APUSH: Chapter 11
According to Ralph Waldo Emerson, the moment for reform was in: 1821. 1831. 1841. 1851. 1861.
1841
In 1860, what percentage of southern white families were in the slaveowning class? 10 percent 25 percent 40 percent 55 percent 75 percent
25 percent
Which statement about Nat Turner's Rebellion is TRUE? Turner and his followers assaulted mostly men. Fewer than twenty whites were killed during the rebellion. Turner escaped capture. Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion. It occurred in Georgia.
Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion.
By 1860, the U.S. slave population was approximately: 1 million. 2 million. 3 million. 4 million. 5 million.
4 million
In the nineteenth century, approximately how much of the world's cotton supply came from the southern United States? 90 percent 75 percent 50 percent 33 percent 25 percent
75 percent
Approximately how many Union and Confederate soldiers died during the Civil War? 110,000 245,000 440,000 750,000 988,000
750,000
In 1854, the Know-Nothings won all the congressional races as well as the governorship in: Louisiana. South Carolina. Ohio. Massachusetts. Georgia.
Massachusetts.
Which state enacted a far-reaching law allowing married women to sign contracts and buy and sell property? New Jersey Massachusetts Vermont Pennsylvania New York
New York
The major Confederate army in the East, commanded by Robert E. Lee, was called the Army of: the Rappahannock. the Blue Ridge. Southern Maryland. the Chesapeake. Northern Virginia.
Northern Virginia.
In an 1840 letter written from Canada, fugitive slave Joseph Taper asked for divine blessings for: the writer Harriet Beecher Stowe. his former master. President Martin Van Buren. abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. Queen Victoria.
Queen Victoria
Which of the following countries did NOT go through some kind of popular upheaval in 1848? Hungary Great Britain France Russia Italy
Russia
During the 1850s, 80 percent of the world's gold came from two places that experienced gold rushes at about the same time, California and: Canada. Argentina. South Africa. Australia. Congo.
Australia
The American Civil War began in April 1861, when: Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter. U.S. naval vessels bombarded the city of Wilmington, North Carolina. Confederate and Union cavalry clashed in disputed territory in Texas. General William Sherman led Union soldiers on a devastating march through Georgia. Confederate infantry attacked Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter.
The Republican Party founded in the 1850s strongly endorsed the same policy about slavery in the territories that ___________ had begun advocating in 1846. David Wilmot Stephen Douglas John C. Calhoun Roger Taney Henry Clay
David Wilmot
Before the Civil War, who came to believe that the U.S. Constitution did not provide national protection to the institution of slavery? Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison David Walker John C. Calhoun Jennings Randolph
Frederick Douglass
Which of the following puts these Civil War battles in the proper chronological order, from first to last? I. Antietam II. Chancellorsville III. First Bull Run IV. Gettysburg I, III, II, IV II, III, I, IV II, I, IV, III III, I, II, IV IV, II, III, I
III, I, II, IV
In the presidential election of 1860, the two candidates who received the most votes in the southern states were: John Breckinridge and John Bell. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas. Abraham Lincoln and John Breckinridge. William Seward and John Bell. Roger Taney and Stephen Douglas.
John Breckinridge and John Bell.
Who was responsible for the 1856 Pottawatomie Creek Massacre in Kansas and led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859? Frederick Douglass Joseph Lane Robert E. Lee Henry Ward Beecher John Brown
John Brown
Who said that the language in the Declaration of Independence—that all men were created equal and entitled to liberty—was "the most false and dangerous of all political errors"? James Madison James G. Birney John C. Calhoun Denmark Vesey Solomon Northup
John C. Calhoun
Why did slavery become more central to American politics in the 1840s? The Methodist Church, the nation's largest denomination, called on all its members to free their slaves. Territorial expansion raised the question of whether new lands should be free or slave. Members of the abolitionist Republican Party, formed in 1844, insisted on debating slavery. President John Tyler's antislavery policies caused a major proslavery backlash led by John C. Calhoun. As the 1848 constitutional deadline for ending the African slave trade drew near, Americans became obsessed with slavery.
