APUSH CH 24-25 STUDY GUIDE

Pools

An agreement to divide business in a given area and share the profits

Columbian Exposition

An exposition held in Chicago in 1893 to honor the four-hundredth anniversary of Columbus's first voyage - So-called dream of loveliness - Visited by over 27 million people - Raised American artistic standards and promote city planning - Was a revival of classical architectural forms, and a setback for realism.

Howard

black institute in Washington D.C.

Thomas Eakins

got a high degree of realism in his paintings (meaning portrait sitters got their flaws in pictures)

Morrill Act*

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

- Born to an Irish mother and French father - Adopted American - Most gifted American sculptor; one of his most moving works is the Robert Gould Shaw memorial

Carrie Nation*

"Kansas Cyclone"; 1st husband died of alchoholism and so she took a hatchet and single-handedly destroyed saloons

Theodore Dreiser

"Social novelist"; from Indiana; wrote Sister Carrie (poor working girl in Chicago and New York, becomes mistress, elopes with someone else, makes an acting career)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton*

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. - Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. - Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Anthony Comstock

- Challenged Woodhull sisters - Believed in sexual purity - Made his life a fight against the immoral - Had boasted that he had gotten the Comstock Law passed which allowed law enforcement to confiscated obscene pictures - Proud that he had pushed 15 people to suicide

Ida B. Wells

- Journalist and teacher - inspired black women to start a nationwide antilynching crusade - helped launch black women's club movement - National Association of Colored Women * Lynching was used as a tool to repress African Americans

Carrie Chapman Catt

- Pragmatic and businesslike reformer for women's rights - Women didn't not emphasized as much that they deserved the vote as a right since there were equals of men - Stressed that women should be allowed to vote because they were responsible for health of the family and education of the kids

John Singer Sargent

1856 - 1925 A painter known for his portraits. He is usually thought of as an American artist, although he lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent's portraits subtly capture the individuality & personality of the sitters. In a time when the art world was focused on impressionism & emphasizing artistic individuality, Sargent emphasized his own form of Realism & regularly did commissioned portraits of the wealthy

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. - Used her talents to teach and do volunteer work - Had a college education - Hull house (American settlement home) - condemned war and poverty

Metropolitan Opera House

1883; brought European music to elite American audiences; "Diamond Horseshoe"

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; - sought better wages, hrs, working conditions - skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor - rejected socialist and communist ideas - non-violent

Paul Laurence Dunbar

1st African American to make a living off his writing, Author of "We Wear the Mask," "Douglas" and "Slow through the Dark" - black writer; poet; wrote Lyrics of Lowly Life; brought a new kind of realism

Normal Schools

2 year institutions developed in the early 1800s to prepare prospective elementary teachers

W.E.B. Du Bois

A Harvard trained professional who called for equal rights immediately for African Americans. He founded the NAACP that aimed to help African Americans improve.

Mother Jones

A dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business; then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions. * Member of the Knights of Labor * One of the first women in the union * Helped pave the way for reform

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Horizontal Integration*

A form of corporate organization in which several branches of a company or several commonly owned companies work together to sell their products in different markets; joining with competitors to monopolize a market

Closed Shop

A form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to only hire union members, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed

Trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors; stockholders in smaller companies assigned their stock to the board of directors of larger companies, large scale business combinations, where it would be managed

William Randolph Hearst*

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism." * Rivals with Pulitzer

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background; survival-of-the-fittest in the business world, natural law

Vaudeville

A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities; cheaper, more efficient method to make steel

Interstate Commerce Commission

Administered and enforced the Interstate Commerce Act which: - prohibited rebates and pools - required railroads to publish rates openly - forbade unfair discrimination against shippers - outlawed charging more for a short haul than long haul

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

Yellow-dog Contract

Agreements employers forced potential employees to sign in which the employees agreed not to join unions or go on strike

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. * Inspired by Lincoln's death to write "O Captain! My Captain!" and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd."

