APUSH Chapter 1 Test

Spanish Armada 1588

130 Spanish ships that were conquered by smaller English ships

Atahualpa

13th emperor of the Incas

Conquistadores

16th century Spaniards who fanned out across America and eventually conquered the Incas and Aztecs

Robert La Salle

A French explorer who explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the Mississippi River basin for France

Bartolome de Las Casas

A Spaniard friar who wrote books that argued for the protection and better treatment of Indians

Battle of Acoma 1599

A battle between the Pueblo and the Spaniards exploring Rio Grande basin in which the Spaniards won and severed one foot of every Pueblo and founded New Mexico

Nation-states

A nation in which a homogeneous people inhabit a sovereign state

Pope'se Rebellion 1680

A rebellion of the Pueblo against the missions who were trying to suppress their religion, they ruined churches, killed priests and missionaries, and built a kiva on the ruins

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

A treaty dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal, Spain received the bulk of the Americas and Portugal received land in Africa and Asia

Three Sisters Farming

A type of farming in which beans, squash, and corn are grown together

Santeria

Afro-American religion originating in the Caribbean

Voodoo

Afro-Caribbean religion that originated in Haiti

John Cabot

An English explorer who landed on the coast of North America and was the first to explore the mainland North America since the Vikings

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of goods by private owners and corporations

Jacques Cartier

Claimed Canada for France, and mapped St. Lawrence River first

Maroon Communities

Communities formed by escaped slaves

Gullah

Descendants of enslaved Africans living in lowcountry regions of the US

Vasco de Gama

First Portuguese explorer to reach India by sea

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

First explorer to cross the isthmus of Panama into the Pacific

Father Junipero Serra

Founded the first missions in California which were the first settlements of civilized men

Aztecs

Group of Native Americans in Mexico who grew their large cities on the cultivation of maize

Incas

Group of Native Americans in Peru

Francisco Coronado

He searched for "golden cities," which turned out to be adobe pueblos. He and his cavalcade explored Arizona, New Mexico, and penetrated as far east as Kansas. He discovered the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, and huge herds of bison.

Hernan Cortez

He set sail from Cuba to Mexico and rescued two people from Native Americans on the way, they served as his interpreters. He learned of unrest in the Aztec empire and wanted to acquire the gold and precious metals that the Aztec supposedly held in Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs believed that Cortez was one of their gods coming back to them and welcomed him with open arms. The Spaniards then attacked the city and raided it of its precious metals. He also brought a smallpox epidemic to the Aztecs, between that and the attack, the Aztec empire fell.

Hernando de Soto

landed in Florida with 600 armored men and then traveled westward and discovered the Mississippi River, after mistreating a group of Native Americans, de Soto died of fever and wounds

Middlemen

In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the 11th century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen

Spice Islands

Indonesia; one of the areas from which the luxuries of the East were exported to Europe

Plantation

Large-scale agricultural enterprise usually employing coerced or slave labor

Isabella of Castille

Married Ferdinand of Aragon to make Spain one unified state and sponsored Columbus's trip to the New World

Ferdinand of Aragon

Married Isabella of Castille to make Spain one unified state and sponsored Christopher Columbus's trip to the New World

Moors

Muslims from Africa who lived in Spain; were brutally expelled after centuries of Christian-Islamic warfare; this sudden strength encouraged the Spanish to outstrip their Portugese rivals in the race to tap the wealth of the Indies

Algonquin

Natives located in lower Canada near present day Toronto

Sextant

Navigation tool that measured altitude

Ferdinand Magellan

Organized the expedition to the East Indies resulting in the first circumnavigation of the world

Mestizos

People of mixed Indian and Spanish heritage, lower in the caste system

Bartholomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the tip of Africa first

Black Legend

The false belief that the Spaniards only tortured and butchered the Indians

Caravel

Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails, they could sail more closely into the wind making it easier for Europeans to explore West Africa

