APUSH Chapter 12 Vocab

contract

A legally binding agreement between two or more individuals or organizations

sovereignty

A state or nation's authority to govern itself

George Canning

British foreign secretary circa 1823 He wanted America to join Britain in a declaration - wanted the protection of the Latin America states. Keep other European countries out of the western Hemisphere. John Adams thought it was best the U.S. make the declaration. It became the Monroe Doctrine.

Isaac Brock

British general who captured Fort Michilimackinac very early in the war He had assistance from General Mud/Confusion who were also in the American camp

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of southern and western interest in Congress and in the White House.

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Federal Constitution.

Tallmadge amendment (1819)

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri Territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Russo-American Treaty (1824)

Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri Territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the panic of 1819.

trustees

Group of people named or elected to manage an organization, such as a college

Oliver Hazard Perry

Helped create an American fleet of ships that fought at the Battle of Lake Erie

American System (1820s)

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

real property

Land or buildings Real estate

loose construction

Legal doctrine that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities.

jurisdictoin

Legal right of a court to act in a particular case.

license

Official document authorizing the holder to perform certain actions. An "exclusive license" grants authority to only one person or organization.

Francis Scott Key

Poet that wrote "The Star Spangled Banner" in 1814 during the War of 1812 Written while watching Americans defend Fort McHenry The poem has become an important part of American identity

Era of Good Feelings (1816-1824)

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

implied powers

Powers of the national government that are not specified in the Constitution but are based on the "necessary and proper" clause (elastic clause), which give Congress authority to carry out its specific functions

delegated powers

Powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

sovereign

Referring to a nation or government that has the right to rule itself and make its own laws.

Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian democracy.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the US-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Anglo-American Convention (1818)

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana Territory, and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

monopoly

Situation in which a single individual or business controls an entire market, with little or no competition.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

forfeit

To be forced to give up something as a penalty or fine for breaking a law or rule.

dissent

To disagree with the majority opinion of the majority of justices on the Court

sue

To take formal, legal action against someone in a court of law

interstate commerce

Trade between people or businesses in different states; trade or business that crosses state lines.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty) (1819)

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and the two nations agreed on the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain retained the territory from Texas to California while abandoning its claims to the Oregon country.

peculiar institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the nineteenth century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

James Monroe

5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings

charter

A written document issued by a government or other authority, giving the holder the right to establish an organization such as a company or a colony.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'.

Thomas Macdonough

American naval commander who saved upper New York and used the flagship Saratoga to force the British fleet at Plattsburgh to retreat

writ of error

An order from an appellate court to a lower court to send records of a case to the higher court to review for possible errors.