Territorial expansion raised the question of whether new lands should be free or slave.
During the secession winter of 1860-1861, who offered the most widely supported compromise plan in Congress, which allowed the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line? Abraham Lincoln John Crittenden Jefferson Davis Zachary Taylor Andrew Johnson
John Crittenden
Which Union general in Missouri decreed freedom to that state's slaves in 1861, a year before Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation? George McClellan John Frémont Phil Sheridan William Sherman Ulysses S. Grant
John Frémont
The ___________ was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement. Liberty Party Whig Party North Star Party Republican Party Afro-American Party
Liberty Party
What region had the most free blacks? Upper South Deep South Gulf Coast West of the Mississippi New England
Upper South
The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer regiment is best known as: a regiment of free blacks who charged Fort Wagner, South Carolina. the "Irish Brigade," because its members were born in Ireland. the regiment that forced Richmond's surrender. a regiment that was fully integrated, with noncommissioned black and white soldiers fighting side by side. the first regiment to see battle in the war.
a regiment of free blacks who charged Fort Wagner, South Carolina.
Among the Confederacy's advantages during the Civil War was: that its rail network was more advanced than the Union's. its large size, which made it more difficult for the Union to conquer. that the Lower South had long had significant manufacturing facilities. its military-aged white male population was slightly higher than the Union's. that so many of its men volunteered to fight that it never resorted to a draft.
its large size, which made it more difficult for the Union to conquer.
American settlement in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s: took place without approval from the Mexican government. did not exceed the Mexican population there until the United States annexed Texas in 1845. led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials. included no slaves, because Mexico had banned slavery in its territory. was in communities whose American-born residents were called Tejanos by their Mexican neighbors.
led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials.
The role of African-Americans in the abolitionist movement: was limited to the writings and speeches of Frederick Douglass. started in 1860 right before the Civil War. helped plan Fourth of July celebrations. led them to reject the nation's pretensions as a land of liberty. grew over time until, by the 1850s, the movement was dominated by blacks.
led them to reject the nation's pretensions as a land of liberty.
The paternalist ethos: led to not providing food and shelter for slaves. helped end severe punishments for slaves. urged an end to slavery. masked the brutality of slavery. led to slaves accepting slavery.
masked the brutality of slavery.
Under the constitution of independent Texas: slavery was banned. all Mexicans were declared a separate race. people of African heritage were denied civil rights. Native Americans gained equal rights. any race could purchase land.
people of African heritage were denied civil rights.
The Democratic Party split in 1860 over the question of whether to: renominate President James Buchanan for a second term. protect slavery in the territories or allow popular sovereignty in them. impeach Chief Justice Roger Taney for the Dred Scott decision. endorse the acquisition of Cuba by the United States, thus increasing slave territory. immediately bring Kansas and Nebraska into the Union as slave states.
protect slavery in the territories or allow popular sovereignty in them.
Denmark Vesey's conspiracy: reflected a combination of American and African influences. took place in 1831 and was a success. reflected the belief of the conspirators that the Bible endorsed slavery. was discovered, but Vesey escaped North to freedom. resulted in over twenty deaths of white men, women, and children.
reflected a combination of American and African influences.
New York City's commercial growth: - depended solely on the Erie Canal. - was surpassed by New Orleans . - needed planters to establish textile operations on their plantations. - favored master artisans who produced cloth in the South. - relied on shipping lines to Europe.
relied on shipping lines to Europe.
Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans: saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted members give up their property. feared the Communist Party that endorsed and, in some cases, sponsored these communities. were Protestants, but all utopian communities required members to deny religious beliefs. supported the industrial revolution, but most utopian communities turned away from industry in favor of an agrarian lifestyle. considered the utopian communities to be too materialistic and selfish.
saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted members give up their property.
Which of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A strong, united Whig Party won the White House in the next presidential election. Nearly half of northern Democrats joined the patriotic American Party. The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party. Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln decided to become running mates for the presidential election of 1856. The new Free Soil Party strongly endorsed the Act and won new congressional seats in several Upper South districts.