Encomienda

Spanish policy to give Indians to certain colonists in return for promise to Christianize them

Cahokia

The capital of the mound builders near present day St. Louis that housed about 25,000 natives

Syncretism

The combination of different races of religions

Montezuma

The leader of the Aztec empire who welcomed Cortez when he arrived because he thought he was a god

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of crops, animals, and diseases between the Old and New World societies after 1492

Christopher Columbus

Took three ships across the Atlantic and discovered the New World by landing in the Bahamas and assuming he had landed in India in 1492

Francisco Pizarro

Traveled through the western part of South America and destroyed the Inca civilization and discovered lots of precious metals to send back to Spain

Marco Polo

Went on a trip to China and wrote a book about Asian treasures

Chinooks

West coast natives who relied on seafood for their diet

Noche Triste

When Cortez and the Spaniards where driven out of the Aztec capital and Montezuma was killed because he was a hostage of Cortez's

Malinche

Woman who was captured by Cortez and acted as a translator between Cortez and Montezuma because she spoke both languages

St. Augustine, FL

a Spanish fortress that was erected in 1565; the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the future United States

Concerning the treatment of Native American workers: When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted ann had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Peninsulares did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent they sent them home as useless... very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way... Bartolome de Las Casas, 1550 Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of the Peninsulares actions described above? a. Racism. b. Religion. c. Desire for wealth. d. Fear of native power.

a. Racism

What proof has led researchers to conclude that the earth once contained a single continent? a. There are identical species of fish in freshwater lakes across the globe b. There are similar types of mountain ranges around the world c. All the areas that are now separate regions were similarly affected by the glaciers 10 million years ago d. Ethnic groups in one part of the world can trace their ancestry to people in completely different countries e. There are similar forms of vegetation in many nations

a. There are identical species of fish in freshwater lakes across the globe

Compared to Europeans, Native Americans did not make a major imprint on the land they used. The following are all reasons EXCEPT... a. feared that changing it would affect their survival. b. lacked the means to dramatically manipulate the land. c. were spread in small groups across the continent. d. revered nature and endowed it with spiritual properties. e. did not believe that they should seek to alter the landscape.

a. feared that changing it would affect their survival.

Concerning the treatment of Native American workers: When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted ann had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Peninsulares did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent they sent them home as useless... very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way... Bartolome de Las Casas, 1550 The primary audience the writer hoped to influence by his writing was a. the monarchs of Spain. b. the Roman Catholic Church. c. the Conquistadores. d. the Native Americans.

a. the monarchs of Spain.

In the map above, Southwest American Indian communities benefited most from a. the spread of the maize culture. b. the introduction of livestock. c. a more mobile lifestyle. d. the encomienda system.

a. the spread of the maize culture.

Some scholars see the origins of modern capitalism in New World discoveries of precious metals for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. they decreased the cost of consumer goods dramatically. b. they stimulated surplus money supplies. c. they laid the foundation for the development of the banking system. d. they stimulated the spread of commerce and manufacturing. e. they financed much of the international trade with Asia.

a. they decreased the cost of consumer goods dramatically.

The process illustrated in the map above a. triggered extensive demographic and social change. b. ended American Indian resistance. c. changed American Indian beliefs on the environment. d. led to the development of a hunter-gatherer economy

a. triggered extensive demographic and social change.

Of the animals which diffused from the Old World to the New World, which of the following had the greatest impact upon the early Americans of the Great Plains? a. Cow b. Horse c. Chicken d. Pig e. Maize

b. Horse

What was the primary reason for the growth of the Columbian Exchange? a. Europeans using their belief in white cultural superiority to justify their subjugation of Africans and American Indians. b. Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade. c. European attempts to change American Indian beliefs on basic social issues. d. Spain's attempts to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

b. Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade.

