was soon adapted by many other companies. it heavily increased productivitiy.

black star steamship line

a steamship company set up by garvey with the purpose of bringing blacks back to africa.

1920s sexual revolution

a tiny revolution in sexuality that took place in the 20s. though it's hard to pinpoint, it did have some significant developments: -people talked about sex more freely -courting was replaced by dating. it was now socially acceptable to go out with someone without necessarily contemplating marriage. -shorter skirts (these would've been just below the knee for the most rebellious women) and makeup became acceptable as women embraced their sexuality. nonetheless, premarital sex was still taboo.

marcus garvey

an african american leader during the 1920s. instead of integrating with the whites, he believed that black people should take pride and promote their own culture. he founded the unia to help him out with this. he glorified all things black and promoted economic self-sufficiency and a glorious future in africa. he was eventually arrested for mismanagement and deported after two years in prison. the naacp harshly criticized him throughout his career.

edward hopper

an american painter who depicted the sadness of american life through lonely towns and cities. his most famous work is a painting called sunday.

warren g. harding

an overall nice guy, _______, a republican, won the presidency in 1920. after being inaugurated in 1921, harding chose a star-studded cabinet, which gave many the hope that his presidency would be a good one. however, with the revelation of the teapot dome scandals, his presidency would be marred as one of the most corrupt ever. he died while vacationing in florida in 1923.

the united states was now considered an urban nation. the urban population far surpassed the rural one as of 1920.

as of 1920, what was the united states considered? why?

rudolph valentino

between 1920 and 1925, he was the most popular silent film star, becoming popular due to his dark, handsome looks and sex appeal. he gained many female fans, who were absolutely heartbroken when he died after a failed surgery at just 31 years old.

charles forbes

chosen by harding to head the veterans' bureau agency, ______ was quickly convicted of stealing money from the bureau. upon his conviction, he quickly fled overseas to avoid imprisonment.

ford motor company

founded in 1903, this company revolutionized the motor car industry. It showed the rise of advertizing and mass marketing. They made cars available for everyone (cheap)- Model T. The changed the look every year so everyone could tell by looking how old it was and created the idea of needing to be stylish and cool and have the new look that is now standard in marketing practices

reader's digest

founded in 1921, this magazine offered condensed versions of articles published elsewhere.

saturday evening post

general-interest magazine that included printing popular fiction and romanticized American virtues through words and pictures / Norman Rockwell painted for this magazine

henry daughtery

harding's attorney general who was accused of influence peddling and narrowly escaped conviction in two criminal trials.

samuel insull

he had a billion-dollar empire consisting of local and regional power companies and electric railroads.

aldo leopold

he worked for the us forest service and famously advocated preservation.

advertisers claimed that america's abundance of material goods and consumer's freedom of choice in the marketplace was part of the country's essential meaning. they also said that buying more and more products fulfilled the pursuit of happiness that thomas jefferson talked about in the declaration of independence. therefore, it must be the duty of all citizens.

how did advertisers link their selling methods to american ideals?

they began to sell through department stores alongside regular bookstores. they also began to sell directly to the public through subscriptions such as book-of-the-month, which began in 1926.

how did booksellers broaden their market during the 1920s?

for young women uncertain about society's shifting expectations, the beauty pageants offered an ideal to aspire to. for men grappling unsettling developments, the performance of sports heroes restored damaged self-esteem.

how did celebrity culture illuminate the stresses facing ordinary people?

-electrical use was soaring, which caused americans to consume higher and higher quantities of coal. -rising gas consumption triggered intense activity in the oilfields of texas and oklahoma. it also caused washington to work tirelessly in order to ensure us access to mexican oil. -the wilderness attracted more and more visitors, which caused roads and other pop-up things to be constructed. this, in turn, caused a push for wilderness preservation.

how did electrification and the spread of automobiles impact the environment?

they completely disregarded former middle-class standards of morality. they threw parties, drank, flocked to jazz clubs, and danced. they discussed sex more freely than their elders ever had.

how did moral standards change after wwi?

they embraced it, and migrated citywards throughout the 1920s, especially after the 1927 mississippi river flood.

how did urbanization affect african americans?

most whites had a mixed attitude towards them. yes, their work was needed, but white nativists seethed at their presence.

how did whites percieve the influx of mexican immigrants?

whites had an overall positive reaction to the harlem renaissance. the biggest good factor of it was: -editors and publishers published works by black writers more often, allowing them to get more publicity. theatres and music halls did the same. all contributed to the promotion of black culture as something to be celebrated rather than mocked. however, some bad factors of this was: -young whites who became obsessed with the harlem scene often completely ignored the bigger picture: the black community's social problems. -some venues, though sponsoring black artists, oftentimes did not let black people into the audience.