The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party.
How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts? Actually, the two movements were quite similar in every way; the later one was simply more well-known because more people were literate by the 1830s. The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately. Earlier opponents of slavery had called for immediate emancipation, but the later group devised a plan for gradual emancipation that won broader support. The later movement banned participation by African-Americans, because they feared that their involvement would cause a backlash. The movement of the 1830s introduced the idea of colonizing freed slaves outside the United States, which proved immensely popular with southern whites.
The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.
Why did southern slaves live in better conditions by the mid-nineteenth century than those in the Caribbean and South America? They did not; slaves led vastly healthier lives in regions other than the American South. Southern Protestant churches encouraged better treatment of southern slaves than the Roman Catholic Church did with slaves in the Caribbean and South America. The rising value of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better care of them. Laws in the South were far more protective of slaves than were laws concerning slaves elsewhere. Southern slaves had a greater likelihood of becoming free than did other New World slaves.
The rising value of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better care of them.
Abraham Lincoln combined the moral fervor of an abolitionist with: the principles of the Compromise of 1850. the idea that blacks could serve on juries. principles of the Dred Scott decision. the idea of giving blacks the right to vote. a respect for order and the Constitution.
a respect for order and the Constitution.
Jumping over a broomstick was a ceremony celebrating: a fugitive slave arriving in a free state. a slave marriage. the birth of a slave baby. surviving the Middle Passage. a slave's promotion from field hand to domestic servant.
a slave marriage.
In 1850, a majority of southern slaveholders owned how many of slaves? a) 1-5 b) 6-10 c) 15-20 d) 25-30 e) >30
a) 1-5
Southerners considered slavery incompatible with city life because they a) all of the answers below b) were suspicious of a union between slaves and poor white laborers c) could not find employment for slaves there d) feared possible slave conspiracies and insurrection e) believed that slaves would not work without supervision
a) all of the answers below
The importance of music in the culture of slaves was evident in a) all of the answers below b) their creation of music c) importance of music in ceremonies d) their singing while working in fields e) passionate expression of emotion in their singing
a) all of the answers below
The South did little to create flourishing commercial or industrial economy because a) all the answers below b) its distinctly Southern values discourage the growth of cities and industry c) its people had their money tied up in agriculture d) its agricultural system was greatly profitable
a) all the answers below
The growth and profitability of southern cotton did all of the following EXCEPT a) catapult the wealth of the average Southern white above most Northerners b) provide the raw material for manufacturing in New England c) accelerate the internal movement of slaves from the SE to SW d) promote national and international economic ties
a) catapult the wealth of the average Southern white above most Northerners
Southern farmers in the backcountry: a) generally worked the land using family labor b) were all directly involved in the market economy from the start of the nineteenth century c) owned a substantial number of slaves d) were highly self-sufficient but still bought most of their supplies from stores e) were fortunate that their land was far better for farming than that owned by planters
a) generally worked the land using family labor
Fugitive slaves: a) often escaped to cities and blended in with free black population b) were more likely to be women than men, because they were trying to escape sexual assault c) succeeded in escaping more frequently from the Deep South because they had access to ships leaving ports like New Orleans and Charleston d) benefited from the refusal of non-slaveowners to participate in patrols that looked for fugitives e) who escaped to Canada were routinely returned to slavery by the British authorities
a) often escaped to cities and blended in with free black population
Denmark Vesey's conspiracy: a) reflected a combination of American and African influences b) took place in 1831 and was a success c) reflected the belief of the conspirators that the Bible endorsed slavery d) was discovered, but Vesey escaped North to freedom e) resulted in over twenty deaths of white men, women, and children
a) reflected a combination of American and African influences
In the South, the paternalist ethos: a) reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him b) declined after the War of 1812, as southern society became more centered on market relations rather than personal c) suffered because southern slaveholders lived among their slaves, so that the groups' constant exposure to each other made southern slavery more openly violent than elsewhere d) brought southern society close to northern ideals e) encouraged southern women to become more active and better educated so that they could help their husbands in their paternal roles
a) reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him
Slavery in the South was all but EXCEPT a) the African slave trade grew larger each decade until the Civil War b) the slave population increased through natural reproduction c) growing sugar was much tougher work than growing cotton d) masters frequently protected young slave children from hard work e) slaves generally had better living conditions than those of Caribbean slaves
a) the African slave trade grew larger each decade until the Civil War
During the early days of the war, the U.S. Congress adopted a resolution proposed by Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky that: drafted men into the Union army, the first such draft in U.S. history. called for the gradual emancipation of slaves throughout the nation. criticized the civil liberties policies of the Lincoln administration. affirmed that the Union had no intention of interfering with slavery. extended the Missouri Compromise line to the eastern border of California.