Mary Cassatt

American painter in Paris; painted sensitive portrayals of women and children - earned a place among French impressionist painters

Lock-out

Lock doors against rebellious workers and starve them into submission

James Whistler

Artist from Massachusetts who did much of his work in England; known for a portrait of his mother; dropped out of West Point after failing chemistry

Department Stores

Attracted urban middle class-shoppers and provided working-class jobs (many for women); consumerism and showed class division; examples are Macy's and Marshall Field's

J. P. Morgan

Banker that controlled 2/3 of the rail roads and eventually merged into the steel industry; bought Carnegie's steel company and formed the US Steel Company

J. P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons" * financed railroads, insurance companies, and banks

Knights of Labor

Began as a secret society, included skilled and unskilled, blacks, and women, had 90,000 laborers, didn't allow liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers, wanted social reform including codes of safety and health and 8 hour workday

Accomodationist

Belief that one should make themselves equally useful in order to combat racism; did not directly challenge white supremacy; believed that blacks should remain in black communities and become economically independent from whites in order to achieve political stature and civil rights

Victoria Woodhull

Believed in free love; divorcee, occasional stockbroker, feminist propagandist; with her sister she published Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly; journal charged that Henry Ward Beecher (famous preacher of the time) that he was having an adulterous affair

Modernists*

Believed that God was a "good guy" and the universe a pretty chummy place; these were the people who believed in God but were also able to except evolution and modern science - Those who accepted Darwin's beliefs as well as Christianity

Charles W. Chestnut

Black writer; fiction writer; wrote short stories in Atlantic Monthly and The Conjure Women; used black dialect and folklore to capture richness of southern black culture

Origin of the Species

Book written by Charles Darwin that talked about natural selection and explained his theories (evolution)

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Henry H. Richardson

Born in Louisiana and educated at Harvard and Paris - Architect, distinctive, ornamental style - Style called Richardsonian - High vaulted arches - Marshall Fields in Chicago

Statue of Liberty

Built in 1886; located in New York harbor as a gift from France

Company Town

Community whose residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and shopping (monopoly)

Louis Sullivan

Chicago architect; contributed to development of skyscrapers; "form follows function"; helped make sky scrapers popular

Walking Cities

Cities in which more people walked since in this era, there were other forms of transit (ex. Electric trolleys) that would allow mass transportation; leg-power was limited and transits gave more freedom to do more

Paddies

Construction gangs many of whom were Irish and fought for the Union in the Civil War; worked quickly on railroads

Mesabi Range

Contained a lot of iron ore, natural resources to be used for the steel empire in the Lake Superior area

Jay Gould

Corrupt, stock speculating in railroad industry

Wabash

Court case where it was ruled that individual states have no power to regulate interstate commerce

Joseph Pulitzer*

Creator of the "New York World"; cut the prices so people could afford it; featured color comics and yellow journalism (journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration)

Charles Darwin

English naturalists who wrote Origin of Species; thought higher forms of life evolved from lower forms through mutation and adaptation; came up with the theory of natural selection (the weaker die out)

William James

Founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; wrote first psychology textbook - The Principles of Psychology

Leland Standford

Ex-governor of California; part of Big Four financing of Central Pacific railroad; useful political connections; put a gold spike connecting the railroads

Jack London

Famous for nature writing; wrote Call of the Wild and The Iron Heel

Hatch Act

Federal statute barring Federal employees from active participation in certain kinds of politics and protecting them from being fired on partisan grounds.