how did whites react to the harlem renaissance? what were some positives and negatives of this reaction?

they were discriminated against by pretty much every major union. however, business owners hired jobless blacks as strikebreakers.

how were african americans involved in the unions?

they expanded from the nickelodeons in the immigrant areas to large, elegant uptown places such as majestic, ritz, and orpheum.

how were movies made more widely available during the 20s?

north carolina textile strike

in marion, nc in 1929, textile workers, who faced horribly low wages, long hours, and atrocious conditions were striking when deputy sheriffs shot six striking workers. in the nearby town of gastonia, strike leader ella may wiggins was killed by a sniper.

red scare

intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas. it was especially rampant during the years after the culmination of wwi, specifically 1919-1920. this widespread fear led to such dealings as the palmer raids.

model a

introduced by the ford company in 1927, this stylish car became one of the most popular on the market.

the weary blues (1926)

langston hughes' first book of poetry which blended african themes and southern black traditions.

miss america pageant

launched in 1921, this was a highly publicized national beauty contest.

sacco-vanzetti case

nicola sacco and bartolomeo vanzetti were accused of shooting and killing a paymaster and guard of a shoe factory in south braintree, ma. the trial began in 1920 and was highly, highly publicized. the nativist prosecution kept bringing up that they were radicals, causing even more sensation. they were found guilty in 1921 and sent to the electric chair in 1927.

a&p grocery

one of the nation's first and most plentiful chain stores.

sheppard-towner act

passed in 1921, this act funded rural prenatal and baby-care centers staffed by nurses. it ultimately expired in 1929.

will hays

postmaster general during the harding admin. he was chosen to be head of the Motion Picture Association who had the power to review and ban any questionable material in films

the new negro (1925)

put together by alain locke, this was a collection of essays, poems, short stories, and reproductions of artwork compiled together in order to portray harlem's rich cultural life.

oscar de priest

the first black congressman since reconstruction who won the election in 1928.

kdka

the first ever commercial radio station, located in pittsburgh. after reporting harding's election on nov. 2nd, 1922, they began a whole new era of american entertainment.

national broadcasting company

the first ever national radio network, founded in 1926.

the jazz singer

the first movie with sound synchronized to the action

fordism

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.

adolfo diaz

the nicaraguan president during 1926 when an insurrection against him began, coolidge sent us marines to put it down, only because he had close ties to an american-owned gold mining company.

teapot dome

the nickname for a tangle of scandals which occured during the harding administration, the biggest one being the fall oil reserve scandal, from which this name comes from.

prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment. it was both a legitimate effort to address social problems associated with alcohol abuse and an attempt to control the immigrant cities.

fordney-mccumber tariff

this tariff rose the rates on imported goods to all-time highs, which helped domestic manufacturers but stifled foreign trade.

league of women voters

though it was founded for women's rights, this league ultimately paid little attention to feminism and instead turned to civic issues. this organization consisted of middle-class and professional women.

calvin coolidge

usurped the presidency upon harding's death. known for his quiet demeanor, he was considered the embodiment of old-fashioned virtues. coolidge was strictly conservative and continued harding's probusiness policies. however, he was strictly indifferent to the suffering of many americans. despite this, he is generally considered a good president.

absolutely! mergers were still extremely common. corporate giants controlled all major industries: ford and gm in the car industry, westinghouse and general electric in electricity, etc.

was business consolidation still a common practice?

no! it was clearly felt all over the globe. this was due to companies building manufacturing facilities abroad so that they could have easier access to overseas markets

was the business boom centered only in the united states?

no, it resounded internationally, especially in europe.

was the harlem renaissance just a national thing?

no, it quickly faded with the great depression, but it remembered as one of the greatest cultural movements of the 1920s.

was the harlem renaissance long-lasting?

no, not at all. the wage gap between northern and southern workers was a 19 cent difference, with northern workers earning more than southern workers. the workers at the absolute bottom were african americans, especially women, mexican-americans, as well as recent immigrants.

were workers treated equally during the business boom?

the 20s saw the rise of professional sports and media-promoted spectacles.

what also came to prominence during this time which contributed to the mass media?

