APUSH: Chapter 22, "The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877"

The congressional elections of 1866 resulted in a

C. A decisive defeat for Johnson and a veto-proof Republican Congress.

Andrew Johnson

C. Born a poor white Southerner, he became the white South's champion against radical Reconstruction.

The radical Reconstruction regimes in the Southern states

C. Established public education and adopted many needed reforms.

The Freedman's Bureau was originally established to provide

C. Food, clothing, and education for emancipated slaves.

Achieving the right to vote encouraged southern black men to

C. Organize the Union League as a vehicle for political empowerment and self-defense.

The Fifteenth Amendment provided for

C. Voting rights for former slaves.

Derogatory term for Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction and sometimes took part in Republican state governments

Carpetbaggers

William Seward

D. Secretary of state who arranged an initially unpopular but valuable land deal in 1867

Abraham Lincoln

M. Author of the moderate 10 percent Reconstruction plan that ran into congressional opposition.

The Republicans impeached Andrew Johnson essentially because of his opposition to their Reconstruction policies and not on the basis of "high crimes and misdemeanors."

TRUE. They accused him of various violations of the Tenure of Office Act, but they really wanted to impeach him out of political vindictiveness. They were annoyed that he was not on their side and stopped them from passing the laws they wanted to pass.

The congressional bill of 1864 requiring 50 percent of a state's voters to take an oath of allegiance before rejoining Union; vetoed by Lincoln

The Wade-Davis Bill

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

E. Laws designed to stamp out Ku Klux Klan terrorism in the South

The federal government made no effort to attempt to suppress the violent white supremacists in the Ku Klux Klan.

FALSE. The Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 were designed specifically to suppress the violence of the Ku Klux Klan. They managed to stop the majority of the attacks, but the intimidating effects of the attacks had already been engraved in the people's memories.

Charles Sumner

J. Beaten in the Senate chamber before the Civil War, he became the leader of Senate Republican radicals during Reconstruction

Derogatory term for white Southerners who cooperated with the Republican Reconstruction governments

Scalawags

Many newly emancipated slaves undertook travel to demonstrate their freedom or to seek separated loved ones.

TRUE. Tens of thousands of emancipated blacks traveled the roads, searching for lost or sold family members and many left to work as free men in towns and cities, where they were supported by preexisting black communities.

Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South

The 10 Percent Plan

The constitutional amendment granting civil rights to freed slaves and barring former Confederates from office

14th Amendment

Constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote

15th Amendment

The major long-term effect of white terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan was to

A. Disempower blacks politically and restore white supremacy.

In contrast to Radical Republicans, moderate Republicans generally

A. Favored states' rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals' lives.

"swing around the circle"

A. President Andrew Johnson's angry, disastrous political trip attacking Congress in the campaign of 1866

Besides putting the South under the rule of federal soldiers, the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that all of the reconstructed southern states must

A. Southern states give blacks the vote as a condition of readmittance to the Union.

Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction in 1863 was that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when

B. 10 percent of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation. (10 Percent Plan)

Andrew Stephens

B. Former Confederate vice president whose election to Congress in 1865 infuriated Northerners

Women's-rights leaders opposed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because

B. The amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women.

The two largest African American denominations (church factions/bodies) by the end of Reconstruction

Baptist and Methodist

The harsh Southern state laws of 1865 that limited black rights and imposed harsh restrictions to ensure a stable black labor supply

Black Codes

Which of the following was NOT among the critical questions that faced the United States during Reconstruction?

C. "Would the South be granted some kind of regional autonomy short of independence?" The four questions that loomed large were "would the president, Congress, or the states direct Reconstruction?", "how would liberated blacks manage as free men and women?", "how would the economically and socially devastated South be rebuilt?", and "how would the Southern states be reintegrated into the Union?"

The skeptical public finally accepted Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska partly because it

D. Was grateful to Russia as the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War. (Also, Russia wanted the United States to be strong against Russia's enemy, Britain.)

The radical Republicans' impeachment of President Andrew Johnson resulted in

E. A failure to convict and remove Johnson from the presidency by a margin of only one vote.

Which of the following was not among the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment?

E. Elimination of one senator from each southern state until Reconstruction was complete

The Black Codes, passed by many of the Johnson-approved Southern state governments in late 1865, aimed to

E. Ensure a stable and subservient labor force under white control.

Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when the civil courts were open

Ex parte Milligan

Hiram Revels

F. Black Republican senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson's first Reconstruction actions pleased radical Republicans by harshly punishing Southern leaders and refusing to grant them pardons.