Kate Chopin

Feminist author; wrote The Awakening (about adultery, suicide, and women's ambitions); ignored in her day but rediscovered by later readers

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions, ineffective because it had lots of loopholes

National Labor Union

First large scale U.S. union, founded by William Sylvis (1866); lasted 6 years, 600,000 members, had skilled and unskilled workers, included some blacks and women, wanted 8-hour workday

Kerosene

First major product of the oil industry, used for lamps which made brighter flames, fourth most valuable export

Florence Kelley

Fought for welfare of women, children, blacks and consumers; moved to Henry Street Settlement ; served 30 years as a general secretary of the National Consumer League - Helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours - Appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois

National Women Suffrage Association

Fought for white woman's right to vote * excluded black women since it would be pushing their luck and gave limited membership to whites

Mary Baker Eddy

Founded the Church of Christ (Christian Science); wrote a book called Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures

Lillian Wald

Founder of Henry Street Settlement House in NY and Public Health Nursing - Founded a settlement house after following Addams's example

Political Bosses

Gave assistance to immigrants by trading jobs and services for votes; provided jobs on city's payroll, found housing for new arrivals, gave needy gifts of foods and clothing, etc * ran political machines

Henry James

Grandson of John Quincy Adams and great grandson of John Adams - Wrote History of the United States During the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison - Defended his heritage; also wrote Monti-Stain-Michel and Chartres and a autobiography of his education and the account of his failures - For his novels, he made women his central characters; called a master of "psychological" - The Bostonians was the first book about the rising feminist movement

James J. Hill

Greatest railroad builder who believed that prosperity in the towns along his railroad meant prosperity for his railroad company, * imported European bulls and gave them to farmers along his railroad

Women's Christian Temperance Union*

Group of women that fought for temperance (alcohol resistance)

Birds of Passage

Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land (1820-1900)

Terence Powderly

He led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor (social reform) * Was a lawyer, denounced millionaires, thought only the economic and political independence of American workers could preserve republican traditions and institutions from corruption by monopolies

Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll

He preached "Some Mistake of Moses" and "Why I am an Agnostic." He was a skeptic orator who promoted unbelief among the religious

Settlement houses

Helped immigrants get accustomed to life in a new place; center of women's activism and social reform (ex. lobbied for anti sweatshop law [protecting women workers & outlawing child labor])

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone which gave women jobs as switch board operators

Thomas Edison

Invented: - the phonograph - mimeograph - dictaphone - moving picture - and light bulb, which affected sleeping habits of people (they slept less)

Capital Goods

Items devoted to the production of other goods such as heavy machinery - railroads - steelmaking

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Black List

List of people who agitated companies that was circulated to employers so they couldn't get jobs

padrone

Labor boss; met immigrants and secured jobs wherever there was a demand for industrial labor; - could speak both Italian and English - often gave homes to newcomers

Haymarket Square

Labor disorders in Chicago drew the police to the protests and there was a bomb thrown that killed or injured several people including police. 8 anarchists were convicted though there was no proof, 6 years later the 3 survivors were pardoned

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Pullman Cars

Luxury trains but are dangerous because they were wooden with Kerosene lamps

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Made millions in steam boating; offered superior service at lower prices; * first to use steel rail

P.T. Barnum

Master showman who jointed with Bailey to have the "Greatest Show on Earth" - a circus

Chautauqua

Most cherished campgrounds in upstate NY; united families together in pursuit of knowledge of literature and fine arts

Buffalo Bill Cody

Most popular of the Wild-West shows; the troupe included Indians, live buffalo, and marksmen

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) - Described the power of the railroads over Western farmers

Annie Oakley

Part of the Wild West show that was brought to urban audiences. She was an amazing markswoman.

18th Amendment

Passed in 1919; prohibition amendment

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause (an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases) unconstitutional

Anti-Saloon League*

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking

American Protective Association

Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s. - Urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office - Sponsored publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns

John D. Rockefeller*

Organizer of the Standard Oil Company, controlled 95% of US refineries (monopoly) * Horizontal integration

Union Pacific Railroad*

Original transcontinental railroad commissioned by Congress, railroad built from Omaha to the West; received land and other incentives from the government

Nativists

People who were against foreigners

Emily Dickinson

Poet; poetry wasn't published when she was alive (only two were and those were without her consent); wrote over a thousand short lyrics on scarps of paper

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work * Survival of the purest (nonsmokers, nondrinkers, nonswearers, and nonliars)

Interlocking Directorate

Practice introduced by J.P. Morgan that had executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company; eliminated banking competition (spies)