"Kitche Manitou (The Great Spirit) beheld a vision. In this dream he saw a vast sky filled with stars, sun, moon, and earth. He saw an earth made of mountains and valleys, islands and lakes, plains and forests. He saw trees and flowers, grasses and vegetables. He saw walking, flying, swimming, and crawling beings. He witnessed the birth and end of things. At the same time he saw other things live on....He touched rain and wind. He felt love and hate, fear and courage, joy and sadness. Kitche Manitou meditated to understand his vision. In his wisdom Kitche Manitou understood that his vision had to be fulfilled. Kitche Manitou was to bring into being and existence what he had seen, heard, and felt." Between the 16th and 18th centuries, which aspect of American Indian and European cultures was most similar? a. Gender roles. b. Trade and commerce. c. Religious beliefs. d. Environmental practices.

b. Trade and commerce.

The Incans (Peru), Mayans (Central America), and Aztecs (Mexico) owe the development of their sophisticated early civilizations to a. the blessings of their many gods. b. agriculture, particularly the cultivation of corn or maize. c. early mathematics and mathematicians. d. advanced early architecture. e. political systems based on nation-states.

b. agriculture, particularly the cultivation of corn or maize.

The plantation system was first developed a. in the American southern colonies. b. by Portuguese explorers in West Africa and on islands off the coast. c. by various tribal societies in Africa. d. in the Chesapeake colonies. e. by Native Americans.

b. by Portuguese explorers in West Africa and on islands off the coast.

Early Americans living in the eastern portion of North America a. became more mobile with the introduction of the horse. b. utilized the Three Sisters Farming technique. c. built large tombs or sacred mounds. d. were able to amass large populations through raising livestock and cattle.

b. utilized the Three Sisters Farming technique.

What was Three Sisters Farming? a. Small women-run farms that were common in some Native American cultures. b. An early farming cooperative in which three different tribal groups planted and harvested crops together. c. An agricultural method in which corn, beans, and squash were grown together. d. An effort originating in the Southwest in 2000 c.e. to develop crops that would yield a more nutritious diet. e. The Iroquois inheritance system, in which property and possessions passed from one generation to the next through the matrilineal (or mother's) line.

c. An agricultural method in which corn, beans, and squash were grown together

Concerning the treatment of Native American workers: When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted ann had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Peninsulares did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent they sent them home as useless... very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way... Bartolome de Las Casas, 1550 Which of the following factors that affected early Americans is directly implied but not stated in the excerpt? a. Many Spaniards were sympathetic to the Native peoples. b. The Catholic Church sent missionaries such as the writer to correct the behaviors of the Spanish. c. Epidemics of European diseases were killing millions of Native peoples. d. The Spanish faced strong opposition and resistance from Native peoples at such places as Acoma.

c. Epidemics of European diseases were killing millions of Native peoples.

Which of the following men was NOT an explorer for Spain? a. Francisco Pizarro b. Hernán Cortés c. Giovanni Caboto d. Juan Ponce de León e. Francisco Coronado

c. Giovanni Caboto

Which of the following Spanish imperial goals were LEAST advanced by the conquest and exploration illustrated above? a. Enlarging the Spanish empire. b. Gaining new sources of wealth. c. Shifting from feudalism to capitalism. d. Converting natives to Christianity

c. Shifting from feudalism to capitalism.

In the Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain a. declared all New World territories as its own. b. banned conquered Muslims from returning to its territories. c. divided up the so-called New World with Portugal. d. agreed not to enter the slave trade. e. granted control of West African silver mines to Portugal.

c. divided up the so-called New World with Portugal.

The first European explorers reached the region that would become the Americas a. more than 300 years ago b. about 400 years ago c. more than 500 years ago d. at least 600 years ago e. more than 600 years ago

c. more than 500 years ago

As a consequence of the new European crops and livestock brought to America as illustrated above, a. American Indians began the spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest. b. most native societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy. c. there were far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns as well as on economic, social, and political developments. d. native peoples and Africans in America maintained their political and cultural autonomy.

c. there were far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns as well as on economic, social, and political developments.