affirmed that the Union had no intention of interfering with slavery.
John C. Calhoun and George Fitzhugh: agreed that slavery was not a necessary evil but something actually positive and good. fought a famous duel that demonstrated the southern commitment to the idea of defending one's honor. competed for power in Andrew Jackson's administration. were known as two of the most vicious slaveholders, who regularly whipped their slaves. agreed on the need for slavery but disagreed as to whether it actually was beneficial to society.
agreed that slavery was not a necessary evil but something actually positive and good.
Task labor: got its name for tasking the abilities of slaves; it was very difficult, complicated work. was an acronym for Take All Southerners' Knives, a secret organization of slaves planning an insurrection. always was controlled by an overseer. allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done. was the most common form of slave labor organization in the South.
allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done.
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee and Joseph Brown of Georgia rose to political power: because of their membership in and identification with the planter class. in the 1850s, as members of the small but influential southern Republican Party. as self-proclaimed spokesmen of the common man against the great planters. as proponents of gradual emancipation plans in order to destroy the "slavocracy." after gaining popularity for creating public education systems in their states.
as self-proclaimed spokesmen of the common man against the great planters.
In 1860, what percentage of southern white families were in the slave-owning class? a) 10% b) 25% c) 55% d) 75%
b) 25%
"Silent sabotage" can be best defined as when slaves: a) escaped along the Underground railroad b) did poor work and broke tools c) married fellow slaves d) secretly met to worship e) named their children after kin
b) did poor work and broke tools
The end of slavery in most Latin american nations a) resulted from violent slave revolts that rocked Latin America from 1822 to 1855 b) involved gradual emancipation accompanied by recognition of owners' legal rights to slave property c) was inspired by the emancipation of slaves that occurred as a result of the American civil war d) Laws in the South were far more protective of slaves than were laws concerning slaves elsewhere e) southern slaves had a greater likelihood of becoming free than did other New World slaves
b) involved gradual emancipation accompanied by recognition of owners' legal rights to slave property
Which of the following was not true of the south and its economy from 1800-1860 a) Southern cities, like New Orleans and Baltimore, lay mainly on the periphery of the South b) the South produced nearly 2/5ths of the nations manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles. c) Slavery helped to discourage the immigration of white workers to the South, with notable exceptions such as New Orleans d) Slavery proved very profitable for most slave owners e) Southern banks existed mainly to finance plantations
b) the South produced nearly 2/5ths of the nations manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles.