-anaconda copper acquired chile's biggest copper mine for production. -the united fruit company opened up production plants all over latin america, making them bigger than ever before.

what are two examples of overseas markets created by companies reveling in the business boom?

a number of things: -the amendment was not at all widely enforced. drinkers turned bolder and bolder without any consequences. -the creation of speakeasies where customers could buy drinks in secret. these really weren't at all solicited and shut down by police, and some police were even known to go to speakeasies! -homemade brew and sacramental wine weren't illegal, so people just bought that instead. -organized crime in big cities such as chicago and nyc increased the crime rate in cities.

what caused prohibition to fail?

they turned towards creating anew national amendement giving women equal rights. however, it did not come to fruition because reformers believed it jeopardized laws protecting female workers.

what did alice paul and the national woman's party turn towards? were they successful?

many embraced it. but as scientists began to criticize the bible and psychologists discovered supernatural belief systems as social constructs, many deeply religious americans found it threatening and sinful.

what did americans believe about the rising significance of science?

it offered them easier access to neighbors and to the city, which lessened rural isolation. tractors were immensely popular too. however, since productivity didn't always mean profit, the rural debt crisis worsened.

what did automobiles do for farm families? what about tractors?

a. most mexican workers became migrant workers in large-stable agribusiness, such as california's sunkist company. b. they were able to fit into us communities pretty well. despite being connected to their homeland, they were able to form local support networks and cultural institutions. however, their mexican ways were sometimes scorned by other americans, especially the catholic church, which encouraged them to leave their old customs behind.

what did many mexican immigrants do for work? were they able to fit in to american communities?

people now realized the social aspirations of and the activist potential of african americans.

what did movements like garvey's make people realize?

it reflected that, despite all the happy times, america of the 1920s was deeply strained in ethic, racial, and religious prejudice.

what did the nativist resurgence reflect about 1920s america?

it hinted at an emerging political realignment. al smith did well with hard-pressed midwestern farmers angered by coolidge and republicans' insensitivity to their plight. smith also carried the nation's twelve largest cities, all of whom voted republican in 1924.

what did the outcome of the 1928 election hint at?

city life for women meant easier housework thanks to appliances not readily available in rural areas. they welcomed the automobiles that were now readily available in cities, since they could now independently drive to work, attend meetings, and visit friends

what did urbanization mean for women?

though they hated what america had become, they were still striving to create a more authentic national culture.

what did writers such as hemingway and lewis strive to achieve?

a. in 1920, two atlanta entrepeneurs organized a national membership drive to exploit the appeal of the klan's ideology. membership was only 10 bucks, and the scheme was wildly successful. b. they targeted blacks, catholics, jews, immigrants, and women convicted of violating sexual taboos.

what event led the new klan to come to power? who were they determined to be rid of?

democrats' supporters were: white southerners and urban immigrants. republican supporters were: northern farmers, businesspeople, native-born white-collar workers and professionals, and some skilled blue-collar workers.

what groups of people supported the democratic party during this time? who supported the republicans?

an economic recession struck! this was because washington canceled wartime defense contracts and veterans coming home from europe were reentering the job market.

what happened to the economy in 1920? why?

it ultimately lost its focus as former suffrage advocates migrated all over the political spectrum.

what happened to the women's movement after wwi?

the popularization of it in the media, for example, d. w. griffith's a birth of a nation, helped to revive it.

what helped to inspire the resurgence of the kkk?

most female workers of the 20s held low-paying, unskilled positions. only by the 30s would women take more "higher-raking" jobs, which for women were secratorial positions.

what jobs were typically performed by female workers?

they worked typical "women's positions": nursing, librarianship, and teaching. there was an increasingly small amount of female physicians, and it was very rare, but not impossible, for a woman to go to grad school in order to become a faculty member at a university.

what kinds of work did women with college degrees do during this period?

through radio, americans all over the country for the first time ever were hearing the same jokes, same commericals, and same reports.

what made radios different than any other mass media outlet during the 1920s?

the "new woman" objectified young women as decorative sexual objects. there was also still rampant sexism: men could freely talk about their sexual exploits, but women could not because it could ruin their reputation.

what negative things came with the new openness of women's sexuality?

managers now did whatever they could to keep workers on task: they discouraged initiative and forbade talking and laughter. job satisfaction diminished as a result.

what new management techniques did the introduction of the assembly line produce? what happened as a result?

jazz!

what new style of music perfectly captured the modernist spirit?

they were thought to be communist. this stigma only increased with the first red scare in 1919-1920.

what political party were many unionists associated with?

most americans of the 1920s bought major purchases on credit.

what price did consumer freedom come with? (no pun intended :) )

prosperity and workplace drudgery were the two main forces behind the popularity of leisure activities.

what stimulated leisure activities in the 1920s?

they used tactics such as celeb endorsements, promises of social success, and threats of social embarassment

what things did advertisers use in order to further their products?