Dia de la Raza

celebration of Columbus day in Mexico that celebrates the birthday of a wholly new race of people

"Kitche Manitou (The Great Spirit) beheld a vision. In this dream he saw a vast sky filled with stars, sun, moon, and earth. He saw an earth made of mountains and valleys, islands and lakes, plains and forests. He saw trees and flowers, grasses and vegetables. He saw walking, flying, swimming, and crawling beings. He witnessed the birth and end of things. At the same time he saw other things live on....He touched rain and wind. He felt love and hate, fear and courage, joy and sadness. Kitche Manitou meditated to understand his vision. In his wisdom Kitche Manitou understood that his vision had to be fulfilled. Kitche Manitou was to bring into being and existence what he had seen, heard, and felt." Which of the following resulted from the differing worldviews of American Indians and Europeans as illustrated in the excerpt above? a. Environmental concerns due to the exploitation of natural resources. b. An emphasis on the search for wealth, power, and status. c. American Indians embracing new European social and economic relationships. d. Debates over how American Indians should be treated and "civilized."

d. Debates over how American Indians should be treated and "civilized."

As a result of the process illustrated above, what major shift occurred in the Spanish colonies' encomienda system? a. There were many new converts to Christianity. b. The Spanish began debating the proper treatment of American Indians. c. Social, religious, political, and economic competition with other European nations developed. d. Indian labor was gradually replaced with African slavery.

d. Indian labor was gradually replaced with African slavery.

The map above indicates the encomienda system was least developed in which of the following areas? a. California b. Mexico c. The Caribbean d. Nevada and Utah

d. Nevada and Utah

What is the dominant theory about how the first people arrived in what we now call North America? a. the first humans originated in the Americas b. They traveled in rafts and simple boats c. They walked as far as they could, then sailed or swam the rest of the way d. They walked across a land bridge from Eurasia to North America e. They are the descendants of Vikings who stayed after landing on North America

d. They walked across a land bridge from Eurasia to North America

Early Americans living in the northern and western portion of North America a. hunted bison as a staple resource of survival. b. were known for building long houses that reached upwards in length of 300 feet. c. participated in large trading centers such as Cahokia. d. primarily relied upon resources of fish and seals to survive.

d. primarily relied upon resources of fish and seals to survive.

The most devastating impact of the Spanish conquest and exploration was a. American Indian resistance and conflict. b. the subjugation of American Indians. c. the forced conversion of natives to Christianity. d. the spread of deadly epidemics

d. the spread of deadly epidemics

All of the following events in the fifteenth century set the stage for the dramatic and unexpected discovery of the New World EXCEPT a. increasingly successful long-distance voyages by Portuguese explorers. b. Demand for silk, gold, and spices from foreign lands. c. Spain's unification and Reconquista. d. wars between rivaling European countries. e. greater use of the compass, sextant, and caravel.

d. wars between rivaling European countries.

Which of these reasons did NOT drive the European exploration that led to the "discovery" of the New World? a. The desire to expand their empires and power. b. The quest for a cheaper route to the East. c. Spreading Christianity. d. Finding alternative trade routes to sources of spices, sugar, and other expensive Eastern goods. e. Population surges and land shortages.

e. Population surges and land shortages

What was the Columbian exchange? a. Columbus's agreement with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. b. The diseases the Europeans brought to the Americas. c. A trade network that Columbus established with Native Americans. d. The development of sugar plantations in the Caribbean for the European market. e. The transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases that occurred after Columbus's voyage.

e. The transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases that occurred after Columbus's voyage.

Spanish conquistadores, traveling to the New World, hoped to gain all of the following EXCEPT a. additional noble or royal titles. b. God's favor. c. gold. d. a fresh start with greater social mobility. e. the chance to organize an army.

e. the chance to organize an army.

Juan Ponce de Leon

explored Florida, thinking it was an island at first, in search for gold, eventually died by an Indian arrow