The plantation masters had many means to maintain order among their slaves. According to the text, what was the most powerful weapon the plantation masters had a) requiring slaves to attend church b) the threat of sale c) exploiting the divisions among slaves d) withholding food e) denying a marriage between two slaves
b) the threat of sale
Which of the following is not true about the South and slavery in the 19th century in America? a) The Upper South had developed into the largest and most powerful slave society the modern world has known b) The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the International slve trade that was enacted in 1808 c) In the south as a whole, slaves made up only 10 percent of the population d) The amount of money invested in or represented by slavery in the U.S. exceeded that of the nation's factories, banks, and railroads combined e) The Industrial Revolution promoted slavery because it required intensive production of cotton
c) In the south as a whole, slaves made up only 10 percent of the population
Why did southern slaves live in better conditions by the 19th century than those in the Caribbean and South American? a) They did not; slaves led vastly healthier lives in regions other than the American South b) Southern Protestant churches encouraged better treatment of souther slaves than the Roma Catholic Church did with slaves in the Carribean and South America c) the rising value of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better care of them d) Laws in the south were far more protective of slaves than were laws concerning slaves elsewhere e) Southern slaves had a greater likelihood of becoming free than did other New World Slaves
c) the rising value of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better care of them
Slave families: a) were rare because there were too few female slaves b) were more common in the West Indies, where living conditions favored their formation and survival c) were headed by women more frequently than white families d) usually were able to stay together because most slaveowners were paternalistic e) avoided naming children for family members because children so often were sold, and it was better not to build strong kinship ties
c) were headed by women more frequently than white families
The Brer Rabbit stories of slave folklore: celebrated how the weak could outsmart the more powerful. borrowed heavily from English folktales but did add some African elements. formed the basis of Uncle Tom's Cabin. introduced the character Paul Bunyan to American culture. were largely unknown until the making of a series of animated films in the twentieth century
celebrated how the weak could outsmart the more powerful.
The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments: did not demand voting rights for women because the participants were so divided on that issue. was modeled on the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution. was written primarily by the Grimké sisters. condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women. inspired Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to become abolitionists.
condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women.
The death of Elijah Lovejoy in 1837: convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with white Americans' liberties. resulted from his leading an anti-abolitionist mob that attacked William Lloyd Garrison. demonstrated that fugitive slaves like Lovejoy faced great dangers while escaping from "slave catchers." was played up by temperance pamphleteers to show the hazards of alcoholism. led Congress to adopt the gag rule in order to prevent the sort of heated arguments that caused his death.
convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with white Americans' liberties.
Angelina and Sarah Grimké: supported Catharine Beecher's efforts to expand political and social rights for women. critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women. were Pennsylvania-born Quakers whose religion compelled them to oppose slavery. publicly defended the virtues of slavery's paternalism in lectures to Southern women. delivered many public lectures in which they detailed their escape from slavery.
critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women.
What economic effect did southern slavery have on the north? a) It was minimal, which explains why northerners opposed slavery b) Many northerners profited from investing in real-estate partnerships that controlled southern plantations c) A few New York shippng companies benefited from slavery, but the institution had little effect otherwise d) Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North e) Southern slavery drained resources from the North and helped keep the whole nation in a depression during the 1850s
d) Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North
Task labor: a) got its name for tasking the abilities of slaves; it was very difficult, complicated work b) was an acronym for Take All Southerners' Knives, a secret organization of slaves planning an insurrection c) always was controlled by an overseer d) allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done. e) was the most common form of slave labor organization in the South
d) allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done.
By the late 1830s, the south's proslavery argument a) rested on the premise that slavery was a necessary evil b) was based entirely on secular evidence c) had not yet been accepted by major southern political figures d) claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress e) was roundly criticized by southern newspaper editors, ministers, and academics
d) claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress
Slave religion: a) was based on entirely on what slaves learned and heard from white ministers b) existed without approval from masters, who thought that letting slaves learn about religion might weaken their control c) benefited from masters assigning a member of each slave quarters to serve as a slave chaplain d) combined African traditions and Christian beliefs e) died out by the early 1820s because of strop opposition from whites
d) combined African traditions and Christian beliefs
The slave system was characterized by a) generally good conditions for most slaves b) prison-like conditions for most slaves c) a uniformly applied set of stern but fair slave codes d) considerable variety in the conditions under which slaves lived