Vertical Integration*

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution; combining all phases of manufacturing to improve efficiency, control quality, and eliminate middlemen's fees

Heavy Industry

Producing capital goods rather than consumer goods

Consumer Goods

Products people buy for personal use - clothes - shoes

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

The Great Northern Railroad

Railroad built from Duluth to Seattle north of the Northern Pacific railroad; did not receive land grants; built by James Hill

Central Pacific Railroad*

Railroad built from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevadas, backed (financially) by the Big Four - Woodrow Wilson - David Lloyd George - Vittorio Emanuele Orlando - Georges Clemenceau

Land grants

Railroad companies were given by the government over 155 million acres of land to build railroads in the West

Stock watering

Railroad stock promoters inflated claims about their line's assets and profitability, then they sold their stocks and bonds in excess of the actual value

Fundamentalists*

Religious adherents who follow a scripture using a literal interpretation of its meaning; those who rejected Darwin's beliefs

Hull House

Run by Jane Addams; Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

George Inness

Self taught; became America's leading landscapist

Tenements

Slums; an area in which many people lived together in small quarters (poor factory workers and immigrants)

Samuel Gompers

The creator of the American Federation of Labor, provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers: - shunned politics for economic strategies and goals - sought better wages, hours and working conditions - used the boycott and walk out

Susan B. Anthony*

Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance (free from alcoholic drink), and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

Time Zones

Standard times for each area in the U.S., easier to communicate and know when trains would arrive in different areas at each station, before this, each city had a different time and while it could be noon in Chicago, it would be 11:50 in St. Louis

Land Grant Colleges*

State educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel company owner, didn't like monoplies and trusts, produced ¼ of the nation's steel

Andrew Carnegie*

Steel king, vertical integration; spent the rest of his life donating the money he earned by selling his holdings (donated $350M out of $447M) * Vertical integration

Scabs

Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

Anglo-Saxon

The entire English race wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India - White people; more northern Europeans

Mark Twain

The writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); used "realistic fiction" hardly had any formal schooling in Missouri; real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens * Captured frontier realism and humor with American dialect

Dime novels

This books were low-priced paperbacks that offer thrilling adventure stories about the West

Kindergarten

a preschool for children age 4 to 6 to prepare them for primary school - Concept from Germany

Edwin L. Godkin

This man published the New York Nation, which championed various forms of civil service reform * Believed that if he could reach the right amount of small people ideas could reach to many more people

Vassar

This school in Poughkeepsie, NY was the first women's college to give prioity to academic standards

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance (against consumption of alcohol) and morality

James Naismith

United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939)

Cardinal Gibbons

Urban Catholic leader; devoted to American unity; popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants; used his liberal sympathy to help the American labor movement (protect rights of workers)

Dwight Lyman Moody

Urban revivalist; once a shoe salesman; spoke to audiences about forgiveness

Social Gospel

Where the church take on social issues; science of society and that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

Henry George

Wrote Progress and Poverty, in which he said limited land and a growing population artifically raised property values, enriching landowners

Stephen Crane

Wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears - 14th son of a Methodist minister; wrote about underside of urban, industrial life America (Maggie: A Girl of the Streets - story of a poor prostitute who ended up committing suicide [Didn't find a publisher for this story and was published privately]; The Red Badge of Courage - Civil War Recruit under fire); died of tuberculosis

William Dean Howells

Wrote about ordinary people and contemporary/controversial social themes - (ex. A Modern Instance - about divorce; The Rise of Silas Lapham - trials of a paint manufacturer in caste system of Brahmin Boston; A Hazard of New Fortunes - reformers, strikers, and socialists in the Gilded Age New York

Bret Harte

Wrote short stories about the American West, popularized the use of regional dialects as a literary device. Wrote about gold rush. "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"

YMCA

Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations; established before Civil war and combined physical and other kinds of education with religious teachings, promoting a healthy mind, body, and spirit

Winslow Homer

painter who was resistant against foreign influences and brought rugged realism and boldness of conception; known for paintings of the sea