-new consumer goods, such as electrical products which were now becoming more widely spread than ever before. more specifically, it was the introduction of new appliances and the construction of hydroelectric generator plants. -the automobile. by the end of the 20s, the automobile industry would account for 9% of all wages in manufacturing and had stimulated other industries as well.

what two major factors contributed to the economic boom?

they painted versions of america, both real and imagined

what was the subject of many painters during this period?

businesses soon realized that higher wages increased consumers' buying power. so, they heightened workers' wages instead of lowering them. this was again another practice that began with henry ford.

what were common wage policies like during the 1920s?

-he opposed completely unregulated market competition -he believed that economic development required corporate cooperation in resource allocation, product standardization, and other areas -the efficient, socially responsible economic order should come from voluntary action of capitalist leaders, not gov't coercion. -wages must be high so that consumer purchasing power is increased.

what were hoover's economic beliefs?

before embracing feminism, they first had to battle racism and discrimination, both of which were heavily present at the time. mexican-american women advocated for labor-union organizing.

what were minority women doing instead of embracing feminism?

remodeled interiors, attractive display windows, and air conditioning, which made department stores much more hospitable on hot summer days.

what were some innovations that made department stores much more inviting?

rubber, gasoline and motor oil, and advertising and highway construction.

what were some of the other industries stimulated by the automobile industry?

positives were: it brought families closer together-family vacations became more common, so roadside businesses began to open up more, which is a plus for business owners. negatives were: there were now new problems posed by traffic jams, parking problems, and highway fatalities. parental control over children was also loosened, as young people could take a car to go to the movies or to a dance with someone.

what were some positives and negatives of the automobile?

corporations now began to set up seperate divisions for product development, market research, economic forecasting, and employee relations.

what were the effects of the maturing of us capitalism on management techniques?

-washington demanded repayments of $22 billion in both allied war debts and german reparation payments, despite europe's battered economies. -the republican administrations worked hard to protect us corporate interests in mexico and nicaragua. an example of this is the adolfo diaz incident (explained on another card)

what were two diplomatic actions of the united states that reflect their policy of independent internationalism?

scopes trial

when tennessee barred the teaching of evolution from public schools in 1925, the alcu put out a statement saying that they were willing to defend any teacher who wished to challenge this law. john t. scopes, from dayton, tn took up the offer and taught the theory of evolution to his science class, leading to his arrest. on trial, scopes was defended by famed criminal lawyer clarrence darrow, while prosecuted by william jennings bryan. despite darrow completely dismembering jennings' argument, scopes was found guilty, which was later overturned. the whole thing was a media sensation which opened the world's eyes to the ridiculousness of fundamentalism.

many blacks moved to northern cities, especially harlem in new york. by 1930, harlem had more african americans than whites. because of this, blacks were able to express themselves more freely without judgement. harlem was also home to many broadway theatres, record companies, book publishers, and the naacp's national hq. all of these factors contributed to the harlem renaissance.

where did many blacks move to after wwi? what was so special about this area?

ernest hemingway

while serving as a red cross volunteer in italy, he was seriously injured. this proved to be a moving experience for him. his notable novels include the sun also rises and a farewell to arms

joseph stella, charles sheeler, and georgia o'keefe.

who else famously painted industrial subjects?

protestants disoriented by a new social order of corporations, mass media, rebellious youth, and immigrant-filled cities. b. they only won one governorship in oregon. yet they made their presence known through violent methods.

who typically joined the kkk? did they win political power?

women!

who was most commonly targeted as a consumer?

the resurgence of nativism during the 20s was due to wartime fears of foreigners and things like communism.

why did nativism come back into prominence during the 20s?

the political climate of the 20s was often over-reactionary. many feminists and women's-rights leaders, including jane addams, were accused of being communists.

why did the political climate of the time deter feminists?

there are multiple reasons why this happened. -firstly, wage rates rose during this decade. an increase in wage was the main incentive for many to join a union in the first place. so most people didn't have a reason to join a union. -the union movement's strength laid in older industries such as printing, railroading, mining, and construction. they were ill-suited to the new mass-production faculties. -management hostility. many hired thugs in order to control and intimidate strikers.

why did union membership decrease during the 1920s?

the sun also rises (1926)

written by ernest hemingway, this novel depicts a group of british and american teenagers damaged by the war as they travel throughout spain

quicksand (1928)

written by nella larsen, this story talks about the ethnicity struggles felt by a mulatto woman.

main street (1920)

written by sinclair lewis, it was a satire of the barrenness of the midwest, represented by the fictional town of gopher prarie