d) considerable variety in the conditions under which slaves lived
In the 19th century, which product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor a) tobacco b) indigo c) sorghum d) cotton e) rice
d) cotton
One impact of the cultivation of cotton and other cash crops in the south was a) creation of a more economically and socially egalitarian society in the South b) increasing economic isolation of the South from the rest of the country c) rapid growth of textile mills and other manufacturing throughout the South d) increased political power the South was able to wield in Congress
d) increased political power the South was able to wield in Congress
All of the following of African Americans maintain aspects of their American heritage despite the held in captivity as slaves EXCEPT a) Responsorial style of preaching in which the congregation punctuates the sermon with assents and amens b) Unlike the common practice among the planter aristocracy, they avoided marriage between first cousins c) In their religion, the emphasis was on the capitivity of the ancient Isrealites which seemed pertinent to their own situation as slaves d) the tendency for each male to have 4 wives in accordance with their historic traditions
d) the tendency for each male to have 4 wives in accordance with their historic traditions
Slaves often disliked serving as household servants on large plantations for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a) they were isolated from their fellow slaves b) they lacked privacy from the watchful eyes of the master's family c) they received punishments more than did other slaves d) they were more likely to be sold to the owners of the plantation e) they were especially vulnerable to sexual abuse
d) they were more likely to be sold to the owners of the plantation
What was the fatal issue that led to Civil War in the United States? debating the extension of slavery into the West allowing voters to decide the status of white women dividing the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States annexing Cuba invading Canada
debating the extension of slavery into the West
he Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court: declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories. endorsed the "free soil" policy of the Republicans. backed the idea of "popular sovereignty." freed Dred and Harriet Scott. extended the Missouri Compromise line to California
declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories.
The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863: was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court later that year. did not apply to the border slave states that had not seceded. freed slaves throughout the United States. was very popular with voters associated with the Democratic Party. was cited by Tennessee as the reason it rejoined the Union in 1864.
did not apply to the border slave states that had not seceded.
The relationship between rich southern planters and poor southern farmers a) led to numerous violent uprisings in the southern hill country b) was complicated b the strong antislavery movement among poor farmers in the 1850s c) was strained by planter's insistence that farmers participate in the slave patrols d) showed itself in politics, as most poor farmers became Whigs and most wealthy planters became Democrats e) benefited in part from a sense of-of racial unity and bonds bred by criticism from outsiders
e) benefited in part from a sense of-of racial unity and bonds bred by criticism from outsiders
The least common form of black resistance to slavery was a) trying to escape b) performing tasks improperly c) refusing to work hard d) losing or breaking tools e) revolting against masters
e) revolting against masters
One effect of Nat Turners rebellion was a) the U.S. Senate's call for an end to slavery b) the establishment of mediation boards to hear slaves' complaints c) the creation of antislavery societies throughout the lower South d) the victory of the Whig party in the election of 1840 e) the decline in the number of slaves free in the south
e) the decline in the number of slaves free in the south
By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had: united Americans of all classes and religions in a "war" against alcohol. virtually disappeared. convinced Congress to pass a national prohibition law. made no measurable impact on Americans' drinking habits. encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.
encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.
Common schools: had no connection to the emerging industrial economy. were based on the idea that the elite should be educated in their own schools. suffered from the opposition of labor unions that wanted children available to work. existed in every northern state by the time of the Civil War. proved to be as popular in the North as they were in the South.
existed in every northern state by the time of the Civil War.
During the Mexican War: Mexican troops occupied much of Texas after winning at the Alamo. the bulk of the fighting occurred in California. for the first time, the U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital. an American revolt in California led briefly to a monarchy. Whigs strongly supported Polk's policies.
for the first time, the U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement. was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case. angered southerners by weakening an earlier law on fugitive slaves. convinced Abraham Lincoln to retire briefly from political life.
gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement
Fugitive slaves: generally understood that the North Star led to freedom. were more likely to be women than men, because they were trying to escape sexual assault. succeeded in escaping more frequently from the Deep South because they had access to ships leaving ports like New Orleans and Charleston. benefited from the refusal of non-slaveowners to participate in patrols that looked for fugitives. who escaped to Canada were routinely returned to slavery by the British authorities.
generally understood that the North Star led to freedom.
The Oneida community: allowed each member an equal vote in governing the community. permitted all of its members to own private property. banished any member who divulged any information about the community's sexual practices. invented the concept of birth control in America. had strict rules influenced by religion.
had strict rules influenced by religion.