FALSE. Andrew Johnson agreed with Lincoln's view of the Southern states having never left the Union and intended to adopt the 10 Percent Plan. This angered the Radical Republicans who thought that Johnson would surely use his hatred of Southern aristocrats to punish them. In addition to recognizing several of Lincoln's plans, he added his own, which disfranchised Confederates with property worth more that $20,000, but gave them a chance to beg for pardon.

During Reconstruction, blacks controlled most of the Southern state legislatures.

FALSE. Elite whites still controlled the vast majority of the Southern state legislatures, due to popular support from the people.

Radical Republicans succeeded in their goal of redistributing land to the former slaves.

FALSE. It was opposed by moderate Republicans and Democrats, and tough many efforts were made, it was never truly put into effect.

Most white southerners recognized that secession had been a mistake and welcomed returning to the United States as American citizens.

FALSE. Many Southerners remained defiant and spoke of the government as "your government," not "our government." They were not conscious of their crime and continued to believe that view of secession was correct and that their "lost cause" was a just war.

The newly established Freedmen's Bureau proved effective as a social agency providing economic opportunity as well as food, clothing, and medical care to emancipated blacks.

FALSE. The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in education, whereas in other categories, it rarely managed to get blacks the care and aid they needed.

Federal agency that greatly assisted blacks educationally but failed in other aid efforts

Freedmen's Bureau

Ku Klux Klan

G. Secret organization that intimidated blacks and worked to restore white supremacy

Exodusters

H. Blacks who left the South for Kansas and elsewhere during Reconstruction

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

I. Congressional law that imposed military rule on the South and demanded harsh conditions for readmission of the seceded states

Oliver O. Howard

K. Pro-black general who led an agency that tried to assist the Freedmen.

White supremacist organization that created a reign of terror against blacks until it was largely suppressed by federal troops

Ku Klux Klan

Union League

L. Leading black political organization during Reconstruction

Benjamin Wade

N. he president pro tempore of the Senate who hoped to become president of the United States after Johnson's impeachment conviction

Thaddeus Stevens

O. Leader of radical Republicans in the House of Representatives. (Rumored to have married a black woman)

Law of March 1867 that imposed military rule on the South and disenfranchised former thousands of former Confederates

Reconstruction Law

Laudatory (praising) term for white southerners who worked to overthrow Reconstruction and establish Home Rule regimes in the southern states

Redeemers

The sharecropping system, developed during Reconstruction, trapped most blacks and many poor whites in a condition of perpetual debt to their creditors.

TRUE. "Sharecropping is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land" (WIKI). The sharecroppers did not own cattle or livestock and were often unable to leave the land they had rented, due to a buildup of debt and a lack of places to go. the landowners would purposely make the cost of rent higher than the income of the actual products of the land.

Most of the aristocratic southern plantation owners lost their wealth during the Civil War.

TRUE. After emancipation and the ravaging of the land by the armies, agriculture was crippled. This was due to the collapse of the slave-labor system, the scarcity of seed, and the lack of cattle. Fields and plantations were destroyed.

The focus of black community life after emancipation became the black church.

TRUE. As slaves, they were forced to worship alongside whites, but they began to form their own churches that were pastored by their own ministers. These churches gave rise to other benevolent societies.

The Black Codes, enacted by the Johnson-established southern state governments, provided freed slaves with basic political rights but not social integration.

TRUE. Freedom was recognized, as was certain rights, but other rights such as serving on a jury, voting, etc., were all denied. The Black Codes aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force and to return the conditions of blacks to slavery without calling it slavery. Sharecroppers would be forced to stay on the same economic standpoint for generations, all due to the suppression of the Black Codes.

Lincoln's 10 Percent Reconstruction plan was designed to return the Southern states to the Union quickly and with few restrictions.

TRUE. Lincoln believed that the Southern states had never really legally seceded from the States, and so, restoration of the Union should be simple.

Congressional Republicans demanded that the Southern states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in order to be readmitted to the Union.

TRUE. The Radical Republicans were unhappy that the 14th Amendment did not grant the blacks suffrage rights to the blacks, but all Republicans agreed that no state would be readmitted without ratifying this Amendment.

Many women felt betrayed when the Fifteenth Amendment gave voting rights to black males but not to women.

TRUE. Women played a prominent role in the abolitionist movements and though they had temporarily suspended women's suffrage for the purpose of achieving emancipation, they returned to their cause quickly, feeling that they deserved the right to vote.

The black political organization that promoted self-help and defense of political rights during Reconstruction

Union League