APUSH Chapter 15

Second Great Awakening

-early 1800s -this was another revival of religious feeling. -protestant preachers lead this revolution -Many new religions and churches were made because of this period.

Dorothea Dix

A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830's. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Unitarians

A religious cult constructed in New England at the end of the eighteenth century and believed G-d existed in only one person and not in the holy trinity. They focused more on the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness and pictured God as a loving father. They were comprised of mostly the upper class and their contradicting beliefs began a reaction of revivals known as the Second Great Awakening.

Hudson River School

A type of painting with a romantic, heroic, mythic style that flourished in the 19th century. It tended to paint American landscapes as beautiful and brooding.

Stephen C. Foster

American folk music composer

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet and professor of modern languages at Harvard. Lived 1807-1882. During a period which was dominated in the literary field by Transcendentalists, Longfellow was an urbane poet who catered to the upper classes and the more educated of the citizens. He was also popular in Europe, and is the only American poet to have a bust in Westminster Abbey.

Shakers

American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Peter Cartwright

Born in 1785, he was the best known of Methodist "Circuit riders". He was a traveling frontier preacher. Ill-educated but still powerful, he reigned for 50 years going from Tennessee to Illinois. He converted thousands of people doing this. He also liked to pick a fight if someone spoke against his religion.

The American Scholar

Emerson's lecture at Harvard; encouraged American authors to develop their own literary techniques instead of using European ideas

Henry David Thoreau

He was a poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist, a nonconformist, and a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson who lived from 1817-1862. He condemned government for supporting slavery and was jailed when he refused to pay his Mass. poll tax. He is well known for his novel about the two years of simple living he spent on the edge of Walden Pond called "Walden" , Or Life in the Woods. This novel furthered many idealistic thoughts. He was a great transcendentalist writer who not only wrote many great things, but who also encouraged, by his writings, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

Horace Mann

He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position. Led to educational advances in text books by Noah Webster and Ohioan William H. McGuffey

Nathaniel Hawthorne

He wrote the Scarlet Letter in 1850. This was his masterpiece. He also wrote The Marble Faun. Many of his works had early American themes. The Scarlet Letter is about a woman who commits adultery in a Puritan village. Hawthorn's upbringing was heavily influenced by his puritan ancestors.

Neal S. Dow

Mayor of Portland, Maine and one of the leaders against alcohol;1850s; helped pass laws against manufacturing of intoxicating liquor.

Woman's Rights Convention

Meeting in Seneca Falls, New York of feminists; 1848; First meeting for women's rights, helped in long struggle for women to be equal to men

Emily Dickinson

Poet who explored universal themes of nature, love, death, and immortality.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

transcendentalism

The Transcendentalist movement of the 1830's consisted of mainly modernizing the old puritan beliefs. This system of beliefs owed a lot to foreign influences, and usually resembled the philosophies of John Locke. Transcendentalists believe that truth transcends the body through the senses, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two of the more famous transcendentalists.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Brook Farm

This was a commune that wanted a perfect union between intellectual and manual labor. Many famous people participated in this commune, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne. It failed because nobody wanted to work.

New Harmony

This was a society that focused on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.

The Age of Reason

Written by Thomas Paine. was published in three parts between 1794 and 1807. A critique of organized religion, the book was criticized as a defense of Atheism. Paine's argument is a prime example of the rationalist approach to religion inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

Susan B. Anthony

a lecturer for women's rights. She was a Quaker. Many conventions were held for the rights of women in the 1840s. Susan B. Anthony was a strong woman who believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. Her followers were called Suzy B's.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. she was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first women's right's convention in seneca, new york 1848. stanton read a "declaration of sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Walt Whitman

a poet who lived in Brooklyn from 1819-1892. His most famous collection of poems entitled Leaves of Grass, gained him the title "Poet Laureate of Democracy."

Robert Owen

a wealthy and idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer. He sought to better the human race and set up a communal society in 1825. There were about a thousand persons at New Harmony, Indiana. The enterprise was not a success.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

american transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. he was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Louisa May Alcott

american writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel little women

Herman Melville

an author born in New York in 1819. He was uneducated and an orphan. Melville served eighteen months as a whaler. These adventuresome years served as a major part in his writing. Melville wrote Moby Dick in 1851 which was much less popular than his tales of the South seas. Herman Melville died in 1891.

Burned-Over District

area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Mormons

church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking

romanticism

early 19th century movement in European and American Literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society

Federal Style

early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint

James Fenimore Cooper

first American NOVELIST to win international recognition

Francis Parkman

historian with defective eyes that forced him to write in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine; chronicled the struggle between france and england in colonial times for mastery of north america

Greek Revival

inspired by the Greek contemporary independence movement, this building style, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular

John J. Audubon

lived from 1785 to 1851. He was of French descent, and an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America and Passenger Pigeons. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. He is remembered as America's greatest ornithologist.

Edgar Allan Poe

lived from 1809-1849 and was cursed with hunger, cold, poverty, and debt. He was orphaned as a child and when he married his fourteen year old wife, she died of tuberculosis. He wrote books that deal with the ghostly and ghastly, such as "The Fall of the House of Usher."

lyceum

public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy

Onieda Community

radical experiment that practiced free love, birth control, and flourished largely because of superior steel products

Joseph Smith

reported to being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs; he was killed by those who opposed him.

Brigham Young

the successor to the mormons after the death of joseph smith. he was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in utah, thereby populating the would-be state.

Charles Grandison Finney

this presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. his "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate new york, where listeners were instilled with the fear of satan and an eternity in hell. he insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in god. this region of new york became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside

minstrel shows

white actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular.

Lucy Stone

woman who maintained her maiden name after marriage; was extremely important to woman's suffrage