When Democrats demanded the "reannexation" of Texas in 1844, they implied that Texas had once been part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase. were consciously appealing to northern Whigs. were seeking to take the slavery issue out of the presidential campaign. neglected to say anything about the status of Oregon. realized their stand would not be very popular in the South.
implied that Texas had once been part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase.
The reform communities established in the years before the Civil War: followed all of the laws but simply banned ownership of private property. usually followed standard gender and marital relations. made no effort to combat the growing disparity between rich and poor. called themselves utopian because they knew that their set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.
set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.
All of the following are true of Margaret Fuller EXCEPT: she believed women should stay in the private sphere. her father was a member of Congress. she was the first female literary editor of the New York Tribune. she was a leading transcendentalist. she married an Italian.
she believed women should stay in the private sphere.
William Lloyd Garrison: secretly financed Nat Turner's Rebellion. began publishing his newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, in 1831, but moved it to friendlier territory two years later. attracted little support from fellow abolitionists, but historians have discovered his importance. suggested that the North dissolve the Union to free itself of any connection to slavery. published American Slavery As It Is, an influential pamphlet.
suggested that the North dissolve the Union to free itself of any connection to slavery.
With regard to civil liberties during the Civil War, President Lincoln: always let courts and judges have the final say. suspended the writ of habeas corpus. ordered most Democratic newspapers to shut down. urged the impeachment of federal judges who opposed him. strictly followed the Ex parte Milligan decision rendered in 1862
suspended the writ of habeas corpus.
What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums? that the persons entering these institutions would likely never leave them that they were not widely needed and not many were built that they would be excellent holding centers for society's undesirables that the persons in the facilities could be used as forced labor in factories that they could rehabilitate individuals and then release them back into society as productive citizens
that they could rehabilitate individuals and then release them back into society as productive citizens
The wealthiest planters lived in: Richmond and Baltimore. New Orleans and Galveston. Atlanta and the Upper South. the South Carolina low country and Natchez. Charleston and Jackson.
the South Carolina low country and Natchez.
What did the Fourth of July represent to Frederick Douglass? the hypocrisy of a nation that proclaimed liberty but sanctioned slavery the ultimate celebration of freedom a beacon of hope that someday America would honor the claim that "all men are created equal" an opportunity for slaves to join in a mass rebellion against their masters the anniversary of the day he ran away from his master and claimed freedom
the hypocrisy of a nation that proclaimed liberty but sanctioned slavery
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 did the following: transferred California to the United States. took away individual rights of Mexicans. gave the United States the Louisiana territory. led to the United States settling the Oregon Country. recognized Texas as an independent nation.
transferred California to the United States.
Harriet Tubman: was a mythical character about whom runaway slaves told many stories. led a slave rebellion in Maryland in 1849 that resulted in two dozen deaths. although born free in New York, was kidnapped and made a slave in Louisiana. cleverly escaped from slavery by pretending to be a sickly male slaveowner. was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.
was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.
Slave religion: was based entirely on what slaves learned and heard from white ministers. existed without approval from masters, who thought that letting slaves learn about religion might weaken their control. benefited from masters assigning a member of each slave quarters to serve as a slave chaplain. was influenced by the Great Awakening. died out by the early 1820s because of strong opposition from whites.
was influenced by the Great Awakening.
Lincoln's vision during the Civil War: was to build a nation-state similar to what Otto von Bismarck was building in Germany and to what Guiseppe Mazzini was building in Italy. was that the American nation embodied a set of universal ideals rooted in political democracy and human freedom. was essentially that of the Democratic Party: an activist federal government building up American industry. allowed for African-Americans to achieve freedom because they already lived in the United States but did not extend to immigrants. was best expressed in his words, "As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free."
was that the American nation embodied a set of universal ideals rooted in political democracy and human freedom.
The first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women: were the Grimké sisters. was Frederick Douglass. was Susan B. Anthony. were Henry and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. was James G. Birney.
were the Grimké sisters.
